Shadows over the Pacific: East Shadows over the Pacific: East Asia Under Challenge Asia Under Challenge

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The Qing EmpireThe Qing Empire

Decline of the ManchusDecline of the Manchus

Opium and Rebellion British problems with China

• The opium trade• Reactions by China

Lin Zexu (Lin Tse-hsu; 1785-1850), 1839 The Opium Wars (1839-1842)

• Concessions to Britain Taiping (T’ai p’ing) Rebellion, 1853-1864)

• Hong Xiuquan (Hung Hsiu-ch’uan)• Causes of the rebellion

Efforts at ReformEfforts at Reform

Self-strengthening Adoption of Western technology combined

with the retention of Confucian principles and institutions

Proponents of more radical reform Wang Tao (Wang T’ao) (1828 – 1897)

Foreign Possessions and Spheres of Foreign Possessions and Spheres of Influence About 1900Influence About 1900

The Climax of ImperialismThe Climax of Imperialism

Russia, France, and Britain penetrate China Sino-Japanese War, 1894-1895

Emperor Guangxu (Kuang Hsu) Kang Youwei (K’ang Yu-wei) Empress Dowager Cixi (Tz’u Hsi)

Opening the Door to China United States’ “Open Door” policy Boxer Rebellion, 1900

Collapse of the Old OrderCollapse of the Old Order Commission formed to study constitutional changes, 1905 Election for a national assembly, 1910 New provincial elite Rising rural unrest

Reforms do little for the peasants, artisans, miners, transportation workers

Sun Yat-sen (1866-1925)• Revive China Society• Revolutionary Alliance• Three People’s Principles of nationalism, democracy, and people’s livelihood

Revolt of October, 1911• General Yaun Shikai (Yaun Shih-k’ai)

Revolution or collapse of the old order?

Chinese Society in TransitionChinese Society in Transition Obstacles to industrialization Traditional methods of production Little use of Western technology Rapid increase in the population led to smaller plots of land and tenant

farmers Impact of imperialism on the economy Western presence accelerated Chinese development Daily life

Changes in coastal cities Increased Western cultural presence Education Women Impact of missionaries

A Rich Country and a Strong A Rich Country and a Strong State: The Rise of Modern JapanState: The Rise of Modern Japan Isolation Emergent commercial and manufacturing center Tokugawa feudalistic system falling apart

Factionalism and corruption plaguing the central bureaucracy An End to Isolation

Commodore Matthew C. Perry, 1853• Treaty of Kanagawa

Townsend Harris, 1858 Sat-Cho alliance, 1863 Rebel armies attacked shogun’s palace at Kyoto in 1868 and

proclaimed the authority of the emperor who had agreed to end cooperation with the West

Meiji RestorationMeiji Restoration Transformation of Japanese Politics

Abolish remnants of the old order and strengthen the executive Charter Oath, 1868 Political parties develop Meiji Constitution of 1890

Meiji Economics Land reform Japan’s industrial revolution Impact of changes on the rural population

Building a Modern Social structure Military structure Education Changing culture Civil Code, 1898 Women

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Japanese Overseas Expansion Japanese Overseas Expansion During the Meiji EraDuring the Meiji Era

Joining the Imperialist ClubJoining the Imperialist Club

Conflict with China Ryukyu Islands Korea opens ports to Japan

Sino-Japanese rivalry over Korea Treaty of Shimonoseki

Russo-Japanese War, 1904 Korea annexed in 1908

Japanese Culture in TransitionJapanese Culture in Transition

Japan invited technicians, engineers, architects, and artists from Europe and United States

Tokyo School of Fine Arts

The Meiji Restoration: A The Meiji Restoration: A Revolution from AboveRevolution from Above Some historians argue it was an incomplete

revolution because it did not end economic and social inequalities

Others argue it did put Japan on a path of economic and political development

A “conservative revolution” Combination of kokutai and capitalism

Discussion QuestionsDiscussion Questions

How did opium help the British force concessions from the Chinese?

What steps did the Chinese take to block European domination of China? Why did these measures fail?

How did the presence of European powers in China shape Chinese cultural development?

Was the Meiji Restoration a “revolution”?