shampoo from india, ketchup from china. a short story of english
TRANSCRIPT
The Roman invasion
writing
Latin borrowings (e.g. wall, street, camp,
wine, cheese)
Proper names (e.g. Chester, Manchester,
Londonium)
Old English language of the Anglo-Saxons
Noun declinations Verb conjugations Everyday words
(sheep, earth, work, field)
the, is, you Place names (Cantley,
Downham, Elmswell) Weekdays (Tiw,
Woden, Thor, Frig)
Christianity and language
Words from the Bible (camel, lion, cedar,
myrrh)
Words of Latin origin (discipline, preost,
biscop, nonne, munuc)
Words of Greek origin (apostle, pope, psalter)
The Norse
The simplification of English (regularisation of endings, loss of inflections)
Place names (Clapham, Worthing, Hawkstowe, Derby, Swainswick)
900 words of Scandinavian origin (get, hit, leg, skin, same, want, wrong)
'Common men know no French' French – a learned, not natural language Alternative vocabulary: freedom – liberty ask – enquire answer – respond call off – cancel put off - postpone
Renaissance a huge influx of Latin and Greek words
Latin (anatomy, area, compensate, expensive, gradual, habitual, physician)
Greek (anonymous, atmosphere, data, skeleton, tragedy)
Arabic via Spanish (alcove, algebra, zenith, algorithm, almanac, azimuth, alchemy, admiral )
The beginning of major colonial expansion, industrial revolution,
and American immigration
Words from European languages French (champagne, faux pas, sachet,
salon) Spanish (alligator, barricade, coyote,
desperado, tornado, tortilla) Italian (studio, umbrella, cappuccino,
espresso, spaghetti) Dutch, Flemish (cruise, landscape, cookie)
German (pumpernickel, sauerkraut, schnitzel, U-boat, delicatessen, hamburger, hausfrau, kindergarten)
Scandinavian (fjord, ski, slalom) Russian (czar/tsar, icon, perestroika,
vodka)
Words from other parts of the world Persian (check, checkmate, chess ) Arabic (gazelle, giraffe, harem, sultan, bazaar, caravan ) African languages (banana (via Portuguese), banjo,
boogie-woogie, gorilla, gumbo, jazz, voodoo, zebra, zombie )
American Indian languages (avocado, cacao, cannibal, canoe, chocolate, hurricane, potato, tobacco, tomahawk, tomato)
Chinese (ketchup, tea) Japanese (geisha, hara kiri, judo, jujitsu, kamikaze,
karaoke, kimono, samurai,soy, sumo, sushi, tsunami)
sources: Bryson, Bill. 1990. The Mother Tongue. New York: Avon
Books. McCrum, Robert, William Cran, and Robert MacNeil.
1987. The Story of English. New York: Penguin Books.
http://celticmythpodshow.com/Resources/Galleries/Stonehenge/Stonehenge.php
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/primaryhistory/anglo_saxons/who_were_the_anglo-saxons/
http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/society/language_romans.shtml
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/primaryhistory/vikings/who_were_the_vikings/ http://www.englishplacenames.co.uk/ http://www.essentialnormanconquest.com/story/introduction.htm http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~kemmer/Words/loanwords.html