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Arthur E. Berman ASPO October 2009 Shale Plays A Time for Critical Thinking

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Page 1: Shale Plays - WordPress.com · 2010. 12. 23. · Premise of the Presentation •The mainstream belief is that shale plays have ensured the U.S. an abundant supply of inexpensive natural

Arthur E. Berman

ASPO October 2009

Shale Plays

A Time for Critical Thinking

Page 2: Shale Plays - WordPress.com · 2010. 12. 23. · Premise of the Presentation •The mainstream belief is that shale plays have ensured the U.S. an abundant supply of inexpensive natural

Acknowledgments

• IHS• World Oil• Lynn Pittinger

Page 3: Shale Plays - WordPress.com · 2010. 12. 23. · Premise of the Presentation •The mainstream belief is that shale plays have ensured the U.S. an abundant supply of inexpensive natural

Premise of the Presentation• The mainstream belief is that shale plays have ensured the U.S. an abundant supply of inexpensive  natural gas that can be produced at a profit• Marginal cost of gas production in shale plays is ~$7‐8/Mcf, and considerably more for many companies despite public statements by operators & analysts•Little is known about most of the active shale plays upon which this belief is based—assumptions about decline rates are the sole support for large reserves•There is sufficient production history in the Barnett Shale to  prove that:

Reserve predictions based on hyperbolic decline are too optimistic compared with production performance

Type curves published by operators and investment analysts violate petroleum  engineering concepts and methods of  decline‐curve analysis

Average well life is shorter than predicted & decline rates are higherVolume of commercially recoverable resource has probably been greatly 

over‐estimated• The Fayetteville Shale play has sufficient production history to corroborate Barnett conclusionsEarly evaluation of  Haynesville suggests a similar patternA more cautious approach to new shale plays make sense, but probably will not occurShale plays require critical thinking, especially in a low gas‐price environment

Page 4: Shale Plays - WordPress.com · 2010. 12. 23. · Premise of the Presentation •The mainstream belief is that shale plays have ensured the U.S. an abundant supply of inexpensive natural

Much of the current over‐supply came from over‐production of shale gas plays

• Potential Gas Committee report June 2009• Abundant natural gas resource of 1,836 TCF• Most of  39% increase (542 Tcf) since last report due to shale gas • In addition to 41 Tcf of marketed gas in last 2 years since previous report

• Shale players are now confident that they are in the right business• The Twin Miracles of Shale

Low risk & high rewardHigh capital costs + low 

natural gas prices = profit

Page 5: Shale Plays - WordPress.com · 2010. 12. 23. · Premise of the Presentation •The mainstream belief is that shale plays have ensured the U.S. an abundant supply of inexpensive natural

Yet the balance sheets of many of these companies tell a different story

•High debt load• Ongoing asset sales• Asset write‐downs• Low cash reserves• Reserves trump profit

Page 6: Shale Plays - WordPress.com · 2010. 12. 23. · Premise of the Presentation •The mainstream belief is that shale plays have ensured the U.S. an abundant supply of inexpensive natural

Shale plays are the great hope for abundant natural gas supply in the U.S.

Page 7: Shale Plays - WordPress.com · 2010. 12. 23. · Premise of the Presentation •The mainstream belief is that shale plays have ensured the U.S. an abundant supply of inexpensive natural

Barnett Shale EUR Evaluation

• This is the model for other shale plays• First shale gas play commercially developed• About 12,000 wells• Approximately 8,000 horizontal wells & 4,000 vertical wells• Most wells drilled horizontally with fracture stimulations since 2002• 70% of allU.S. shale gas today•Cumulative gas production is 5.64 Tcf• Operators claim 2.5‐3.5 Bcf/well average EUR

Page 8: Shale Plays - WordPress.com · 2010. 12. 23. · Premise of the Presentation •The mainstream belief is that shale plays have ensured the U.S. an abundant supply of inexpensive natural

Conclusions from decline‐curve analysis of ~2,000 Barnett Shale wells

• Average EUR = 0.95 Bcf/well

• $7.00/Mcf gas price requires 1.5 Bcf to break even

• ~30% of Barnett wells will reach this threshold

• Enough production history to know the answer:  wells are at almost 70% of EUR (~ 5 years of production)

• The problem:  overly optimistic decline rates based on hyperbolic decline model and long well life

• True decline rate >25%

• Well life ~8 yrs

• Time to abandonment 4.5 yrs from now

Page 9: Shale Plays - WordPress.com · 2010. 12. 23. · Premise of the Presentation •The mainstream belief is that shale plays have ensured the U.S. an abundant supply of inexpensive natural

Barnett Shale

• Resource base estimated at 26 Tcf• Only about 10 Tcf will be realized• 70% of that is non‐commercial• Cost of wells and leasing to date:  $35 billion• This does not include operating cost, production taxes, G&A, interest expenses, gathering & transportation, etc.• Cost to realize 26 Tcf ~$80 billion/ 25,000 additional wells

Page 10: Shale Plays - WordPress.com · 2010. 12. 23. · Premise of the Presentation •The mainstream belief is that shale plays have ensured the U.S. an abundant supply of inexpensive natural

Overly optimistic decline models:  2007 projection

1.15 Bcf EUR

Page 11: Shale Plays - WordPress.com · 2010. 12. 23. · Premise of the Presentation •The mainstream belief is that shale plays have ensured the U.S. an abundant supply of inexpensive natural

Overly optimistic decline models:  2009 projection

0.44 Bcf EUR

Page 12: Shale Plays - WordPress.com · 2010. 12. 23. · Premise of the Presentation •The mainstream belief is that shale plays have ensured the U.S. an abundant supply of inexpensive natural

True decline rates for horizontal Barnett Shale wells

• Normalized observed decline rates by removing production increases following re‐fracs&workovers•This suggests a terminal decline of about 20%• 95% of wells can be declined exponentially—average 47% decline

65%

57%

34%18%

21%19%

27%24%

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

350,000

Ann

ual G

as Produ

ction (M

cf/Year)

Barnett Shale Horizontal Well Production & Decline Rate Normalized for Workovers 

Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8

Year of Production

Annualdecline rate

Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 865% 57% 34% 18% 21% 19% 27% 24%

Barnett Shale Horizontal Well Decline Rates Normalized for Workovers

Page 13: Shale Plays - WordPress.com · 2010. 12. 23. · Premise of the Presentation •The mainstream belief is that shale plays have ensured the U.S. an abundant supply of inexpensive natural

What Do the Operators Claim?

• CHK = 2.65 Bcf/well

• DVN = 2.2 Bcf/well

• XTO = 3.3 Bcf/well

CompanyNumber of 

Wells in SampleEUR 

(MMscf)Chesapeake 227 923            

Devon 56 1,100         XTO 302 1,123         EOG 345 1,025         

Encana 191 959            

Mainly through very low decline rates below 15%/yr (hyperbolic decline trends b > 1.0)

Compared to:This Study = 0.95 Bcf/well

Page 14: Shale Plays - WordPress.com · 2010. 12. 23. · Premise of the Presentation •The mainstream belief is that shale plays have ensured the U.S. an abundant supply of inexpensive natural

Why are our EUR estimates lower than those of many operators?

Page 15: Shale Plays - WordPress.com · 2010. 12. 23. · Premise of the Presentation •The mainstream belief is that shale plays have ensured the U.S. an abundant supply of inexpensive natural

Low terminal decline rate & a hyperbolic exponent b that exceeds all individualwell decline rates:  also exceeds theoretical maximum for hyperbolic decline

Page 16: Shale Plays - WordPress.com · 2010. 12. 23. · Premise of the Presentation •The mainstream belief is that shale plays have ensured the U.S. an abundant supply of inexpensive natural

56 years of well life

Page 17: Shale Plays - WordPress.com · 2010. 12. 23. · Premise of the Presentation •The mainstream belief is that shale plays have ensured the U.S. an abundant supply of inexpensive natural

How Important Is Assumed Well Life?

69.2%

16.2%

10.7% 2.8%1.1% 0.0%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

0‐5 yrs 5.1‐10 yrs 10.1‐20 yrs 20.1‐30 yrs 30.1‐50 yrs 50.1‐65 yrs

% Of V

alue

 Add

ed By Each Tim

e Pe

riod

Time Period of Production

Barnett Type Well ‐ Incremental Net Present Value Added By Time Periods of Production ‐ 10% Discount Rate

• Used the CHK Type Well for the Barnett Play

• IP 2 MMscfd

• D = 2.974/yr, b = 1.61

• 70% of Value produced in 1st 5 yrs

• 85% in 1st 10 yrs

• Negligible value added after 20 yrs (<4%) but operators claim significant EUR after 20 yrs

• Valueless volumes being used to dilute F&D numbers

Page 18: Shale Plays - WordPress.com · 2010. 12. 23. · Premise of the Presentation •The mainstream belief is that shale plays have ensured the U.S. an abundant supply of inexpensive natural

Importance of hyperbolic exponent b

•As hyperbolic exponent approaches 1.0, a very small amount of curvature change results in a huge difference in EUR and well life• Exponent of 0.5 results in economic life of 6 years and EUR of 2.1 Bcf; exponent of 1.0 results in economic life of 45 years and EUR of 5.2 Bcf• Difference in production is 143% but the increase in NPV10 after 10 years is only 7%

Page 19: Shale Plays - WordPress.com · 2010. 12. 23. · Premise of the Presentation •The mainstream belief is that shale plays have ensured the U.S. an abundant supply of inexpensive natural

Fayetteville Shale EUR Similar to Barnett

Page 20: Shale Plays - WordPress.com · 2010. 12. 23. · Premise of the Presentation •The mainstream belief is that shale plays have ensured the U.S. an abundant supply of inexpensive natural

Early evaluation of Haynesville Shale

EUR AVG (62) HK AVG (19) CHK AVG (29) OTHER (14) AVG B HK AVG B CHK AVG B AVG TA EC LIMIT/MO TERM DEC1.72 3.38 1.22 0.84 0.20 0.17 0.15 2.50 2,000 0

• Generally very steep decline rates• Little evidence for hyperbolic flattening except in low‐rate wells• EUR estimates 25% of operator claims• Ductile reservoir with severe compaction as pressure is drawn down—proppant either crushed or embedded• Formation damage from frac treatment water loss &imbibement (70% of 10 MM gallons)

Page 21: Shale Plays - WordPress.com · 2010. 12. 23. · Premise of the Presentation •The mainstream belief is that shale plays have ensured the U.S. an abundant supply of inexpensive natural

Cost Premise:  marginal cost for most shale players is ~$7‐8/Mcf

Page 22: Shale Plays - WordPress.com · 2010. 12. 23. · Premise of the Presentation •The mainstream belief is that shale plays have ensured the U.S. an abundant supply of inexpensive natural

The prisoner’s dilemma:  you can go bust by avoiding a bubble—an obvious analogue to the Great Crunch • In the midst of a boom, it is hard to sit on the sidelines:  what boosts stock price & leader’s standing, is rapid expansion•E&P executives feel compelled to enter shale plays (like securitized mortgages) rather than being punished by investors & risking personal losses• Leasing & drilling funded by massive debt—public markets remain enthusiastic based on stock price, reserves & favorable reviews by investment bank research reports•Engineering companies willing to certify reserves since the E&Ps are their clients and have the choice to shop (like rating agencies)• Operators take big risks: gas price will increase, reserves will be there, investors will fund• A vicious cycle:  leasing frenzy followed by drilling frenzy to save leases & book reserves to borrow more and issue more equity

Page 23: Shale Plays - WordPress.com · 2010. 12. 23. · Premise of the Presentation •The mainstream belief is that shale plays have ensured the U.S. an abundant supply of inexpensive natural

• Existing shale plays with enough history to evaluate (Barnett &Fayetteville) are marginally profitable at best—even at gas prices > $7‐9/Mcf• Not commercial at current natural gas prices• Methods used to support reserves and profitability in new plays cannot be corroborated in plays with history• Full‐cycle economics show that most value added in first few years due to steep decline rates• Production beyond 10‐20 years has no value depending on decline rates• Low risk & high reward model challenges common sense• High cost‐low price profitability defies logic•This will continue as long as interest payments are made and debt can be deferred or sold•The manufacturing paradigm must be discarded:  complex reservoirs require careful science• Shale plays require critical thinking, especially in a low gas‐price environment

Observations and Conclusions

Page 24: Shale Plays - WordPress.com · 2010. 12. 23. · Premise of the Presentation •The mainstream belief is that shale plays have ensured the U.S. an abundant supply of inexpensive natural

Acknowledgments

“Facts are stubborn things; and whatever may be our wishes, our inclinations, or the dictates of our passion, they cannot alter the state of facts and evidence.”John Adams

“When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable, must be the truth.”Sherlock Holmes (Conan‐Doyle)

Page 25: Shale Plays - WordPress.com · 2010. 12. 23. · Premise of the Presentation •The mainstream belief is that shale plays have ensured the U.S. an abundant supply of inexpensive natural

Arthur E. Berman

ASPO October 2009

Shale Plays

A Time for Critical Thinking