shale gas development strategiespetroleumclub.ro/.../shalegas/george_waters-schlumberger.pdf ·...

George Waters

Technical Manager – Unconventional Completions

Shale Gas Development Strategies

Unconventional Resources “More with Less”

Role of Technology: Contributes to Success in Every Phase

More Knowledge

Less Uncertainty

− Petrophysical model

− Geomechanics

− Defined reservoir quality

− Defined completion quality

− Characterize PVT

More Pay Zone

Less Rig Time

− Engineered bit / BHA

− Hole cleaning & rugosity

− Longer laterals > ROP

− Cuttings and mud logs

− Wellbore placement

More Reservoir Contact

Less Environment Impact

− Engineered fracture design

− Stimulation hardware

− Better chemistry

− Reduced water/proppant

− Well cement integrity

More Recovery

Less Waste

− Managed flowback

− Optimized production

− Coiled tubing

interventions

− Measured contributions

− Maximized recovery

Evaluate Drill Complete Produce

More Data

Less Risk

− Resource assessment

− Seismic for UR

− Petroleum systems

modeling

− Integrated

core/log/seismic

Explore


Critical Factors:

• Land access

• Landowner holds mineral rights

• Produce to hold lease rules

• Clear regulations

• Efficient (local) permitting

• Available market

• Deep service capability

• Existing infrastructure

• Adoption of new technology

Shale Energy Success in US

Utica

Delaware Basin

NiobraraMiss. Lime

Tuscaloosa

Alberta Bakken

(Exshaw)

Marcellus

Eagle Ford

Collingwood

BakkenMowry

Granite Wash

Monterey

Brown Dense

Duverney

MancosWoodbine

But: not all shale wells and plays are successful


Critical Factors:

• License to operate

• Clear regulations

• Efficient (local) permitting

• Access to market

• Responsible development

• Technology

• to explore, evaluate, drill,

complete and produce,

efficiently and effectively

Shale Energy Success Outside North America


Industry’s License to Operate: From the Community


Groundwater

Seismic events

Number of wells

Surface disturbance

Service intensity / well

Truck traffic

Resources required

Noise / air emissions

Health hazards

2008

Impact of Shale Development on License to Operate


Watch Where You Drill

1986 2008

Close Collaboration and Innovative Technology

Combining Surface Data

Pad Planning

Integrating It all Together

Optimized Field Planning Integrating the Data

Finding the Sweet Spot

Mega Pads

Optimized Operations

Role of Technology: Reducing Impact of Shale Development


Role of Technology: Exploration – Is it worthwhile to drill?

More Data

Less Risk


− Seismic for UR


modeling

− Integrated

core/log/seismic

Explore More data, less risk

Rapid Resource Assessment using available data

to decide upfront:

• Go ahead with pilot

• Sell, release concession or go for investment

• Pilot well locations, data acquisition needed


• Integrated model-centric approach facilitates operationally driven decisions

• Production driver characterization Sweet spot identification Trap and natural fracture probability Charge access Reservoir property heterogeneity Fluid properties Regional and local stresses

• Production calibration and prediction • Completion design optimization • Field development planning

Unconventional Basin Evaluation Process


Role of Technology: Evaluation

More Knowledge

Less Uncertainty


− Geomechanics




Evaluate More knowledge, less uncertainty

Understand the rock:

• Reservoir Quality

• Completion Quality

Move from well-centric to reservoir-centric

by making data driven decisions



Reservoir Quality

More Knowledge

Less Uncertainty


− Geomechanics




Evaluate

ECS / XRD RHOB

RHOM

Sw

Porosity

TOC

Perm Porosity GIP

Gas-Phi ELAN Resistivity GR



Completion Quality

More Knowledge

Less Uncertainty


− Geomechanics




Evaluate

Res.

Image

Stress

Gradients Mineralogy Aniso Iso

Stress

Gradients


Role of Technology: Drilling

More Pay Zone

Less Rig Time

− Engineered bit/BHA


− Longer laterals, > ROP



Drill

More pay zone, less rig time

• Lower costs by improving efficiency

• More reservoir contact by improving effectiveness

Enabled by integration of all data in the workflow


Drilling: Using technology to be efficient

26

Planning: High Efficiency Rigs, BHA’s, Optimized Fluid Design, applied geomechanics

RT optimization: RPM, WOB, GPM, T&D, hydraulics, vibration, PP, ECD

Drilling Automation: Next Generation of High Efficiency Rigs

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

50 Days

De

pth

k fe

et

Drilling Performance

First

well: 53

days

Later

wells

<10 days

First

well: 53

days


Drilling: Using technology to be effective

Data Integration

80ft displacement from center targetSPE 138438

Well placement for more contact

with reservoir


Role of Technology: Completions








Complete More reservoir contact, less environment impact

• Lower costs by improving efficiency

• Better flow rates by improving completion

effectiveness

Enabled by integration of all data in the workflow


Better Efficiency: Rupture Disc Valve

• Relatively simple technology

• Eliminates coiled tubing or drill pipe

conveyed perforating in first stage

of horizontal wells

• Saves $100k per well


Role of Technology: Environmental Compatiblity

Measure, Disclose and Engage • Fully disclosed fracturing fluids, compliant with Environmental Standards


Reduce, reuse, recycle

Water sourcing

Fresh water wells, surface water

Waste waters, sea water

Transportation

Number of transports

High tendency to utilize piping

Water storage

Use of ponds, and open air pits

Re-usable above ground storage

Water disposal

Water injection

Reuse/recycle

32

Water Management


Design Capacity:

FAC dose = 20 ppm. Pump rate = 100 bbl/min. Water volume = 120,000 bbl. (10 stages @ 12,000 bbl/stage)

Mixed Oxidant Solution Skid

Role of Technolgy: Water Treatment without Biocides

Food Grade Salt: -Environmentally Benign -Delivered Inside the Unit -US NFPA Safety Rating of 0 -(Most Industrial Biocides have Ratings of 2 or 3) -Classified as non-hazardous.

MOS (< 0.5% concentration): - -Generated Onsite

-Contains “Drinking Water” Chemicals

which Revert Back to Salt and Water Classified as non-hazardous.

Salt + Water + Electrolysis = Mixed Oxidant Solution


Reliable service, proven solution > 21,000 treatments (> 1,800 wells) in 20 countries

Variety of formations (carbonate, sandstone, shale)

Unprecedented proppant placement rate (99.9%)

~ 800 screen-outs prevented to date

Significant impact on production

>20% increase in tight formations

Significant reduction in logistics, safety risks and

environmental footprint. Reductions in:

Water and proppant consumption per job of 25% and 42%, respectively;

~ 700 million gallons of water and > 2.2 billion lbs of proppant saved so far;

~100,000 proppant and water hauling road journeys

> 22 million lbs of CO2 emissions avoided

Paradigm shift in hydraulic fracturing technology

Better Flow Rates: Doing More with Less - HiWAY


Role of Technology: Production

More Recovery

Less Waste



− Coiled tubing

interventions



Produce More recovery, less waste

• Well-centric efficiency reaching technical limits

• Move to reservoir-centric effectiveness

Drive down costs, accelerate production


Immediate onset of large quantities of scale are possible due to the large quantity of water injected – and incompatible salts in the formation.

0

40000

80000

120000

160000

200000

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

0 100 200 300 400 500

TDS

(pp

m)

Acc

um

ula

ted

BaS

O4

(lb

m)

Time (hrs)

Accumulated Fines

TDS

Role of Technology: Scaling Tendencies


The figure compares maximum allowable drawdown predicted by the model versus the

drawdown imposed on a well that experienced substantial solids production problems.

2675

3884

4769

2484

3651

4495

5688

5367

0

400

800

1200

1600

2000

2400

2800

3200

3600

4000

4400

4800

5200

5600

6000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Time (days)

Dra

wd

ow

n (

psi)

10 deg F

40 deg F

Abney B-22H

Safe Zone

Fail ZoneExample Well

Role of Technology: Production Management


International Development must be Efficient and Effective

Reduce

Uncertainty

Plan For

High Activity

Well Count by Quarter

93 95 97 99 01 03 05

07 09

1600

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0

Best 12 Month Production (MMCF)

IHS Database

“Shale Workflow” Approach

Technology drives

development

Minimize footprint

Optimize

completions

“Brute Force” Approach

Huge variation in well

production

Compensate by

drilling more wells

Environmental impact

Drill Only Best Wells

Barnett Shale


Effective shale development – thought before action

All Gas Shales Are Different

Shale

Reservoirs

Conventional

Grains >4 μm

Argillaceous

CalcareousSiliceous

Matrix

Composition

Marcellus

Eagleford

Barnett

All shales are different and complex –

there is no “Plug and Play”

Critical development factors:

Reservoir Quality

Completion Quality

Vertical and Lateral Heterogenity

Application of appropriate technology

leads to improved:

Production

Effective use of capital

Economic results

Integration is the key


Role of technology

More Knowledge

Less Uncertainty


− Geomechanics




More Pay Zone

Less Rig Time

− Engineered bit/BHA


− Longer laterals, > ROP










More Recovery

Less Waste



− Coiled tubing

interventions



Evaluate Drill Complete Produce

More Data

Less Risk


− Seismic for UR


modeling

− Integrated

core/log/seismic

Explore

Do the right things at the right time-safely, consistently, for life of asset


Thank you.

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