shallow seismic business - · pdf filetop construction companies in india ... business group...
TRANSCRIPT
SHALLOW SEISMIC BUSINESS Raghuvansh Bhushan Singh
Seismic Surveys
1. Seismic Refraction Survey
Purpose-
Seismic refraction surveys are used to determine the compressional wave velocities of materials from
the ground surface to a specified depth within the earth. For most geotechnical vestigations, the
maximum depth of interest will be specified by the nature of the project. In many cases the objective
of a seismic refraction survey is to determine the configuration of the bedrock surface and the
compressional wave velocities of the underlying materials. Bedrock may be defined by compressional
wave velocities. The information obtained from a seismic refraction survey is used to compute the
depths to various subsurface layers and the configurations of these layers. The thickness of the layers
and the elocity contrasts between the layers govern the effectiveness and the accuracy of the survey.
Seismic refraction surveys do not provide all compressional wave velocities or delineate all subsurface
layers. Seismic refraction interpretation assumes that layer velocities increase with depth.
Applications-
Seismic refraction surveys have been used in many types of exploration programs and geotechnical
investigations. The initial application of these surveys was mapping of salt domes in the early days of
oil exploration. Seismic refraction surveys are now routinely used in foundation studies for
construction projects and siting studies, fault investigations, dam safety analyses, and tunnel alignment
studies. Seismic refraction surveys are also used to estimate rippability. Figure is a schematic of a
seismic refraction test.
Equipment- • Geophone Channel 24 No.
• Seismograph 1 No.
• Laptop 1 No.
• Battery 2 No.
• Cables 2 No.
• Blasting box 2 No.
• Portable drill 1 No.
• Drilling Rig (capable to drill up to 150m depth for cross-hole and up-hole survey) 1 No.
• Three component Geophone (cross-hole survey) 2 No.
• Other equipment as listed for cross-hole test.
Equipment cost-
Rs. 2500000- 3000000 for Seistronix Unit- Based on Channels (Cost of Drilling machine and battery
not included)
Seismograph along with accessories
Geophone (Channel)
Seismic Record
Energy sources
• Iron Plate and hammer (Easy to use, cheap)
• Explosives (Much more energy, legal problems)
• Drop weight (Need a flat area)
Cost per Unit Survey
1. Cost per survey point= Rs. 40000-70000.
2. Survey point may vary 1 to 3 per sq. Km as per client requirement.
3. One survey team can perform 3 to 4 point survey in a day.
Cost Breakdown
Geophysicist -1
- 3 days @ Rs.20000.00per day 60000.00
Technician or Skilled labore- 4, one with explosive license
- 3 days @ Rs.15000.00 per day 45000.00
Senior Geophysicist
- 10 hours @ Rs.4000.00 per hour 40000.00
Secretarial
- 1 day @ Rs.1000.00 per day 1000.00
Seismic System Rental
- 3 days @ Rs.12000.00 per day 36000.00
Vehicle Expenses 25000.00
Meals and Accomodation
- 3 days @ Rs.7000 per day 21000.00
Explosives - Consummables 20000.00
Miscellaneous - drawing reproduction, photocopying, etc. 2000.00
Total 250000.00
Note: Drilling and its related equipment cost will be plus for cross-hole and Up-Hole Survey.
Que. - Who can use Shallow Seismic Data?
Ans. - Construction and Scientific Research Organizations.
TOP CONSTRUCTION COMPANIES IN INDIA
1L&T Engineering & Construction Division
Company that provides 'design-build' or 'turnkey' EPC solutions in all major engineering disciplines;
based in Mumbai; areas of operation: oil & gas, cement, power, nuclear power, space & defence, power
consulting, hydrocarbon consulting etc
2L&T Engineering Construction & Contracts Division (ECC)
India's largest construction organisation, based in Chennai; part of Larsen & Toubro; undertakes
turnkey construction of institutional & commercial buildings (office complexes, shopping malls,
hotels, sports complexes, public buildings etc)
3Larsen & Toubro Limited BOM: 500510
Engineering & construction enterprise that is one of India's largest private-sector companies; based in
Mumbai; products/ services: aerospace equipment, bulk material handling, cement & allied machinery,
cogeneration & captive power etc
4Tata Projects Ltd
Construction arm of the Tata Group; based in Begumpet, Hyderabad; core areas include power
generation, transmission & distribution, industrial infrastructure and oil & gas; also provides third-
party services (industrial inspections, consultancy etc)
5IRCON International Ltd
Public-sector turnkey infrastructure company based in New Delhi; claims to be the third-largest
construction company in India; areas of activity: railways, railway electrification, roads, residential
complexes, airport runways, leasing locomotives
6Jaypee Group (Jaiprakash Associates Ltd) Tel: 0120-460-9000 BOM: 532532
Sector 128, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
Diversified group with interests in engineering & construction, cement, private hydropower,
expressways & highways, hospitality, golf resorts & information technology; based in New Delhi;
Flagship Company is Jaiprakash Associates
7Punj Lloyd BOM: 532693
One of the largest engineering construction companies in India; provides integrated design,
engineering, procurement, construction & project management services for the energy & infrastructure
sectors; based in New Delhi
8Essar Group
Business group with interests in steel, oil & gas, power, telecom & BPO, shipping & construction;
based in Ahmedabad, Gujarat
9Gammon India Ltd
Leading Construction Company based in Mumbai; areas of expertise include bulk storage structures,
energy projects, ground engineering & environmental protection, hydraulic & engineering works,
marine structures etc
10Hindustan Construction Company (HCC) BOM: 500185
One of the largest private sector construction companies in India, specializing in large-scale civil
constructions; based in Mumbai; builds bridges, roads, power plants, dams, railway projects, townships
etc
11IVRCL BOM: 530773
Infrastructure Projects Company based in Hyderabad, and a nationwide network of branches; deals in
water, roads, industrial structures, residential complexes, power projects etc
12KEC International Ltd
One of the largest power transmission EPC companies in the world, based in Mumbai; part of the RPG
Group; deals in turnkey projects for power transmission lines, railway electrification, sub-stations,
power distribution networks etc
13Nagarjuna Construction Company Ltd (NCC) Tel: 040-2335-1753 BOM: 500294
41 Nagarjuna Hills, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh 500082, India
Construction company headquartered in Hyderabad; deals in industrial & commercial buildings, roads,
bridges & flyovers, water supply & environmental projects, housing, power transmission lines, real
estate development etc
14IRB Infrastructure Developers Ltd BOM: 532947
Integrated infrastructure Development Company in Mumbai engaged in the construction & operation
of major road projects & tunnels; has built more than 1,200 km of roads; its largest BOT project
includes the Mumbai-Pune expressway, & NH4
15MBL Infrastructures Ltd Tel: 033-22301671 NSE: 533152
23A Netaji Subhas Road, Kolkata 700001, India Map
Company engaged in the construction & maintenance of roads & highways, industrial infrastructure
projects & other civil engineering projects for various government bodies & other clients; also engaged
in BOT projects, steel trading etc
16Patel Engineering Ltd Tel: 022-26782916 BOM: 531120
Jogeshwari West, Mumbai 400102, Maharashtra, India Map
Civil Engineering Company based in Mumbai; specializes in building power houses, hydroelectric
projects, dams, tunnels, steel and concrete structures, bridges, marine works, flyovers & highways
17Shapoorji Pallonji & Co Ltd
Company engaged in the construction of large and complex projects including residential, commercial,
and industrial structures, etc; is also the largest private shareholder of Tata Sons (with an 18% stake);
headquartered in Mumbai
18Simplex Infrastructures Limited
Construction company based in Kolkata; deals in huge industrial projects, piling jobs, ports & bridges,
power projects, soil investigation, commercial & residential complexes etc
19Ahluwalia Contracts (India) Ltd Tel: 011-49410500
1 Okhla Industrial Estate, Phase-III, New Delhi 100020, India
One of the largest civil contractors in India, involved in diverse areas of infrastructure development;
these include malls, hospitals, educational institutes, commercial complexes, luxury hotels, corporate
& residential complexes
20Arun Excello Group of Companies
Engineering & construction group based in Chennai; activities include building hydrocarbon storage
facilities, design & construction of industrial projects, building residential & commercial complexes
etc
21B L Kashyap & Sons Ltd (BLK) Tel: 011-4050-0300 BOM: 532719
Mathura Road, New Delhi 110044, India
Construction company based in New Delhi; builds industrial facilities on a turnkey basis (automotive
plants, biotechnology plants etc), housing, IT campuses, schools, colleges, malls, multiplexes,
hospitals etc
22GMR Group BOM: 532754
Energy & Infrastructure Company based in Bangalore; activities include airport infrastructure
development, power generation, roads & manufacturing (sugar & ferro-alloys)
23GVK BOM: 532708
Company based in Secunderabad, Andhra Pradesh; has interests in power generation, construction
(roads, dams, residential townships, malls etc), hotels, contract research, financial services, particle
boards, resins, chemicals etc
24Kalpataru Group
Real estate & construction group based in Mumbai; group companies are Kalpataru Construction
Overseas (civil construction in the Middle East; flagship company), Kalpataru Power Transmission
(building transmission lines) etc
25MSK Projects (India) Ltd
Construction company based in Vadodara, Gujarat; builds mass housing & townships, multi-storied
buildings, industrial projects for coal mines, fertiliser plants, petrochemicals plants, water retaining
structures etc
26Mukand Ltd
Mumbai-based company whose activities include steel products manufacture (alloy, special & stainless
steel long products), machine building (bulk material handling equipment etc), turnkey projects &
highway construction
27Navayuga Group
Business group engaged in construction and infrastructure, steel, power, ports, and information
technology; based in Hyderabad
28Nicco Group
Business group based in Kolkata; group companies include Nicco Corporation Ltd (flagship company;
makes cables, and does EPC contracting), Nicco Engineering Services (valve testing, leak sealing,
welding etc), Nicco Parks (amusement parks) etc
29PBA Infrastructure Limited Tel: 022-67973767
611/3 V.N. Purav Marg, Chembur, Mumbai 400071, India
Civil engineering company based in Mumbai; builds highways, dams, runways and heavy RCC
structures, bridges and other infrastructure projects; clients include NHAI, public works departments
of various state governments etc; ISO 9001:2000 certified
30Petron Engineering Construction Ltd
Engineering & Construction Company based in Mumbai; offers total solutions in engineering
construction (feasibility study, estimation, procurement & managerial support etc); caters to the
chemicals, petrochemicals, electrical industries etc
31Sadbhav Engineering Limited
Construction Company based in Ahmedabad, Gujarat; builds roads & highways, irrigation projects &
mining projects; clients include Sardar Sarovar Nigam, NHAI etc
32Saipem India Projects Ltd Tel: 044-66840000
Chennai 600034, Tamil Nadu, India
Company that provides engineering, procurement, project management and construction services for
the oil & gas Industry in Chennai, Tamil Nadu; includes offshore and onshore projects, cryogenic tanks
technology etc
33Sanwaria Group
Business group based in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh; comprises Sanwaria Energy (power generation &
distribution), Sanwaria Agro Oils (soyabean processing -- edible oil etc), Sanwaria Infrastructures
(construction) & Sanwaria Foods (flour mill)
34Strabag India Pvt Ltd Tel: 0124-498-4500
Sohna Road, Gurgaon 122002, Haryana, India
Indian arm of the Strabag Group, one of Europe’s leading construction companies with worldwide
activities; projects include sub-sea sewage tunnels in Mumbai, underground sections of the Delhi metro
etc
35Subhash Projects & Marketing Limited (SPML)
Engineering, construction & project Management Company that deals in large-scale turnkey projects
for the public & private sectors; has offices in Delhi, Kolkata & Bangalore; areas: water management,
power generation, infrastructure etc
36Sunil Hi-Tech Engineers Limited (SHEL) Tel: 0712-3045213
97 East High Court Road, Ramdaspeth, Nagpur 440010, Maharashtra, India
Company that specialises in the fabrication, erection, testing & commissioning of thermal power
plants; based in Nagpur, Maharashtra; deals in bunkers, ESPs, boilers, TG sets etc; principal
contractors for NTPC, BHEL, SEBs
37Techno Electric and Engineering Company Limited Tel: 033-2225-4671 BOM: TECHNO
Radha Bazar Lane, Kolkata 700001, India Large EPC contracting company providing comprehensive
engineering, procurement and construction services to India's core sector industries including power,
steel, fertilizer, metals and petrochemicals; headquartered in Kolkata
38Unity Infraprojects Ltd
Construction Company based in Mumbai; builds dams, tunnels, bridges, flyovers, subways, roads &
buildings; projects: Khodadad Circle Flyover (Mumbai), CST Subway (Mumbai), Millennium
Business Park (Navi Mumbai) etc; part of the K.K. Group
39CCAP Ltd Tel: 033-2357-6255
Sector V, Salt Lake City, Kolkata, West Bengal 700091, India
Premier construction company in Kolkata; undertakes and executes multi-dimensional projects
involving design and construction in civil, mechanical & electrical engineering; projects include
bridges, highways, railways, real estate etc
40Conart Engineers Ltd
Company in Mumbai involved in detailed engineering, procurement and construction activities; offers
services to a diversified portfolio of industries including industrial, commercial, residential and
infrastructure
41Consolidated Construction Consortium Ltd (CCCL)
ISO-certified company involved in construction, engineering, procurement & project management; has
offices in Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Delhi, Kolkata & Pune; also has an IT division (Yugasoft)
& software design division (Yuga Design) etc
42Continental Construction Ltd
Civil engineering construction company in New Delhi; has expertise in specialized construction fields
such as irrigation, power, water supply, sewerage, bulk handling & storage projects, public health
engineering , marine & harbour works etc
43Expo Gas Containers Ltd
Integrated engineering and Construction Company in Mumbai; manufactures a wide range of process
plant equipment such as coded pressure vessels, distillation columns, towers, reactors, heat exchangers,
liquefiable gas cylinders, LPG cylinders etc
44Fact Enterprise Ltd
Multi-dimensional construction firm in Mumbai engaged in property development and construction of
buildings, shopping complexes, hotels, high class residential and housing projects, townships etc; also
engaged in media, agriculture etc
45Gayatri Projects Ltd Tel: 040-2331-0330
Raj Bhavan Road, Hyderabad 500082, Andhra Pradesh, India
Fast growing construction company in Hyderabad engaged in major civil works including construction
of concrete/masonry dams, earthen dams, national highways, bridges, canals, aqueducts, airports, ports
etc
46Jaihind Projects Ltd Tel: 079-4050-1300 BOM: 531339
Venus Atlantis Corporate Park, Anand Nagar Road, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380015, India Engineering &
Construction Company in Ahmedabad; serves the oil & gas, steel, water supply & power industries;
services: cross country pipeline laying, horizontal directional drilling, gas distribution, corrosion
protection, engineering projects etc;
47Madhucon Projects Ltd
Construction company in Hyderabad engaged in the execution of infrastructure projects such as
construction of national highways, fly-overs, dams, tunnels, aquaducts, bridges, coal handling plants,
workshops etc; part of the Madhucon group
48Newton Engineering & Chemicals Ltd
Leading medium scale company in Vadodara engaged in multifaceted operations; its construction,
manufacturing & chemical divisions offer piping, instrumentation, total plant erection, manufacture of
fabricated items, chemicals, intermediates etc
49Parsvnath Developers Limited
Real estate company with integrated townships, shopping malls, IT parks, commercial complexes,
BOT projects with Delhi metro rail corporation, hotels & SEZ projects across 8 industry verticals in
India spread over 14 states and 41cities .
50Akme Projects Ltd
Growing real estate developer based in Bangalore, offering residential apartments (Bangalore, Pune &
Ludhiana), townships, gated developments, commercial developments, software parks, malls and
hotels
51Anant Raj Industries Limited Tel: 011-430-34400 BOM: 515055
Connaught Circus, New Delhi 110001, India
Real estate developer in New Delhi; part of the Anant Raj Group, established in 1969; has constructed
some of the leading landmarks in Delhi
52B Seenaiah & Company (Projects) Ltd
Public limited company in Hyderabad specializing in construction of major highways in India as well
as other countries; has diversified portfolio including execution of roads, major irrigation projects, real
estate development & hydro power projects
53BGR Energy Systems Ltd Tel: 044-2433-5958 BOM: 532930
443 Anna Salai, Teynampet, Chennai 600018
Chennai-based company that supplies systems & equipment for the power, oil & gas, refinery,
petrochemical industries etc, & undertakes turnkey engineering projects in the power & oil & gas
sectors; formerly GEA Energy System
54Bridge & Roof Co (India) Limited Tel: 033-2217-4469
Kankaria Centre, Russel Street, Kolkata, West Bengal 700071, India
Construction & engineering company controlled by the Union government; based in Howrah, Kolkata;
does civil, mechanical construction, turnkey projects etc; areas: POL terminals/ oil depots, cross-
country pipelines, highways & roads etc
55C&C Constructions Ltd
Company in Gurgaon engaged in diverse range of construction-related activities; provides services like
airfield pavements (rigid and flexible), state and national highways, city and rural roads, bridges and
culverts, OFC backbone projects etc
56Coastal Projects Pvt Ltd (CPPL)
Specialists in underground excavation for hydroelectric projects, underground power house
complexes, shafts, rail tunnels, water carriage tunnels & road works; headquartered in Somajiguda,
Hyderabad
57Delhi Delta Resources & Services (P) Ltd
Construction consultancy specializing in mining, power, railways, technology projects &
infrastructure; based in New Delhi; provides project, management & financial consultancy
58DSC Limited (formerly DS Constructions Ltd) Tel: 0124-245-1800
Engineering & Construction Company with offices in the USA, UK, North Africa & India (New
Delhi); areas of activity: transportation infrastructure, urban infrastructure, pipelines & processing
plants, water & waste management, marine infrastructure
59Durocrete Construction Quality Rating Agency Pvt Ltd
Agency in Pune that provides inspection, rating & quality management consultancy services, including
audit & certification, for construction projects; offshoot of the quality assurance division of Durocrete
Engineering Services
60East Coast Constructions and Industries Ltd
Leading Construction Company based in Chennai; flagship company of the Buharia Group; projects
include dams, bridges, power plants, tunnels, flyovers, industrial structures, commercial complexes,
high rise buildings and irrigation canals
61Gammon Infrastructure Projects Limited (GIPL) Tel: 022-66614000
Gammon House, Veer Savarkar Marg, Prabhadevi, Mumbai 400025, Maharashtra, India
Infrastructure project Development Company incorporated by Gammon India Limited; based in
Mumbai; participates in the development of infrastructure projects on a public private partnership
(PPP) basis; builds expressways, bridges, power plants etc
62GNG Group Tel: 0124-4216550
Udyog Vihar, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
Business group in Gurgaon, Haryana that has the capacity to act as main contractor in carrying out
turnkey power projects and energy engineering projects from conceptual design to installation of
electricity lines and substations
63Ground Engineering Ltd
Geotechnical & foundation engineering Services Company based in New Delhi; services include pile
foundation & allied sub-structure, ground strengthening, geotechnical investigation, exploratory core
drilling, topographical and contour surveys etc
64Hariharan Foundations (P) Limited Tel: 044-4269 8181
Dr Radhakrishnan Salai, Mylapore, Chennai 600004, India
Industrial & civil construction company based in Chennai; specializes in residential projects along with
high-rise and commercial buildings; has built industrial facilities for MNCs like Nokia, Flextronics,
Foxconn etc
65IL&FS Engineering & Construction Company Tel: 040-4040-9333 BOM: 532907
Amogh Plaza, Begumpet, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh 500016, India
Hyderabad-based infrastructure development, construction & project management company; ISO
9001-2000 certified; builds roads, expressways, highways, irrigation canals & dams, buildings &
industrial structures, power plants etc
66Indu Group
Company headquartered in Hyderabad with interests in real estate, construction and infrastructure
67J. Kumar Infraprojects Ltd
Construction Company based in Andheri, Mumbai; builds flyovers & bridges, commercial structures,
dams & canals, roads & highways, etc
68JMC Projects (India) Ltd
Construction company based in Ahmedabad, Gujarat; deals in industrial & power plants, commercial
complexes, hospitals, IT parks, residential townships, bridges & flyovers, roads etc; has done work for
IIM, Infosys, L&T etc
69KMC Constructions Ltd
Public limited company with expertise in national and state highway projects, airport runways, bridges,
irrigation canals, major earth movement projects and specialized civil structures and buildings; has
offices in Hyderabad & Bangalore
70KNR Constructions Ltd
Construction Company that specializes in infrastructure projects; based in Banjara Hills, Hyderabad;
builds national & state highways, irrigation projects, IT parks & massive integrated townships
71LANCO Group BOM: 532778
Business group, based in Hyderabad, involved in power generation & trading, property development,
IT, engineering and construction, and manufacturing sectors through LANCO Kondapalli Power Pvt
Ltd, LGS Ltd, and LANCO Infratech Ltd etc
72MARG Ltd
Construction & real estate company based in Chennai; activities include port development, SEZs, IT
parks, malls, townships, serviced apartments & power projects; projects include Karaikkal Port, SEZ
in Seekinakuppam, MARG Square IT park etc
73Military Engineer Services (MES) Tel: 011-25671599
One of the largest government construction agencies in India; provides works cover to the army, navy
& air force; has offices in Delhi, Chandigarh, Pune, Chennai etc; also does civil works for the Coast
Guard, DRDO, Kendriya Vidyalaya etc
74National Building Construction Corporation Limited (NBCC)
Government of India enterprise in New Delhi (under Ministry of Urban Development and Poverty
Alleviation) providing construction engineering & consultancy services; builds bridges, roads, hotels,
hospitals, power plants etc in India & abroad
75Navayuga Engineering Co Ltd (NECL) Tel: 0891-2754602
Dwaraka Nagar, Visakhapatnam 530016, Andhra Pradesh, India
Multidisciplinary engineering & construction company, & flagship entity of the Navayuga Group in
Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh; operates in the field of special foundations, ground improvement,
marine & industrial structures, infrastructure works etc
76Nicco Project Division
Engineering, procurement & construction contractors serving the oil refining, oil & gas handling &
processing, chemical & petrochemical industries; based in Kolkata; activities include turnkey
execution, technical consultancy, civil works etc
77Paranjape Schemes (Construction) Ltd
ISO 9001:2000 certified real estate Company engaged in town planning, housing construction &
construction of educational institutions; also undertakes rain water harvesting projects, sewage
treatment plants etc
78RNS Infrastructure Ltd Tel: 080-23374352
Construction Company based in Yeshwantpur, Bangalore; builds tunnels, irrigation projects, bridges,
power projects, buildings, dams, highways, reservoirs etc
79Roman Tarmat Ltd
Company in Mumbai that specializes in building highways and runways; site has information about
the projects it has undertaken
80Runwal Group Tel: 022-6113-3000
Runwal & Omkar Esquare, Eastern Express Highway, Sion East, Mumbai 400022, India
Business group with interests in construction, pharmaceuticals & malls; based in Mumbai; group
company Ariane Orgachem makes bulk drugs & pharmaceuticals; also has a 4-storeyed AC mall (R
Mall, in Mulund) with multiplex, restaurant etc
81SAAG RR Infra Ltd
Infrastructure company based in Mylapore, Chennai; subsidiary of SAAG Consolidated (M) BHD,
Malaysia; provides customized solutions for large-scale infrastructure projects -- oil & gas, water &
sewerage, & buildings
82Stewarts & Lloyds of India Ltd
Engineering & construction company that caters to the metal, power, hydrocarbon, fertilizer & other
core sector industries; based in Kolkata; has ISO 9001:2000 certification; activities include design
engineering, procurement, fabrication etc.
83Sujana Group of Companies
Business group based in Hyderabad; activities include power transmission & telecom towers and allied
services; construction & structural steel; basic & urban infrastructure development; precision
engineering components; domestic appliances etc.
84SVEC Constructions Ltd
Construction company based in Hyderabad; has been involved in building major irrigation projects,
airports, stadia, townships, auditoria, residential & office building complexes across India; an ISO
9001:2000 company
85Tantia Construction Ltd
Infrastructure Construction Company headquartered in Kolkata; portfolio includes railway
infrastructure, urban infrastructure, marine infrastructure, and aviation and power transmission
projects; has regional offices in New Delhi, Guwahati and Cochin Construction Infrastructure
86Tecnimont ICB Private Limited
Leading engineering & contracting company in Mumbai; an integral part of the Maire-Tecnimont
group; activities: procurement of materials, construction & commissioning of projects in the field of
refineries, petrochemicals, fertilizers, chemicals etc
87Tecon Projects Pvt. Ltd Tel: 0120-4341000
B-159, Sector 63, Noida 201307, India Engineering & construction company based in Noida, near Delhi;
executes turnkey projects in the areas of bulk material handling, construction, heavy fabrication &
erection, water & effluent treatment plants etc; part of NPL Group
88Toyo Engineering India Ltd (TEIL) Tel: 022-2573-7000
Lal Bahadur Shastri Marg, Kanjurmarg West, Mumbai 400078, Maharashtra, India Engineering, procurement
& construction company based in Mumbai; subsidiary of Toyo Engineering Corp, Japan; areas: oil &
gas, refineries, petrochemicals, fertilisers & chemicals, polymers, pharmaceuticals, IT, power plants
etc
89Vijay Tanks & Vessels Limited (VTV)
Turnkey EPC contractors dealing in atmospheric storage tanks, cryogenic storage tanks, high pressure
spheres, mounded storage vessels, shop pressure vessels, heat exchangers, process columns, pipelines
etc; based in Vadodara, Gujarat
90Vilas Javdekar & Associates
Business group based in Kothrud, Pune; has interests in real estate, mechanical equipment
(clariflocculator bridges, pumping machinery & gates), water treatment systems & infrastructure
(roads)
91Welldone Estate Projects Private Ltd
A flagship company of the Welldone Group (a real estate development company which is a joint
venture between the Almal, the Singhania and the Halwasiya Groups), having projects in Gurgaon and
Lucknow
92Rites Ltd.
RITES Ltd., a Government of India Enterprise was established in 1974, under the aegis of Indian
Railways. RITES is incorporated in India as a Public Limited Company under the Companies Act
93Delhi Metro Rail Corporation.
The Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd., abbreviated to DMRC, is a state owned company that operates the
Delhi Metro in the National Capital Region of India.
Case Study:
1. INTRODUCTION
In the period November 23 to November 24, 2013, ABC Ltd. carried out a seismic refraction
investigation for XYZ Exploration and Construction Ltd. at a prospective building construction
prospect, located approximately 38 kilometer away from Delhi. A Survey Location Plan of the area at
1:50,000 scale is shown in Figure 1.
The seismic survey consisted of 450 m of coverage along two separate lines, perpendicular to the
present day position of the Yamuna River. A Site Plan of the line locations at 1:20,000 scale is shown
in Figure 2 in the Appendix. The purpose of the seismic survey was to determine the depths to bedrock
and the nature and thicknesses of the overburden materials. The specific objective was to profile the
bedrock to locate any potential, in filled, river channels in the bedrock surface.
2. CLAIMS INFORMATION, LOCATION AND ACCESS
Yamuna Expressway between Noida and Agra is 165 kms long and was built to reduce the traveling time
between Delhi and Agra in Uttar Pradesh. This expressway has 6 lanes and will reduce the time of traveling
between the two cities by 50%. Slow moving vehicles like push carts and bullock carts will not be allowed at
the expressway. Light vehicles can travel at a speed of 100km/h whereas the heavy vehicles can travel at a speed
of 60km/h at the expressway.
The expressway other than reducing the time of traveling will help in the development and progress of the nearby
areas. There is a continuous movement of traffic between Noida which is located in the vicinity of Delhi, the
capital city and Agra, Delhi being the national capital city and Agra being the city of the famous Taj Mahal, are
frequently visited by tourists. Noida itself is an emerging center of trade in India. Yamuna expressway will help
reduce traffic on National Highway 2 which earlier used to handle all the traffic directed towards Agra from
Delhi and NCR (near capital regions including Noida) and areas like Faridabad and Palwal.
Claim Name Tenure Number Anniversary Date
Delhi 1 361235 January 21,2010
Delhi 2 361236 January 21,2010
Delhi 3 361237 January 21,2010
Delhi 4 361238 January 21,2010
Delhi 5 361239 January 21,2010
Delhi 6 361240 January 21,2010
3. REGIONAL GEOLOGY
The ground water availability in the territory is controlled by the hydrogeological situation characterized by
occurrence of alluvial formation and quartzitic hard rocks. The hydrogeological set up and the groundwater
occurrence is further influenced by the following distinct physiographic unit:
The Delhi ridge which is the northernmost extension of Aravalli Mountain consists of quartzite rocks and extends
from southern parts of the territory to western bank of Yamuna for about 35 kilometers. The alluvial formations
overlying the quartizitic bedrock have different nature on either side of the ridge. The Yamuna flood plain
contain a distinct river deposit. The nearly closed Chattarpur alluvial basin covering an areas of about 48 Km² is
occupied by alluvium derived from the adjacent quartzite ridge. The map showing geological units is given in
the picture.
1. Alluvial plain on eastern and western sides of the ridge
2. Yamuna flood plain deposits
3. Isolated and nearly closed Chattarpur alluvial basin
4. NNE-SSW trending Quartzitic Ridge.
Potential Areas and Availability of Unsaturated Zone for Recharge: Any man-made scheme or facility that
adds water to an aquifer system may be considered to be an artificial recharge to ground water. It may be planned
as in the case of a pit that has been dug for the purpose of putting water into an aquifer, or it may be unplanned
or incidental to human activity in the case of surface water irrigation. The pre-requisites for undertaking artificial
recharge to ground water are:
1. Favourable hydrological set-up.
2. Developed aquifers.
3. Availability of unpolluted surface water.
4. Ground water dependent community.
Based on the above criteria, artificial recharge to ground water in South and South west district needs to be given
top priority so as to make the ground water resources sustainable and improve the quality which is deteriorating
because of over-exploitation. Thickness of unsaturated zone in Tughlaqabad, Okhla, Khanpur, Pushp Vihar,
Sainik Farm, Saket, Mehrauli and surrounding areas of Gadaipur, Jaunapur and Ghitorni villages of South district
varies from 45 to 50 m. In areas like Greater Kailash- I & II, Chittaranjanpark, Green Park, Lado Sarai and
surrounding areas the thickness of unsaturated zone is about 25 m. Vasant kunj, Vasant Vihar, Samalkha and
Rajokri areas of South west districts have unsaturated zone thickness ranging from 35 to 45 m. The Central part
of South west districts have unsaturated zone of 12 to 15 m. Thus, very potential unsaturated aquifer system is
available in these two districts shows that, more and more areas are becoming brackish to saline because of
exhaustion of fresh ground water present at shallow depths and upcoming of brackish water into fresh water
aquifers.
Soil Classification & Distribution
The soils of the Delhi area are mostly light with subordinate amount of medium texture soils. The light texture
soils are represented by sandy, loamy, sand and sany loam; whereas medium texture soils are represented by
loam silty loam. Textural classes of soils as revealed from the grain size analyses of 313 soil samples, carried
out by Messere Radio Foundation Limited and Hazard & Co., Bombay for the Metropolitan Project of Delhi
area (Railway), are shown in Plate - III. The soils that occur in all the blocks are generally suitable for irrigating
moderately salt resistant crops such as wheat, barley and mustard.
4. PROPERTY HISTORY
The Delhi Supergroup of southern parts of Haryana is classified and correlated with the equivalents in
Rajasthan on the basis of lithology, association, depositional traits and regional structure. The rocks of
Alwar Group are dominantly arenaceous while those of Ajabgarh Group are calcareous at the base and
argillaceous in upper part. The rocks of Delhi Supergroup constitute a volcano-sedimentary sequence.
It was during the upper part of Alwar sedimentation in Proterozoic that the volcanic activity
commenced and continued intermittently through to Ajabgarh. The Alwar sediments of clastic origin
got accumulated in a coastal environment along with basic volcanics. It was followed by Ajabgarh
sedimentation of iron-silica-carbonate-rich material and tuffs. The hydroclastic breccia showing
penecontemporaneous structure and accretionary lapilli or clay concretions associated with meta-pelite
(carbon phyllite) of Deota-Dantal and Thanaghazi Formations indicate deposition in a barred intertidal
flat depositional setting. The rocks of Asarwas and Tasing Formations suggest deposition in inter-tidal
environment. The sandy beds (quartzites) grading to pelites (phyllite) seem to have been deposited in
mixed flats. Major pelites (phyllites/slates) seem to have been deposited in deep sedimentary
environment. The Asarwas Formation of Ajabgarh Group in the southeastern part of Haryana shows
high arenite content indicating its proximity to the basin margin. Magmatism in the area is represented
by basic and acidic rocks, viz., amphibolites, granites/granitoids, rhyolites, pegmatites, albitites and
associated veins. The basic material has tholeiitic affinity. Of the three granitoid bodies, exposed in
Kultajpur, Maroli and Tehla areas respectively of southwestern Haryana, the first two are
monzogranites while the third is syeno-granite to monzo-granite. So far as their chemistry is concerned
all of them are calc-alkaline granites.
5. THE SEISMIC REFRACTION SURVEY METHOD
5.1 Equipment
The seismic refraction investigation was carried out using a Seistronix, RAS-24, 24 channel, signal
enhancement seismograph and Weihai Sunfull Geophysical Exploration Equipment Co., Ltd. 10 Hz
geophones. Geophone intervals along the multicore cables were maintained at 5 metres throughout the
survey. Energy was provided by small explosive charges buried in hand-excavated shot holes along
the seismic lines. The small explosive charges were detonated electrically with a Seistronix, HVB-1,
high voltage, capacitor-type blaster.
5.2 Survey Procedure
For each spread, the seismic cables were stretched out in a straight line and the geophones implanted.
Seven separate shot holes were then excavated: one at either end of the 24 geophone array, three at
intermediate locations along the cables and one off each end of the line to ensure adequate coverage of
the basal layer. Eighty percent Extra-gel was utilized as the energy source in the survey. Shots generally
consisting of one to four, 1” by 8” sticks of Extra-gel were detonated individually and arrival times for
each geophone were automatically recorded in the seismograph (for offend shots, between three and
six sticks were used to improve signal). Digital records of the seismic data were recorded on 3.5 inch
double density discs. Data recorded during field surveying operations was generally of good to
excellent quality.
Throughout the survey, notes were recorded regarding seismic line positions in relation to roads and
the river, as well as topographic and geological features of the area. Elevations’ along the seismic lines
were established by chain and inclinometer with absolute contour information provided by the 1:50,000
scale map sheet “River” topographic map.
6. SEISMIC REFRACTION ANALYSIS
6.1 Interpretation
Interpreted geological conditions of the site indicate generally thick overburden of dense coarse
materials or sediments overlying the interpreted competent bedrock surface. In general, the velocity
contrast between refractive layers was more than adequate for interpretation. Interpreted boundaries
with distinct velocities are indicated by continuous lines in the sections. The basal line in all cases
represents the interpreted competent bedrock surface.
6.2 Interpretive Method
The final interpretation of the seismic data was arrived at using the method of differences technique.
This method utilizes the time taken to travel to a geophone from shot points located to either side of
the geophone. Using the total time, a small vertical time is computed which represents the time taken
to travel from the refractor up to the ground surface. This time is then multiplied by the velocity of
each overburden layer to obtain the thickness of each layer at that point.
6.3 Limitations
The depths to subsurface boundaries derived from seismic refraction surveys are generally accepted as
accurate to within fifteen percent of the true depths to the boundaries. In some cases, unusual geological
conditions may produce false or misleading seismic arrivals with the result that computed depths to
subsurface refractors may be less accurate. These conditions may be caused by a “hidden layer”.
Situation or by a velocity inversion. The first condition is caused by the inability to detect the existence
of layers because of insufficient velocity contrasts or layer thicknesses. A velocity inversion exists
when an underlying layer has a lower velocity than the layer directly above it. The results are
interpretive in nature and are considered to be a reasonably accurate presentation of existing subsurface
conditions within the limitations of the seismic refraction method.
7. GEOPHYSICAL RESULTS
7.1 General
The results of the interpretations for seismic lines SL-17 and SL-19 are shown at 1:500 scale in Figures
3 and 4 in the Appendix. Ground surface profiles are approximate and were determined by chain and
inclinometer measurements along the seismic lines.
7.2 Discussion
The results of the interpretations for seismic lines SL-17 and SL-19 indicate that three distinct velocity
layers underlie the site area. The thin surficial layer with a velocity range of 330 m/s to 940 m/s is
consistent with surface exposures and shallow shot hole intersections of organics and loose, dry sands,
gravels and cobbles or weathered sediments. The average interpreted thickness for this layer is of the
order of 2 meters.
Underlying this surficial layer is a thick intermediate layer with a velocity range of 2130 m/s to 2150
m/s. The thickness of this layer varies from 16 meters to 37 meters. These velocities are consistent
with dense saturated sands, gravels, cobbles and boulders or dense sediment. This velocity layer may
be composed of dense saturated coarse materials and dense sediment. If a coarse saturated sand, gravel,
cobbles and boulder layer were extant at the base of this layer, it would go undetected as a “hidden”
layer. The basal layer on seismic lines SL- 17 and SL- 19 with a velocity range .of 3182 m/s to 4510
m/s is the interpreted competent bedrock surface. These velocities are representative of competent rock
such as the metamorphic phyllite and siltstone evident in outcrops in the area. The interpreted bedrock
surface on seismic line SL-19 dips steeply to the north toward the Yamuna River. The interpreted
bedrock surface below seismic line 17 is generally flat lying from NNE-SSW trending, suggesting the
ancient Yamuna River occupied a broad channel in this area.
8. STATEMENT OF QUALIFICATIONS
I, Raghuvansh Bhushan Singh, resident of Noida, Uttar Pradesh, hereby certify as follows:
1) I am a geophysicist with business offices at Noida Sec -XX, Uttar Pradesh, India.
2) I graduated with a Master of Science and Technology degree in Geophysics, from the Banaras Hindu
University Varanasi.
3) I have practiced my profession as a geophysicist for over 6 years.
4) I am a member of the Society of Exploration Geophysicist.
5) I have no direct, indirect, or contingent interest in the shares or business in the property XYZ
Exploration and Construction Ltd. nor do I intend to have any interest.
6) I supervised and interpreted the results of a seismic refraction survey carried out on the property of
XYZ Exploration and Construction Ltd. near Delhi in the period of November 23 to November 25,
2013.
9. COST BREAKDOWN
Seismic Refraction Survey (November 23 to November 25, 2013):
Geophysicist -1
- 3 days @ Rs.20000.00per day 60000.00
Technician or Skilled labor- 4, one with explosive license
- 3 days @ Rs.15000.00 per day 45000.00
Senior Geophysicist
- 10 hours @ Rs.4000.00 per hour 40000.00
Secretarial
- 1 day @ Rs.1000.00 per day 1000.00
Seismic System Rental
- 3 days @ Rs.12000.00 per day 36000.00
Vehicle Expenses 25000.00
Meals and Accommodation
- 3 days @ Rs.7000 per day 21000.00
Explosives - Consumables 20000.00
Miscellaneous - drawing reproduction, photocopying, etc. 2000.00
Total 250000.00
Total Rs. 250000.00
Invoice # 2010-013
STATEMENT OF WORK
ABC Ltd.
Pre Nos. XXX-XXX, 2nd Floor, Block-II, ABC Complex,
Sec-XX, Noida-201303, Ph.No. 000-1111111
Work completed for:
D N Day, President
XYZ Exploration and Construction Ltd.
Pre Nos. XXX-XXX, 2nd Floor, Block-II, LG Tower,
Sec-XX, Delhi-201101, Ph.No. 000-1112222
Work Period: November 15 to 25, 2013.
Work Description: Geophysical Consulting - Seismic Survey
Supervisor/ assistant - River Channel exploration in the Yamuna River
District -Gautam Buddha Nagar UP, at the Yamuna River,
Period Description Days cost (Rs.)
15-Nov Constructing seismic survey lines 1 20000.00
21-23 Nov Refraction seismic 3 60000.00
25-Nov Elevation survey 1 25000.00
Goods and Services Tax (GST) 10000.00
Sub Total 115000.00
5 Days 4X4 pickup truck rental at Rs. 3000.00 per
day
15000.00
5 Days Motorola VHF set /mobile rental at Rs.
4000.00 per day
20000.00
5 Days Accommodations at Rs.2000.00 per day 10000.00
Sub total 45000.00
Total cost 160000.00
2. Cross-hole survey (P wave and S wave Test) and Up-Hole Survey
The main objectives for this study are to:
• Determine the dynamic soil properties as a function of depth.
• Define the advantages and disadvantages of each method in relation to local site characteristics.
• Correlate and Compare the result between the different methods in order to validate the modeling
results.
• Propose predictive equation models for the assessment of Vs based on the geophysical methods and
geotechnical parameters.
The mechanical properties associated with dynamic loading are:
1.) Shear wave velocity (Vs).
2.) Shear modulus (G).
3.) Young's modulus (E).
4.) Poisson’s ratio (ʋ).
Dynamic soil properties are calculated from corresponding compression (Vp) and shear wave (Vs)
velocities and in-situ bulk densities (ρ) using standard equations based on elastic theory.
Elastic Moduli Parameters:
Shear Modulus (G):G= ρVs2
Young Modulus (E):E=2G(1+ ʋ)
Bulk Modulus (K):K=(1/3)*[E/(1-2ʋ)]
Poisson’s ratio (ʋ):ʋ=0.5[(Vp / Vs)2-2]/ [(Vp / Vs)2-1]
Requirements:
•At least two cased hole.
•Borehole Source (P&S) waves.
•One or two clamping tri axial geophones.
•Seismograph
Measurements:
•Compressional-wave velocity.
•Shear-wave velocity
•Bulk density (This parameter is provided by Geo-technical Laboratory after providing them soil
samples of various depths from bore hole)
1. Brief Theory
1.1 These test methods are limited to the determination of horizontally traveling compression (P) i.e.
(Vp) and shear (S) i.e.(Vs) seismic waves at test sites consisting primarily of soil materials (as opposed
to rock). A preferred test method intended for use on critical projects where the highest quality data
must be obtained is included. Also included is an optional method intended for use on projects which
do not require measurements of a high degree of precision.
1.2 Various applications of the data will be addressed and acceptable interpretation procedures and
equipment, such as seismic sources, receivers, and recording systems will be discussed. Other items
addressed include borehole spacing, drilling, casing, grouting, deviation surveys, and actual test
conduct. Data reduction and interpretation is limited to the identification of various seismic wave types,
apparent velocity relation to true velocity, example computations, effective borehole spacing, and use
of Snell’s law of refraction, assumptions, and computer programs.
1.3 It is important to note that more than one acceptable device can be used to generate a high-quality
P wave or S wave, or both. Further, several types of commercially available receivers and recording
systems can also be used to conduct an acceptable cross-hole survey. Consequently, these test methods
primarily concern the actual test procedure, data interpretation, and specifications for equipment which
will yield uniform test results.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use.
It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices
and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2. Significance and Use
2.1 The seismic cross-hole method provides a designer with information pertinent to the seismic wave
velocities of the materials .2 This data may be used as input into static/dynamic analyses, as a means
for computing shear modulus, Young’s modulus, and Poisson’s ratio, or simply for the determination
of anomalies that might exist between boreholes.
2.2 Fundamental assumptions inherent in the test methods are as follows:
2.2.1 Horizontal layering is assumed.
2.2.2 Snell’s laws of refraction will apply. If Snell’s laws of refraction are not applied, velocities
obtained will be unreliable.
3. Apparatus
3.1 The basic data acquisition system consists of the following:
3.1.1 Energy Sources—these energy sources are chosen according to the needs of the survey, the
primary consideration being whether P-wave or S-wave velocities are to be determined. The source
should be rich in the type of energy required, that is, to produce good P-wave data, the energy source
must transmit adequate energy to the medium in compression or volume change. Impulsive sources,
such as explosives, hammers, or air guns, are all acceptable P-wave generators. To produce an
identifiable S wave, the source should transmit energy to the ground primarily by directional distortion.
For good S waves, energy sources must be repeatable and, although not mandatory, reversible. The S-
wave source must be capable of producing an S-wave train with amplitude at least twice that of the P-
wave train.
3.1.2 Receivers—the receivers intended for use in the cross-hole test shall be transducers having
appropriate frequency and sensitivity characteristics to determine the seismic wave train arrival.
Typical examples include geophones and accelerometers. The frequency response of the transducer
must not vary more than 5 % over a range of frequencies from 1 to 2 times the predominant frequency
of the site-specific S-wave train. Each receiving unit will consist of at least three transducers combined
orthogonally to form a triaxial array, that is, one vertical and two horizontal transducers mounted at
right angles, one to the other. In this triaxis arrangement, only the vertical component will be acceptable
for S-wave arrival determinations. In cases where P-wave arrivals are not desired, a uniaxial vertical
transducer may be used. P-wave arrivals will be determined using the horizontal transducer oriented
most nearly radially to the source. The transducer(s) shall be housed in a single container (cylindrical
shape preferred) not exceeding 450 mm [18 in.] in length. Provision must be made for the container to
be held in firm contact with the sidewall of the borehole. Examples of acceptable methods include: air
bladder, wedge, stiff spring, or mechanical expander.
3.1.3 Recording System— the system shall consist of separate amplifiers, one for each transducer
being recorded, having identical phase characteristics and adjustable gain control. Only digital signal
filtering will be acceptable. Analog filtering, active or passive, will not be acceptable because of
inherent phase delays. The receiver signals shall be displayed in a manner such that precision timing
of the P and S-wave arrival referenced to the instant of seismic source activation can be determined
within 0.1 ms when materials other than rock are being tested. Timing accuracy shall be demonstrated
both immediately prior to and immediately after the conduct of the cross-hole test. Demonstrate
accuracy by inducing and recording on the receiver channels an oscillating signal of 1000 Hz derived
from a quartz-controlled oscillator, or, a certified laboratory calibration obtained within the time frame
recommended by the instrument manufacturer. Further, the timing signal shall be recorded at every
sweep rate or recorder speed, or both, used during conduct of the cross-hole test. As an optional
method, the true zero time shall be determined by (1) a simultaneous display of the triggering
mechanism along with at least one receiver, or (2) a laboratory calibration (accurate to 0.1 ms) of the
triggering mechanism which will determine the lapsed time between the trigger closure and
development of that voltage required to initiate the sweep on an oscilloscope or seismograph.
Permanent records of the seismic events shall be made by either scope-mounted camera or
oscillograph.
4. Equipment list for cross-hole seismic test and Up-hole survey
1. Seistronix data unit and PC with RAS-24 software - 1 No.
2. Geophones - 2 Nos.
3. Dummy Probe - 3 Nos.
4. AC Charger - 1 No.
5. Car Battery Charger - 1 No.
6. P-SV Source - 1 No.
7. Manifold - 1 No.
8. Air Pump - 1 No.
9. Automatic Pump - 1 No.
10. Extension Board - 1 No.
11. Wire Bucket (Airline+Cable) with connectors - 3 Nos.
12. PC – Bucket Cable connectors - 7 +2 Nos.
13. Nylon rope - 3 Rolls
14. Nylon rope - 3 bundle (150 mtr)
15. Rope Clamp - 3 Nos.
16. Tool Box - 1 No.
17. Wireline - 3 No.
18. Accelerometer (3 Pieces including white wire) - 1 No.
19. down-hole Connection rod (1.5m) - 1 Nos.
(i) 1 Plyer, (ii) 2 Screwdrivers, (iii) 1 Hexa Blade, (iv) 1 Cutter, (v)
10 Insulation tapes, (vi) 3 Teflon Tapes, (vii) 4 Rubber caps, (viii) 1
Measuring tape, (ix) 1 Marker Pen, (x) 1 Scissor, (xi) LN Key
Spanner set, (xii) 1 Spanner 12/13, (xiii) source Spacers (xiv)
Geophone Spacers, (xv) Racing cycle tubes (xvi) Vanier caliper,
(xvii) Cycle tube solution, (xviii) various types of Screws, (xix) Source
Air pipe fennels, (xx) Motorcycle wheel adapter (xxi) Silicon grease