sfs, gurukul marg, mansarovar, jaipur

SFS, GURUKUL MARG, MANSAROVAR, JAIPUR

MASTER OF SCIENCE (M.SC.) BOTANY

First Semester – Fourth Semester (2-year programme)

I Semester Examination November 2007

II Semester Examination April 2008 III Semester Examination November 2008

IV Semester Examination April 2009

Syllabus applicable for the students seeking admission to the M.Sc.Botany in the

academic year 2007-08

INTERNATIONAL AUTONOMOUS COLLEGE FOR GIRLS

Department of Botany

Master of Science

Syllabus based on Semester system

(Theory and Practical)

Semester I

BOT 121: Cell and Molecular Biology

BOT 122: Cytology, Genetics and Cytogenetics

BOT 123: Hierarchy of Lower Plants

BOT 124: Microbiology, Fungi & Plant Pathology

BOT 125: Practicals based on BOT 121- 124

BOT 126: Seminar

Semester II

BOT 221: Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms & Palaeobotany

BOT 222: Environmental Science

BOT 223: Plant Physiology & Biochemistry I

BOT 224: Plant Physiology & Biochemistry II

BOT 225: Practicals based on BOT 221- 224

BOT 226: Seminar

Semester III

BOT 321: Plant Systematics

BOT 322: Developmental and Reproductive Biology of Angiosperms

BOT 323: Tools and Techniques of Modern Research

BOT 324: Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics

BOT 325: Practicals based on BOT 321 - 324

BOT 326: Seminar

Semester IV

BOT 421: Elective 1a: Advanced Biotechnology I

BOT 422: Elective 1b: Advanced Biotechnology II

BOT 423: Practicals related to BOT 421 and BOT 422

BOT 424: Elective 2a: Ethnobotany I BOT 425: Elective 2b: Ethnobotany II

BOT 426: Practicals based on BOT 424 and BOT425

BOT 427: Dissertation / Project

INTERNATIONAL AUTONOMOUS COLLEGE FOR GIRLS

DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSE

The study of Botany, dealing with structure, function, classification and evolution of

plants, has inspired many great minds. Plants are unique as solar energy converters and

providers of energy for all heterotrophic organisms, It is fascinating to study the wide

spectrum of reproductive processes in algae, fungi, lichens, bryophytes, gymnosperms

and flowering plants. A student of botany has been learning these aspects together with

taxonomy, anatomy, plant pathology, plant breeding, microbiology, plant physiology,

plant biochemistry, ecology, cytology, cytogenetics, genetics, molecular biology and

plant biotechnology.

Renewing and updating the curriculum is essential for any vibrant academic system.

Curriculum with necessary additions and changes are introduced from time to time, with

a prime objective to maintain updated curriculum and also providing therein inputs to

take care of paced development in the knowledge of the subject. Revising the curriculum

should be a continuous process to provide an updated education to the student by and

large. The last few decades have ushered in new advances, not only in general biology

but also in botany, which now need to be incorporated in the botany curricula.

The objectives are:

1. To update course contents by introducing in good measure recent development in

plant sciences.

2. To prepare the curriculum such that it can attract, enthuse, sustain and promote

the interest of learners for selecting botany and alike disciplines as their career

and make them realize that their choice is intellectually rewarding.

3. To ensure that the curricula are not overloaded by minimizing the descriptive

aspects and eliminating repetition of contents between undergraduates and

postgraduates syllabi.

4. To provide the students of Master’s programme in Botany, an opportunity to opt

one or more courses in allied disciplines to help them pursue

specialization/research in interdisciplinary areas.

5. To make provisions for improvement in the quality of laboratory and field work

for want of which the students are not able to appreciate beauty and variety of

form, structure, function and ecological significance of plants and their biological

services. 6. To increases the awareness of young learners about the abuse to which plants

have been subjected by human greed, and train them in exploration, identification

and evaluation of plants, conservation of nature and natural resources and in the

protection of endangered plant species and other biota dependent on them.

7. To provide for mobility of students among institutions and different disciplines

M.Sc. Semester I

PAPER I- CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

PAPER CODE: BOT 121

Objectives: To provide knowledge about the intricacies of life processes at the

molecular and cellular level.

Credits 4 Marks :100

(C.A 30%; SEE 70%)

Contact Hours /Semester: 60 Contact Hours /Week: 4

UNIT I Fundamentals of Cell: Structural organization of cell, difference between plant and

animal cell ; prokaryote and eukaryote cell, types of bonds and specialized plant cell

types.

Cell wall: Basic architecture of cell wall, types of cell wall in Angiosperms and

biogenesis.

Plasma membrane: Structure, models, functions; as site for ATPases, ion carriers,

channels and pumps.

(10 hours)

UNIT II

Chloroplast: Structure, biogenesis, genome organization and nucleochloroplastic

interactions

Mitochondria: Structure, genome organization and biogenesis.

Plasmodesmata: Structure, functions, comparision with gap junctions.

Plant vacuole: Tonoplast membrane, vacuoles as multifunctional compartments,

vacuoles as storage organelle.

Ribosomes: Structure, functions and biosynthesis.

(8 hours)

UNIT III

Nucleus: Structure, nuclear pore complex, nucleolus, packaging of DNA (nucleosome

organization, solenoid model).

DNA: Structure, types (A, B and Z forms), replication, damage and repair mechanisms.

RNA: Structure and types, transcription, RNA splicing, RNA editing.

(10 hours)

UNIT IV

Other cellular organelles: Structure and functions of Golgi apparatus, lysosomes,

endoplasmic reticulum, microbodies

Cell shape and motility: The cytoskeleton, organization of microtubules and

microfilaments, motor movements, ciliar and flagellar movements, cytoskeletal accessory

proteins

Protein sorting: Targeting of proteins into endoplasmic reticulum, and chloroplast.

(10 hours)

UNIT V

Restriction enzymes: Discovery, types, cleavage of DNA into specific fragments.

Cell cycle: Regulation of cell cycle, role of cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases.

Apoptosis and Programmed Cell Death: Retinoblastoma and E2F proteins, cytokinesis

and cell plate formation and Programmed Cell Death.

(7 hours)

Suggested Books :

• Alberts, B; Bray, D; Lewis, J; Raff, M; Roberts,K and Watson, JD. 1999.

Molecular Biology of the Cell. Garland Publishing Inc., New York.

• Buchanan, BB; Gruissem, W and Jones, RL. 2000. Biochemistry and Molecular

Biology of Plants. American Society of Plant Physiologists. Maryland, USA.

• De Robertis. Cell and Molecular Biology. Waverly International.

• De, DN. 2000. Plant Cell Vacuoles: An Introduction. CSIRO Publication.

Collingwood, Australia.

• Karp and Gerald. Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments (3rd

edition). John Wiley & Sons.

• Kleinsmith, LJ and Kish, VM. 1995. Principles of Cell and Molecular Biology

(2nd

edition). Harper Collins College Publishers. New York, USA.

• Krishnamurthy, KV. 2000. Methods in Cell Wall Cytochemistry. CRC Press,Boca

Raton; Florida.

• Lewin, B 2000. Genes VII. Oxford University Press, New York.

• Lodish, H; Berk, A; Zipursky, SL; Matsudiara, P; Baltimore, D and Darnell, J.

2000. Molecular Cell Biology (4th

edition). WH Freeman & Co., New York.

• Nath, P. Molecular Insight in Plant Biology.

• Rost, T et al. 1998. Plant Biology. Wordsworth Publishing Co. California, USA.

Wolfe, SL. 1993. Molecular and Cellular Biology. Wordsworth Publishing Co.

California, USA.

• Weil, JH. 2003. Molecular Insight in Plant Biology. Oxford & IBH Publishing

Co. Pvt. Ltd.

Suggested Laboratory Readings

• Khasim, SM. 2002. Botanical Microtechnique: Principles and Practice.

Capital

• Publishing Co., New Delhi.

• Protein Expression: A Practical Approach. Ed. Higgins, SJ and Hames, BD.

• Oxford University Press

• Malacinski, GM and Freifelder, D. Essentials of Molecular Biology III Ed.

Jones & Barlett Publishers.

PAPER-II CYTOLOGY, GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS

PAPER CODE: BOT 122

Objectives: To study the Mendelian as well as modern aspects of genetics with

Cytogenetics.


(C.A 30%; SEE 70%)


UNIT I

Chromatin organization : Chromosome structure, molecular organization of

centromere and telomere, SMC proteins-Cohesin and Condensin proteins, cot curve,

Repetitive DNA, DNA methylation, specialized types of chromosomes: polytene and

lampbrush, B-chromosomes, molecular mechanism of recombination: role of RecA and

Rec BCD enzymes

(9 Hours)

UNIT II

Genome anatomies : Eukaryotic nuclear genomes, Genomes of Prokaryotes and

Eukaryotic organisms, Virus genomes and mobile genetic elements, Mapping the

bacteriophage genome, genetic transformation, conjugation and transduction in bacteria,

genetics of mitochondria and chloroplast, cytoplasmic male sterility, Structural and

numerical alternations in chromosomes , Robertsonian translocations, B-A translocations,

Alien gene transfer-examples from Triticum, Arachis and Brassica

(9 Hours)

UNIT III

Gene structure and expression : Fine structure of gene, translation, Regulation of gene

expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, significance of introns, Panoply of operon,

catabolic repression , attenuation and antitermination , Gene silencing : RNAi, Antisense

RNA.

(9 Hours)

UNIT IV

Mutations : Spontaneous and induced mutations, physical and chemical mutagens,

molecular basis of gene mutations, transposons, site-directed mutagenesis ,

protooncogenes and oncogenes , Sex determination, Sex linked inheritence, Sex limited

characters

(9 Hours)

UNIT V

Molecular Cytogenetics: genetic and physical mapping, genetic markers-RFLP, SNPs.

Molecular Phylogenetics, Molecular basis of genome evolution, in situ hybridization, and

computer assisted chromosome analysis, chromosome microdissection and microcloning

(9 Hours)

Suggested Books:

• Atherlt, AG; Girton, JR and McDonald, JF. 1999. The Science of Genetics.

Saunders College Publishing. Fort Worth, USA

• Chaudhary, HK. 1998. Elementary Principles of Plant Breeding. Oxford & IBH

Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.

• Chopra, VL. 2003. Plant Breeding. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.

• Devi and Pratibha. 2003. Principles and Methods of Plant Molecular Biology,

Biochemistry and Genetics. Agrobios, Jodhpur.

• Gupta, PK. 1993. Plant Breeding. Rastogo Publications, Meerut.

• Hartt, DL and Jones, EW. 1998. Genetics: Principles and Analysis (4th

edition).

Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Massachusetts, USA.

• Hawkins. Gene Structure and Expression. Cambridge University Press,

Cambridge, UK

• Kaushik, P. 2006. Cytology, Genetics & Evolution. Faculty of Distance

Education, Gurukul Kangri University, Hardwar.

• Russel, PJ. 1998. Genetics. The Benjamin/ Cummings Publishing Co. Inc.,USA.

• Sharma. 1997. Plant Breeding. Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.

• Singh, BD. 2003. Plant Breeding. Kalyani Publishers.

• Sinha. 1995. Cytogenetics, Plant Breeding and Evolution. Tata McGraw Hill

Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

• Snustad, DP and Simmons, MJ. 2000. Principles of Genetics. John Wiley & Sons

Inc., USA.

• Srivastava and Tyagi. 1997. Selected Problems in Genetics Vol.III. Anmol

Publications, New Delhi.

• Stent, GS 1986. Molecular Genetics. CBS Publications, New Delhi.

• Tyagi. 1996. Fundamentals of Cytogenetics, plant Breeding and Evolution.

Ramesh Book Depot, Jaipur.

Suggested Laboratory Readings • Pandey, BP and Trivedi, PC. 1997. Botany Vol. I(10

th edition). Vikas Publishing

House.

• Pandey, BP; Misra; Trivedi, PC. 1997. Botany Vol. II. Vikas Publishing House.

• Pandey, BP and Chadha. 1997. Botany Vol. III. Vikas Publishing House

PAPER III : HIERARCHY OF LOWER PLANTS

PAPER CODE: BOT 123 Objectives: To understand the evolution of different groups of plants and their

economic importance.

Credits: 4 Marks :100

(C.A 30%; SEE 70%)


UNIT I Bacteria, Virus, Mycoplasma, Lichens, Algae and Bryophytes : A general account

along with classification, structure, function, reproduction, economic importance and

evolutionary history.

Palaeobotany: Indian contributors in the field of Algal and Bryophytic palaeobotany.

(9 hours)

UNIT II Applications of Bacteria, Virus, Mycoplasma and Lichens :

Applications of microbes in industry and medicine, Bt cotton, edible vaccines, role in

improving soil fertility.

Microbial ecology of soil, air, water, food and industry.

Bacteria and viruses in genetic engineering.

Role of lichens in succession, anti-microbial properties of lichens, lichens as bio

indicators of air pollution, economic importance of lichens.

.

(9 hours)

UNIT III Algae : general characters, classification, life history and economic importance of

Prochlorophyta : Prochloron

Chlorophyta : Chlorella, Coleochaete

Xanthophyta : Vaucheria

Phaeophyta : Laminaria

Rhodophyta : Ceramium

(9 hours)

UNIT IV

Bryophytes: general characters,classification, life history and economic importance of

Hepaticopsida : Plagiochasma, Takakia

Anthocerotopsida : Notothylus

Bryopsida : Sphagnum, Polytrichum

(9 hours)

UNIT V

Recent treds in Phycology and Bryology:- Algae as a rich source of protein (SCP),

algae in space, algae as biofertilizers, algal blooms, algae in food and industry, algae in

pharmaceuticals and parasitic algae. Benthic macroalgae and factors affecting their

environment

Economic Importance of Bryophytes with special reference to Ecology, as pollution

indicators and in monitoring pollution, anti microbial properties of bryophytes,

geobotanical prospects. (9 Hours)

Suggested Books • Chattopadhyay, SB. Principles and Procedures of Plant Protection (3

rd edition).

Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.

• Clifton, A. 1958. Introduction to the Bacteria, McGraw Hill & Co.,New York

• Jayaraman, Jaishree. Fundamentals of Plant Bacteriology. Kalyani Publishers.

• Kumar, HD. 1958. Introductory Phycology. Affiliated East-West Press Ltd., New

Delhi.

• Mandahar, CL. 1978. Introduction to Plant Virus. Chand and Co. Ltd., Delhi

• Morris, I. 1986. An Introduction to Algae. Cambridge University Press.

Cambridge, UK.

• Pandey, BP and Trivedi, PC. 1998. A Text Book of Algae. Vikas Publishing

House.

• Parihar, NS. 1991. Bryophyta. Central Book Depot, Allahabad.

• Puri, P. 1980. Bryophyta. Atma Ram & Sons, Delhi.

• Round, FE. 1986. The Biology of Algae. Cambridge University Press,

Cambridge.

• Sarabhai and Arora. 1998. Textbook of Algae.Anmol Publications, New Delhi.

• Smith, GM. 1971. Cryptogamic Botany. Vol. I. Algae and Fungi. Tata McGraw

Hill Publishing Co., New Delhi.

• Smith, GM. 1971. Cryptogamic Botany. Vol. II. Bryophytes and Pteridophytes.

Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co., New Delhi

• Sharma, OP. 1992. Text Book of Thallophytes. McGraw Hill Publishing Co.,

New Delhi.

• Trivedi, PC; Sharma, N; Dhankher, RS and Gupta, S. 2003. Diversity of Microbes

and Cryptogams. Ramesh Book Depot, Jaipur.

• Vasishtha, PC. Algae Rev. 9th

. S. Chand & Co., Delhi.

• Verma, HN. 2003. Basics of Plant Virology. Oxford & IBH Publishing House

Laboratory Readings • Pandey, BP and Trivedi, PS. 1997. Botany Vol. I(10

th edition). Vikas Publishing House.

• Pandey, BP; Misra; Trivedi, PS. 1997. Botany Vol. II. Vikas Publishing House.

• Pandey, BP and Chadha. 1997. Botany Vol. III. Vikas Publishing House.

• Santra, SC and Chatterjee. 2005. College Botany Practical Vol. I. New Central

Book Agency (P) Ltd.

• Kumar, S and Kashyap. 2003. Manual of Practical Algae. Campus Books

International, New Delhi

PAPER IV- MICROBIOLOGY, FUNGI AND PLANT

PATHOLOGY

PAPER CODE: BOT 124

Objective: The objective of the course is to provide an insight into the basic life

processes of fungi and their disease causing ability along with their

economic implications.


(C.A 30%; SEE 70%)


UNIT I

Microbiology: Important landmarks in the history of microbiology, general account,

growth, ultrastructure, reproduction and nutrition of Cyanobacteria, Archaebacteria,

Eubacteria and Virus and their economic importance, isolation of micro organisms.

Phytoplasma: General characters and role in plant diseases.

Contributors: Eminent scientists with their contribution in the field of microbiology,

mycology and plant pathology.

Institutes: Important Institutes conducting advanced studies in microbiology, mycology

and plant pathology.

(8 Hours)

Unit II

Fungi I: General characters of Fungi, Substrate relationship in Fungi, cell ultra structure,

unicellular and multicellular organization, cell wall composition, nutrition (saprotrophic,

biotrophic, symbiotic), reproduction (vegetative, asexual, sexual), heterothallism,

heterokaryosis, parasexuality, recent trends in classification, fungi in industry, medicine

and food, fungal diseases in plants and humans, mycorrhizae, fungi as biocontrol agents,

dermatological reactions caused by Fungi.

(9 Hours)

UNIT III

Fungi II: General characters, classification, economic importance and life history of-

Mastigomycotina,, Zygomycotina, Ascomycotina, Basidiomycotina, Deuteromycotina

with special reference to Pilobolus, Chaetomium, Morchella, Melampsora,

Polyporus, Dreschlera, Phoma, Peziza and Puccinia. Phylogeny of fungi.

(9 Hours)

UNIT IV

Plant Pathology I: History and scope of plant pathology, general account of diseases

caused by plant pathogens, pathogen attack and defense mechanisms: physical,

physiological, biochemical and molecular aspects, plant disease management: chemical

and biological, IPM systems, development of transgenics, biopesticides, preliminary

account of applications of biotechnology and information technology in plant pathology.

(9 Hours)

UNIT V

Plant Pathology II: Symptomatology, identification, causal organism, disease cycle and

control of following plant diseases-

Fungal diseases: Wheat (Rust, Smut, Bunt), Bajra (Green ear, Ergot, Smut); Crucifer

(Rust) ; Paddy (Paddy blast), Cotton (Wilt), Grapes (Downy and Powdery mildew)

Bacterial diseases: Wheat (Tundu), Sesamum phyllode

Viral diseases: Tobacco mosaic.

Phytoplasma diseases: Little leaf of brinjal

Nematode diseases: Root knot of vegetables

(10 Hours)

Suggested Books :

• Agrios, GN. 1997. Plant Pathology. Academic Press, London.

• Albajes, R; Gullino, ML; Van Lanteren, JC and Elad, Y. 2000. Integrated Pest

and Disease Management in Greenhouse Crops. Kluwer Academic Publishers.

• Alexopoulous, CJ; Mims,CW and Blackwel, M. 1996. Introductory Mycology.

John Wiley & Sons Inc.

• Bilgrami, Physiology of Fungi.

• Bridge, P; Moore, DR and Scott, PR. 1998. Information Technology, Plant

Pathology and Biodiversity. CAB International, U.K.

• Chupp,. Manual of Vegetable Plant Diseases. Discovery: Delhi.

• Deacon, Jim. Fungal Biology.

• Dube, HC. 1990. An Introduction to Fungi. Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.,

Delhi.

• Duggar. Fungal Diseases of Plants

• Gupta, GP.Textbook of Plant Diseases..

• Horsfall, JCand Diamond, AE. Plant Pathology Vol. 1, 2&3. Academic Press,

New York; London.

• Kaushik,Pand Dhiman, AK. 2000. Medicinal Plants and Raw Drugs of India.

Bishan Singh Mohinder Pal, New Connaught Place, Dehra Dun

• Kaushik, P. 1988. Indigenous Medicinal PlantsIncluding Microbes and

Fungi.Today and Tommorow’s, New Delhi

• Kaushik,P. 2004. Introductory Microbiology. Emkay Publication, Delhi.

• Kaushik, P. 2007. Microbiology: Questions and Answers. S. Chand & Co., New

Delhi

• Mehrotra, RS. Plant Pathology. Tata McGraw Hill

• Narayanswamy, P. Micribial Plant Pathogens and Crop Disease Management.

Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.

• Pathak, VN.Fundamentals of Plant Pathology.

• Rangaswamy, G and Mahadevan, A. 1999. Diseases of crop plants in India (4th

edition). Prentice Hall of India Pvt., New Delhi.

• Roberts. Fundamentals of Plant Pathology.

• Sharma, PD. 1991. The Fungi. Rastogi & Co., Meerut.

• Singh, RS. An Introduction to Principles of Plant Pathology.

• Singh, RS. Diseases of Fruit Crops.

• Trivedi, PC. 1998. Nematode diseases in Plants. CBS Publisher and Distributor,

New Delhi.

• Vasishtha, PC. Fungi.

• Webster, J. 1985. Introduction to Fungi. Cambridge University Press.



Book Agency (P) Ltd.,Calcutta.

• Santra, SC. 2005. College Botany Practical Vol. II. New Central Book Agency

(P) Ltd.

PAPER-IV : PRACTICAL EXERCISES BASED ON BOT 121- 124

PAPER CODE: BOT 125


(C.A 30%; SEE 70%)


BOT 121: Cell & Molecular Biology

• Isolation of RNA from Yeast

• Restriction Digestion

• Agarose – Gel Electrophoresis

• SDS- PAGE

• Isolation of DNA from plant material

BOT 122: Cytology & Cytogenetics

• Study of general cytological techniques

• Study of various stages of mitosis in Onion root tips

• Study of various stages of meiosis in Onion flower bud

• Calculation of mitotic index

• To study B chromosomes in plants

• Study of pollen viability

• To measure different types of plant cells using Stage micrometer and Ocular

micrometer

• Induction of polyploidy in plants by treating shoot apical meristem with

colchicines solution

BOT 123: Hierarchy of Plant Kingdom

• Preparation of report on Indian contributors in the field of algal, fungal,

bryophytic, gymnospermic and angiospermic paleobotany

• Microscopic examination of stained cell preparation of bacteria by various

staining methods

• Study of role of bacteria in transformation of milk to milk products and in

carbohydrate fermentation

• Determination of Biological Oxygen Demand in pure water and water with algal

growth to various degrees

• Estimation of protein content in Spirulina, the Single Cell Protein

• Study of mushroom cultivation

• Study of moisture retaining capacity of peat moss

• Study of economic importance of Gymnosperms

• Study of different types of lichen thalli and their role in succession

BOT 124: Microbiology, Fungi & Plant Pathology

• Cleaning of glassware

• To study different methods of sterilization and disinfection by physical agents.

• Instrumentation

• To study varios types of culture media

• To determine the growth curve in bacteria (E, coli)

• To study the bacteria by Gram staining

• To become acquainted with Kirby-Baur procedure

• Wine production by fermentative activities of Yeast cells

• Isolation of micro organisms from the mixed culture by spread plate methods

• Isolation of micro organism by pour plate method

• To study ecological relationship between micro organisms of soil by Wino

Gradsky Column

• To study the presence of faecal contamination in the given water sample

• Survey of dermatological diseases caused by Fungi

• Inventry preparations of antibiotics procured from Fungi

• Morphological study of representative members of Fungi- Pilobolus,

Chaetomium, Morchella, Melampsora, Poly[porus, Dreschlera, Phoma, Peziza,

Puccinia

• Symptomatology, identification, causal organism of the following diseases: White

rust, bunt, smut, green ear, smut and ergot of Bajra, rust and smut of wheat, paddy

blast, cotton wilt, downy mildew and powdery mildew of grapes, , tundu, tobacco

mosaic virus, little leaf of brinjal, root knot of vegetables

• Report on eminent contributors in Mycology, Plant pathology and important

related institutes

Practical Scheme for Semester I

1 (a). Major exercise on Cell and Molecular Biology 12

(b). Minor exercise on Cytology and Cytogenetics 08

2. Major exercise on any one group of plants (lichens, algae, fungi,

bryophytes, pteridophytes and gymnosperms). 10

3. Major exercise on Fungi, Microbiology and plant pathology. 10

4. Spots (1- 5). 15

6. Viva 10

7. Record 05

PAPER-VI : SEMINAR

PAPER CODE: BOT 126



Seminars have been incorporated in the syllabi in Semester I, II and III to

enhance the communication skill of the M.Sc. students.

The candidates will have to choose a topic from the syllabi for seminar

preparation. They will be expected to submit a write up pertaining to that

topic and at the end of semester, a presentation will have to be made in

presence of panel of experts from different fields of Botany.

M.Sc. Semester II

PAPER I: PTERIDOPHYTES, GYMNOSPERMS AND

PALAEOBOTANY

PAPER CODE: BOT 221

Objectives: This course aims at providing relevant information about

Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms along with their evolutionary

history, their phylogenetic relationships and fossil wealth of the world.


(C.A 30%; SEE 70%)


Unit I PteridophytesI: General characters, classification, telome theory, stelar system and

evolution of stele, apogamy, apospory, origin of seed habit and heterospory, study of

pteridophytes in India and Rajasthan

(10 Hours)

Unit II PteridophytesII: General characters, classification, structure, economic importance and

life history of-

Psilopsida: Tmesipteris

Lycopsida: Selaginella, Isoetes

Sphenopsida: Equisettum

Pteropsida: Ophioglossum, Dryopteris ,Pteris

(10 Hours)

Unit III Gymnosperm I: Introduction, general characters, classification, evolution of

gymnosperms, distribution in India, affinities of gymnosperms with angiosperms,

pteridophytes and pteridosperms.

(8 Hours)

Unit IV Gymnosperm II: Important characters, classification, structure, economic importance

and life history of: Cycadales, Ginkgoales, Coniferales, Ephedrales, Welwitschiales and

Gnetales.

(8 Hours)

Unit V Palaeobotany: Fossilization, types of fossils, techniques of fossil study, geological time

scale. Brief account of Rhynia, Zosterophyllum and Psilophyton. Pteridospermales

(Lyginopteridaceae,and Glossopteridaceae) Cycadeoidales, Cordaitales and Pentoxylales.

Contribution of few eminent Palaeobotanists – Birbal Sahani and important institutes

conducting studies in Palaeobotany, living fosils.

(9 Hours)

Suggested Readings

• Bhatnagar, SP and Moitra, A. 1996. Gymnosperms. New Age International Pvt.

Ltd., New Delhi.

• Moitra, A. 2003. Gymnosperms. New Age International (P) Ltd.

• Parihar, NS. 1996. [Biology and Morphology of Pteridophytes. Central Book

Depot, Allahabad.

• Purohit and Vyas. 1997. A Text Book of Gymnosperms. Ramesh Book Depot,

Jaipur.

• Sharma, OP. 1990. Text Book of Pteridophyta. McMillan India Ltd., New Delhi.

• Singh, H. 1978. Embryology of Gymnosperms. Encyclopaedia of Plant Anatomy

X. Gebruder Bortraeger, Berlin.

• Smith, GM. 1971. Cryptogamic Botany, Vol. II Bryophytes and Pteridophytes.

Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co., New Delhi.

• Sporne, KR. 1965. The Morphology of Gymnosperms. Hutchinson and Co. Ltd.,

London.

• Sporne, KK. 1991. The Morphology of Pteridophytes. BI Publishing Pvt. Ltd.,

Bombay.

• Stewart, WN and Rathwell, GW. 1993. Paleobotany and the Evolution of plants.

Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

• Trivedi, PC; Sharma, N; Dhanker, RS and Gupta, S. 2003. Diversity of Microbes

and Cryptogams. Ramesh Book Depot, Jaipur.

• Vasishtha, PC. 2004. Gymnosperms Vol.V. S. Chand & Co., Delhi.

Laboratory Readings

• Pandey, BP and Trivedi, PS. 1997. Botany Vol. I(10

th edition). Vikas Publishing

House.

• Pandey, BP; Misra; Trivedi, PS. 1997. Botany Vol. II. Vikas Publishing House.



Book Agency (P) Ltd

PAPER II : ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

PAPER CODE: BOT 222

Objective: The objective of the course is to provide an insight into the basic

knowledge of biodiversity of various plant species found in India and

in different parts of the world. This course also aims at providing an

idea of endangered and extinct plant species and emphasize on the

role of environment in plant life.


(C.A 30%; SEE 70%)


Unit I Ecology and Environment: Basic concepts and scope of Ecology. Ecology and its

relation with other branches of Science. Environmental complex: climatic, edaphic and

biotic factors. Ecological niche. Microclimate. Ecology in Biodiversity. Threats to

Biodiversity. IUCN categories of endangered species. Red Data Book, vegetation in

relation to Rajasthan, Phytogeography with relation to Rajasthan (9 Hours)

Unit II

Community and Population Ecology: Characteristics of population and community,

Autecological and synecological levels, analytical and synthetic characters used in study

of a community, Physiognomic and phytosociological classification, community

dyanamics, Clementsian’s categories, concept of continuum, ordination, development of

vegetation

(9 Hours)

Unit III Ecosystem: Structure of ecosystem, food chain, food web, ecological pyramids,

functional aspects of an ecosystem, ecological energetics, biogeochemical cycles: carbon,

nitrogen, phosphorous, sulphur, oxygen.Productivity of different ecosyetems: primary

and secondary productivity. (9 hours)

Unit IV Environmental Pollution: Environmental pollutants, costs and kinds of pollution.

Air pollution: air quality, sources and pollutants, measurement of air quality, green house

effect, acid rains, ozone layer depletion, threat to ozone protection, global efforts towards

ozone layer protection

Water pollution: kinds and sources, measurement of water quality.

Noise pollution: Sources and properties, pollution control through law.

Soil pollution: effects of heavy metals on green canopy, plants absorb heavy metals:

bioremediation. (9 Hours)

Unit V Ecosystem stability: Concept of resistance and resilience, ecological perturbations

(natural and anthropogenic), and their impact on plants and ecosystems, ecology of plant

invasions, environmental impact assessments and ecosystem restoration.

Ecological management: Concept, sustainable development and sustainability indicators.

(9 Hours)

Suggested Books :

• Anonymous . 1997. National Gene Bank: Indian Heritage on Plant Genetic

Resources (Booklet). National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New York.

• Arora, RK and Nayar,, ER. 1984. Wild Relatives of Crop Plants in India. NBPGR

Science Monograph No. 7.

• Baker, HG. 1978. Plants and Civilization (3rd

edition).. CA Wadsworth, Belmont.

• Bole, PV and Vaghani, Y. 1986. Field Guide to Common Indian Trees. Oxford

University Press, Mumbai.

• Barbour, MG; Burk, JH and Pitts, WD. 1987. Terrestrial Plant Ecology.

Benjamin/ Cummings Publication Co., New York.

• Begon, M; Harper, JL and Townsend, CR. 1996. Ecology. Blackwell Science.

Cambridge, USA.

• Brady, NC. 1990. The Nature and Properties of Soils. McMillan.

• Chandel, KPS; Shukla, G and Sharma, N. 1996. Biodiversity in Medical and

Aromatic Plants in India: Conservation and Utilization. NBPGR, New Delhi.

• Chapman, JL and Reiss, MJ. 1988. Ecology: Principles and Applications.

Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK.

• Conway, G. 1999. The Doubly green Revelution: Food for All in 21st Century.

Penguin Books.

• Conway, G and Barbier, E. 1990. After the Green Revelution. Earthscan Press,

London.

• Frankel, OH; Brown, AHD and Burdon, JJ. 1995. The Conservation of Plant

Biodiversity. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK

• Gadgil, M and Guha, R. 1996. Ecology and Equity: Use and Abuse of Nature in

Contemporary India.Penguin, New Delhi.

• Heywood, VH and Watson, RT. 1995. Global Biodiversity Assessmeny.

Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK

• Hill, MK. 1997. Understanding Environmental Pollution. Cambridge University

Press. Cambridge, UK

• Kaushik, P. 1983. Ecological and Anatomical Marvel of the Himalayan Orchid.

Today and Tommorow, New Delhi.

• Kothari, A. 1997. Understanding Biodiversity: Life Sustainability and Equity.

Orient Longman.

• Kormondy, EJ 1996. Concepts of Ecology. Prentice-Hall of India Pvt., New Delhi

• Ludwig, J and Reynolds, JF. 1988. Statistical Ecology. John Wiley & Sons, New

York.

• Mackenzie, A .et al, 1999. Instant notes in Ecology. Viva Books Pvt. Ltd., New

Delhi.

• Mason, CF. 1991. Biology of Freshwater Pollution. Longman .

• Moldan, B and Billharz, S. 1997. Sustainability Indicators. John Wiley & Sons,

New York.

• Muller-Dombois, D and Ellenberg, H. 1974. Aims and Methods of Vegetation

Ecology. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

• Odum, EP. 1971. Fundamentals of Ecology. Saunders, Philadelphia .New York.

• Treshow, M. 1985. Air Pollution and Plant Life. Wiley Interscience.


• Pandey, BP and Trivedi, PC. 1997. Botany Vol. I(10th

edition). Vikas Publishing

House.



PAPER III : PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY I

PAPER CODE: BOT 223

Objectives: To study the vital activities in plant and study of various metabolic

activities in plants


(C.A 30%; SEE 70%)


Unit I Plant-Water relations and Membrane transport : Water potential , Soil Plant

Atmosphere Continuum (SPAC) , transpiration, Stomatal regulation of traspiration, signal

transduction in guard cell , Ion channels and pumps.

Mineral Nutrition: Role of micro and macro elements , chelating reagents, calmodulins

Mechanism of phloem transport, factors affecting translocation (9 hours)

Unit II Photosynthesis: Photosynthetic pigments , absorption and action spectrum,

Transformation of radiant energy, Photo-oxidation, non-cyclic and cyclic transportation

of electrons, water-water cycle, proton gradient and photophosphorylation, Calvin cycle,

structure of RUBISCO and regulation of its activity, control of Calvin cycle , C4 pathway

and its significance, CAM pathway, differences between C3 and C4 plants, glycolate

pathway and photorespiration.

(9 hours)

Unit III Respiration: Anaerobic and aerobic respiration, fermentation, Respiratory Quotients,

glycolysis, anaerobic glycolysis, regulation of glycolysis, amphibolic nature of TCA

cycle, regulation of TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, glyoxylate pathway,

gluconeogenesis.

Nitrogen Metabolism : Nitrogen cycle, Nitrogen fixation ,Importance of nitrate

reductase and its regulation , Nod factor, nif and nod genes, glutamate D dehydrogenase

reaction. (9 hours)

Unit IV Signal transduction: Receptors and G-proteins, calcium-calmodulin cascade, diversity

of protein kinases and phosphatases, signal transduction mechanisms with special

reference to plant growth regulators, Energy transduction: use of ATP; signal

transduction at cell membranes: protein, kinases and phosphatases

Stress physiology: Plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses, plant defense

mechanisms against water stress, salinity stress, metal toxicity, freezing and heat stress

(9 hours)

Unit V Growth and Development : Plant growth regulators- Auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinins,

Abscisic acid, Ethylene, – chemistry, biosynthesis, bioassay, mechanism of action and

their physiological roles.

Photobiology: Phytochromes and Cryptochromes – their discovery,physiological roles

and mechanism of action, Physiology of flowering : Photoperiodism and Vernalization,

Circadian rhythms in plants, Seed dormancy, Growth movements. (9 hours)

Suggested Books :

• Dennis, DT; Turpin, DH; Lefebvre, DD and Layzell (eds.). 1997. Plant.

• Devlin. 1997. Plant Physiology. East-West Press Pvy. Ltd.

• Metabolism (2nd

edition). Longman, Essex, England.

• Galston, AW. 1989. Life Processes in Plants. Scientific American Library.

• Gosh, AK. 2005. Plant Physiology. New Central Book Agency (P) Ltd., Calcutta.

• Hopkins, WG. 1995. Introduction to Plant Physiology. John Wiley & Sons Inc.,

New York, USA.

• Lawlor and David, W. 2001. Photosynthesis. Viva Books Pvt. Ltd.

• Lea, PJ and Leegood, RC. 1999. Plant Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. John

Wiley & Sons, New York.

• Mohr, H and Schopfer, P. 1995. Plant Physiology. Springer- Verlag, Berlin,

Germany.

• Pandey, BP. 1998. Plant Physiology. Vikas Publishing House.

• Salisbury, FB and Ross, CW. 1992. Plant Physiology (4th

edition). Wadsworth

Publishing Co., California, USA.

• Sands. 1995. Problems in Plant Physiology. John Murray, London.

• Srivastava, HN. 2006. Pradeep’s Botany Vol. V. Pradeep Publications, Jalandhar.

• Taiz and Lincoln. 2003. Plant Physiology. Panima Publishing Co., New Delhi.

• Taiz, L and Zieger, E. 1998. Plant Physiology (2nd

edition). Sinauer Associates,

Inc. Publishers Massachusetts, USA.

• Verma, SK. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. S. Chand & Sons, New Delhi.

Laboratory Readings

• Bajracharya, D. 2003. Experiments in Plant Physiology: A Laboratory Manual.

• Bendre. 1995. A Text Book of Practical Botany. Rastogi Publications, Meerut.

• Santra, SC. 2005. College Botany Practical Vol.II. New Central Book Agency (P)

Ltd., Calcutta.


PAPER IV : PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY II

PAPER CODE: BOT 224

Objectives: To study the various biochemical pathways in plants and to study the

structure of various biomolecules.


(C.A 30%; SEE 70%)


Unit I

Carbohydrates: Classification, catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, Chemistry,

conformation and functions of monosaccharides, disaccharides, oleigosaccharides,

polysaccharides and glycoproteins including starch, cellulose and pectins , formation of

hexose sugar from reserve carbohydrate

( 8 Hours)

Unit II Proteins: Structure of protein: primary , secondary ,tertiary, quaternary, forces

controlling structure, Ramachandran plot, techniques of protein purification , protein

sequencing ,protein folding, chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis of protein to peptides,

composition, sequence and conformational analysis of proteins: N and C terminal

analysis, ion exchange chromatography, size exclusion chromatography, protein

aggregates.

(9 Hours )

Unit III

Fat metabolism: Lipid structure, lipids in water: structure and thermodyanamics,

molecular mechanics and dyanamics of membrane lipids, lipids as biological signals, role

of biological lipids, structure and function of derived lipids: phospholipids, sphingolipids,

cholesterol, plasmalogens and triacylglycerides.

Vitamins : Biochemistry and function of thiamine, riboflavin, nicotinic acid, pantothenic

acid, pyridoxine, biotin, folic acid,vitaminB12,ascorbic acid, vitamin A and vitamin D,

clinical aspect of vitamin deficiency, gene control by retinol

(10 Hours)

Unit IV Enzymes: Introduction to enzyme, classification, enzyme activity relative to substrate

type, enzyme- substrate interactions, enzymes in the diagnosis of pathology, regulation

of enzyme activity, mechanism of action, enzyme kinetics, Michaelis-Menten equation ,

coenzymes, isoenzymes, ribozymes and abzymes.

(9 Hours)

Unit V Secondary metabolites: Biosynthesis and functions of secondary metabolites with

special reference to tannins, alkaloids, lignins, sapogenins, morphactins and jasmonic

acid.

Signal Transduction: Energy transduction: use of ATP; signal transduction at cell

membranes: protein, kinases and phosphatases

(9 Hours) Suggested Books :

• Buchanan, BB; Gruissem, W and Jones, RL. 2000. Biochemistry and Molecular

Biology of Plants. American Society of Plant Physiologists. Maryland, USA

• Bugg, TDH. 2004. Introduction of Enzyme and Co-enzyme chemistry (2nd

edition). Blackwell Publishing Ltd., UK.

• Gurr, MI; Harwood, JL and Frayn, KN. Lipid Biochemistry: An Introduction (5th

edition). Blackwell Science.

• Hames, BD and Hooper, NM. 2003. Biochemistry: Instant Notes (2nd

edition).

Bios Scientific Publishers Ltd.

• Lea, PJ and Leegood, RC. 1999. Plant Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. John

• Wiley & Sons, New York.

• Lesk, AM. 2001. Introduction to Protein Architechture. Oxford University Press,

UK

• Lydyard, PM; Whelan, A and Fanger, MW. 2003. Instant Notes in Immunology.

Hames, BD (ed.). Viva Books Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi

• Mathews, CK; van Holde, KE and Ahern, KG. 2003. Biochemistry. Pearson

Education Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

• Mohr, H and Schopfer, P. 1995. Plant Physiology. Springer- Verlag, Berlin,

Germany.

• Montgomery, R; Conway, TW and Spector, AA. 1990. Biochemistry: A Case

Oriented Approach (5th

edition). The CV Mosby Co., Torento.

• Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (6th

edition).

Wilson, K and Walker, J (eds.). Cambridge University Press

• Rawn, DJ. Biochemistry. Panima Publishing Co., New Delhi.

• Sands. 1995. Problems in Plant Physiology. John Murray, London.

• Srivastava, HN. 2006. Pradeep’s Botany Vol. V. Pradeep Publications, Jalandhar

• Thimmaiah, SR. 2004. Standard Methods of Biochemical Analysis. Kalyani

Publishers.

• Trehan, K. 1990. Biochemistry (2 nd edition.). New Age International (P) Ltd.,

Publishers, New Delhi.

• Voet, D and Voet, J. 1995. Biochemistry (2nd

edition). John Wiley & Sons Inc..

New York.

• West, ES; Todd, WR; Mason, HS and Bruggen, JTV. 1974. Textbook of

Biochemistry (4th

edition). Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

• Zubay, GL; Parson, WW and Vance, DE. Principles of Biochemistry.

Laboratory Readings

• Ramakrishnan, S; Prasannan, KG and Rajan, R. Textbook of Medical

Biochemistry (2nd

edition). Orient Longman.

• Plummer. An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry.

• Singh, S. Practical Manual of Biochemistry.

PAPER V : PRACTICAL EXERCISES (BASED ON BOT 221-224)

PAPER CODE: BOT 225


(C.A 30%; SEE 70%)


BOT 221: Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Palaeobotany

• Study of vegetative and reproductive structures of the following genera : Psilotum

, Lycopodium, Selaginella , Isoetes , Equisetum ,Ophioglossum , Marsilea, Pteris

• Study of vegetative and reproductive structures of the following genera: Cycas,

Ginkgo , Abies, Pinus, Picea , Taxus, Cryptomeria, Araucaria , Cephalotaxus,

Cupressus, Podocarpus, Ephedra, Welwitschia, Gnetum

• Study of the following genera : Rhynia, Horneophyton, Lyginopteris, Medullosa,

Neuropteris, Glossopteris.

BOT 222: Environmental Science

• To determine minimum number of quadrats required for reliable estimate of

biomass in grasslands.

• To study the frequency of hrrbacious species in grassland and to compare the

frequency distribution with Raunkairs standard frequency diagram/

• To estimate importance value index for grassland species on the basis of relative

frequency, relative density and relative biomass in protected and grazed grassland.

• To measure the vegetation cover of grassland through point frame method.

• To measure the above ground plant biomass in a grassland.

• To determine Kemps constant for dicot and monocot leaves and to estimate the

leaf area index of a grassland community.

• To determine diversity indices (richness, simpson, Shannon weinner) in grazed

and protected grassland.

• To estimate bulk density and particle density of grassland and woodland soils.

• To determine moisture content and water holding capacity of grassland and

woodland soil.

• To study the vegetation structure through profile diagram.

• To estimate transparency, pH, and temperature of different water bodies.

• To measure dissolved oxygen content in polluted and unpolluted water samples.

• To estimate salinity of different water samples.

• To determine the percent leaf area injury of different leaf samples collected

around polluted sites.

• To estimate dust holding capacity of the leaves of different plant species

BOT 223: Plant Physiology and Biochemistry-I

• Demonstration of phenomenon of osmosis by using potato osmometer.

• Demonstration of phenomenon of imbibition.

• Demonstration of the stomatal transpiration by four leaves method.

• To demonstrate that oxygen is evolved during photosynthesis by inverted funnel

method.

• To demonstrate that CO2 , water, light and chlorophyll are essential for

photosynthesis by ‘Moll’s half leaf’ experiment.

• To determine the chlorophyll a / chlorophyll b ratio in C3 and C4 plants.

• Isolation of intact chloroplasts and estimation of chloroplast proteins by spot

protein assay.

• Extraction of chloroplast pigments from leaves and preparation of the absorption

spectrum of chlorophylls and carotenoids.

• To demonstrate photophosphorylation in intact chloroplasts, resolve the

phosphoproteins by SDS-PAGE and perform autoradiography.

• To determine the value of RQ of different respiratory substrates using Ganong’s

respirometer.

• Demonstration of respiratory enzymes in plant tissues.

• Demonstration of the substrate inducibility of the enzyme nitrate reductase.

• Measurement of growth using auxanometer.

• To study the effect of plant growth regulators on plant growth.

BOT 224: Plant Physiology and Biochemistry - II

• To separate the given mixture of dyes using paper chromatography.

• To separate the given mixture of amino acids using thin - layer chromatography.

• To separate the given mixture of pigments using thin – layer chromatography.

• Principles of colorimetry and spectrophotometry.

• To estimate the conc. of protein using Folin’s reagent.

• To estimate the conc. of protein using Biuret reagent.

• Desalting of proteins by gel filtration chromatography , employing SephadexG-

25.

• Preparation of the standard curve of protein (BSA) and estimation of the protein

content in extracts of plant material by Lowry’s or Bradford’s method.

• Effect of time and enzyme concentration on the rate of reaction of enzyme (e.g.

acid phosphatase ).

• Effect of substrate concentration on activity of any enzyme and determination of

its Km value.

• Microchemical tests for the following – Cellulose, Cutin, Suberin, Lignin, Latex,

Glucose, Sucrose, Proteins, Fats, Starch.

• Phytochemical tests for – Alkaloids, Terpenes, Tannins and Anthocyanins

Practical Scheme for Semester II

1 (a). Major exercise: Comment on the given physiological experiment 12

(b). Minor exercise: Biochemical test of the given chemical substance. 08

2. Major exercise on any one group of plants (Pteridophytes,

Gymnosperms and Palaeobotany). 10

3.Major exercise: Comment on the anatomical features of the given

plant material. 10

4. Spots (1- 5). 15

6. Viva 10

7. Record 05

PAPER-VI : SEMINAR

PAPER CODE: BOT 226









M.Sc. Semester III

PAPER I : PLANT SYSTEMATICS

PAPER CODE: BOT 321

Objective: The objective of this course is to identify thrust areas of modern

taxonomy without shifting focus from the traditional ones.


(C.A 30%; SEE 70%)


UNIT I Systematics: Goal and essence of taxonomy; systems of classification – artificial,

natural and phylogenetic; Current systems of classification – Takhatajan, Hutchinson,

Cronquist, Dahlgren and Thorne. (10 Hours)

UNIT II

Botanical nomenclature: The international code of Botanical nomenclature –

Principles, rules and recommendations. Principle of priority; typification; rule of valid

and effective publication; author citation; retention of names; change of rank;

nomenclature of fossils, lichens, fungi and hybrid & cultivated plants.

Taxonomic hierarchy: Concept of genus and family, primitive vs Advanced characters,

homology, analogy, parallelism, convergence, horizontal and vertical classification,

monophylly and polyphylly. (8 Hours)

UNIT III Taxonomic literature: Floras, Monographs, Manuals, Bibliographies, Catalogues,

Taxonomic index, Keys for identification.

Introduction to flora of India, endemic & endangered species, Red data Book, role of

botanical survey of India. Herbaria, botanical garden. (9 Hours)

UNIT IV Diagnostic features, systematics, phylogeny and economic importance of Ranunculaceae,

Magnoliaceae, Fabaceae (Papillionaceae, Mimosaceae, Caesalpiniaceae), Rosaceae,

Cucurbitaceae, Apiaceae, Apocyanaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Convolvulaceae,Solanaceae,

Acanthaceae, Lamiaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Orchidiaceae, Liliaceae,

Araceae and Poaceae.

(10 Hours)

UNIT V Modern trends in Taxonomy:

Chemotaxonomy: application of phytochemistry to taxonomy.

Numerical taxonomy: Operational Taxonomic Units (OTU’s), selection of characters,

data processing, clusters analysis.

Biosystematics: Concept and categories, methods in experimental taxonomy.

Computerised systematics: GIS, Data banking and use of computers in taxonomy.

Molecular approaches to Plant Taxonomy: Applications of DNA markers in plant

taxonomy. (8 Hours)

Suggested Books : • Bendre and Kumar, A. 1998. Economic Botany. Rastogi Publications, Meerut.

• Davis, PH and Heywood, VH. 1973. Principles of Angiosperms Taxonomy. Robert E. Krieger

Publishing Co., New York.

• Grant, V. 1971. Plant Speciation. Columbia University Press, New York.

• Grant, WF. 1984. Plant Biosystematics. Academic Press, London.

• Harrison, HJ. 1971. New Concepts in Flowering Plant Taxonomy. Hieman & Co.Educational

Book Ltd., London.

• Heywood, VH and Moore, DM. 1984. Current Concepts in Plant Taxonomy. Academic Press,

London.

• Jones, AD and Wilbins, AD. 1971. Variations and Adaaptations in Plant Species. Hieman & Co.

Educational Books Ltd., London.

• Jones, SB Jr. and Luchsinger, AE. 1986. Plant Systematics (2nd

edition). McGraw Hill Book Co.,

New York.

• Kocchar, SL. 1998. Economic Botany in Tropics, 2nd

edition. McMillan India Ltd., New Delhi.

• Kumar and Suresh. 2002. Economic Botany. Campus books International, New Delhi.

• Pandey. 1993. Economic Botany. S. Chand & Co., New Delhi.

• Rendel. 1979. The Classification of Flowering Plants Vol. I & II. Vikas Publishing House.

• Sambhamurthy, AVSS and Subramanayam, NS. 1989. A Text Book of Economic Botany. Wiley

Eastern Ltd., New Delhi.

• Sharma, OP. 1996. Hill’s Economic Botany (Late Dr. AF Hill, adopted by OP Sharma). Tata

McGraw Hill Co. Ltd., New Delhi.

• Simpson, BB and Conner- Ogorzaly, M. 1986. Economic Botany- Plants in Our World. McGraw

Hill, New York.

• Sivrajan, VV. 1999. Introduction to Principles of Plant Taxonomy (2nd

edition). Oxford & IBH


• Stace, TA. 1989. Plant Taxonomy and Biosystematics (2nd

edition). Edward Arnold Ltd., London.

• Takhtajan, AL. 1997. Diversity and Classification of Flowering Plants. Columbia University

Press.

• Tyagi. 1996. An Intriduction to Taxonomy of Angiosperms. Himalaya Publishing House.

Laboratory Readings: • Bendre. 1995. A Text Book of Practical Botany. Rastogi Publications, Meerut.



PAPER II : DEVELOPMENTAL AND REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY

OF ANGIOSPERMS

PAPER CODE : BOT 322

Objective: The course aims at studying not only morphology, structure and

development of flowering plants but at their practical and

experimental aspects they are most sought after the areas of modern

research.


(C.A 30%; SEE 70%)


UNIT I Root: Organisation of root apical meristem; development and differentiation of tissues;

origin of lateral roots; root hair; associations between microbes & roots.

Shoot: Histological organisation of shoot apical meristem; root-stem transition,

rhytidome; branching and it’s patterns, development of wood in relation to environmental

factors, nodal anatomy.

(10 Hours)

UNIT II Leaf: Origin and development of leaf, leaf buttress, plastochron and plastochron index;

monocot and dicot leaf; abscission of leaf, development of flower and its structure; floral

organ differentiation; homeotic mutants in Arabidopsis, Antirrhinum etc. origin and

development of stomata.

Seed: Structure of monocot and dicot seed and seed development.

(8 Hours)

UNIT III Flower: A modified reproductive shoot; microsporangium, morphology and development

of male gametocyte; megasporangium, megasporogenesis and formation of female

gametocyte; pollination; fertilization (in vivo & in vitro).

(8 Hours)

UNIT IV Self incompatibility: Structural, genetic and biochemical aspects; biological significance

of incompatibility; development and types of endosperm; ruminate endosperm;

nutritional behavior of endosperm; monocot & dicot embryo; types of embryogenesis.

(9 Hours)

UNIT V Parthenocarpy, Polyembryony and Apomixis: Types and practical applications;

haploid production; embryo culture, culture of differentiated and mature embryos;

nucellus, ovule, endosperm and seed culture; embryo-nurse endosperm transplantation.

(8 Hours)

Suggested Readings

• Bhatnagar. 2002. The Embryology of Angiosperms. Vikas Publishing House.

• Bhojwani, SS and Bhatnagar, SP 2000. The Embryology of Angiosperms, 4th

revised and enlarged edition, Vikas Publication House, New Delhi.

• Cutter, EG 1969, Part I Cells and Tissues, Edward Arnold, London

• Cutter, EG 1971, Plant Anatomy: Experiment and Interpretation PartII, Organs,

Edward Arnold, London

• Eames. 1997. An Introduction to Plant Anatomy (2nd

edition). Tata McGraw Hill

Publishing Co. Ltd., New Delhi.

• Esau, K 1977, Anatomy of Seed Plants, 2nd

edition, John Wiley & Sons, New

York.

• Fahn, A. 1982. Plant Anatomy (3rd

edition). Pergamon Press, Oxford.

• Grewal, RC. 2000. Plant Anatomy. Campus Books International, New Delhi.

• Hartmann, HT and Kestler, DE 1976. Plant propagation: Principles and Practices,

3rd

edition Prentice-Hall of IndiaPvt. Ltd, New Delhi.

• Leins, P; Tucker, SC and Endress, PK. 1988. Aspects of Floral Development. J.

Cramer, Germany.

• Maheshwari. An Introduction to Embryology of Angiosperms. Tata McGraw Hill

Publishing Co. Ltd., New Delhi.

• Pandey, BP. 2002. Plant Anatomy 6th

Rev. S. Chand & Co., Delhi.

• Raghavan, V. 1997. Molecular Embryology of Flowering plants. Cambridge

University press. Cambridge, UK.

• Proctor, M and Yeo, P. 1973. The Pollination of Flowers. Witham Collins Sons,

London.

• Raghavan, V. 1997. Molecular Embryology of Flowering Plants. Cambridge

University Press.

• Raghavan, V. 1999. Developmental Biology of Flowering Plants. Springer-

Verlag, New York.

• Raven, PH; Evrt, RF and Eichhom, S. 1992. Biology of Plants(5th

edition). Worth,

New York.

• Sdgely, M and Griffin, AR. 1989. Sexual Reproduction to Tree Crops. Academic

Press, London.

• Shivnna, KR and John, BM. 1985. The Angiosperm Pollen: Structure and

Function. Wiley Eastern Ltd. , New York.

• Vasishtha, BR. 1997. Plant Anatomy. S. Nagin & Co.

Laboratory Readings




PAPER III : TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES OF MODERN RESEARCH

PAPER CODE : BOT 323

Objectives: To develop an understanding of tools and techniques related to the

field of plant sciences in the modern era. To increase the awareness of

young learners about the various equipments and their uses to the

fullest.


(C.A 30%; SEE 70%)


Unit II Biostatistics: Scope of Biostastistics, exploring and presenting data: scales of

measurement (nominal and ordinal), tables and graphs for nominal, ordinal and numerical

data, summarizing data: measure of central tendency and dispersion

(8 Hours)

Unit II

Microscopy: Magnifiers and microscopes, simple and compound microscopes,

principles of species illumination, confocal and wide field deconvolution microscopy,

microscopic measurements, phase contrast, fluorescence microscopy, photomicroscopy,

colloidal gold labelling, epi illumination technique.

(10 Hours)

Unit III

Histology of Tissues : Selection of material, chemical fixation – types of fixatives,

mechanism of fixation, tissue dehydration – general protocol, rapid dehydration and

dehydration using a graded solvent series of Ethanol or Acetone, infiltrating and

embedding tissues, sectioning, mounting and staining, alternate methods of microtomy

(cryotome, cryostat and vibratome), special methods for woody tissues,

microincineration. (8 hours)

Unit IV

Recombinant DNA technology and PCR : Restriction digestion, gel electro-phoresis,

plasmid isolation and purification isolation of genomic DNA, DNA purification from gel,

ligation of foreign gene into vector (cloning), preparation of component cells, bacterial

transformation PCR and phage Titration, SDS page, HPLC. (10 hours)

Unit V

Microbiological and Immunotechniques: Sterilization and disinfection: Preparation of

media, sterilization, culture and transfer instruments, cultivation chambers, culture

transfer techniques, pure culture techniques: streak plate, pour plate and spread plate

method, media preparation-solid and liquid media, simple and complex media, nutrient

agar stabs, slants and plates, staining techniques, simple and differential staining,

enumeration of microbial population by serial dilution and SPC method, enumeration

using haemocytometer, bio chemical characterization – TSI test, IMViC test, H2S and

urease test. Western blot, ELISA, Radio Immunoassay (RIA), Ouchterlony latex

agglutination test, protein, purification and analysis, monoclonal and polyclonal antibody

production

(9 hours)

Suggested Books:

• A Biology Guide to Principles and Techniques of Practical Biochemistry. Wilson,

K & Goulding, KH. ELBS edition.

• Introduction to Instrumental Analysis. Robert Brown. Mc Graw Hill

Internatiuonal Edition.

• Introduction to Practical Molecular Biology. Dabre, PG. John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

• Kuby Immunology (fourth edition). Golds, RA. Thomas J. Kintz, Barbara, A.

Osborne, Freeman & Co., New York.

• Microbiological Applications: A Laboratory Manual in General Microbiology.

Benson, HJ. WCG; WnC Brown Publishers.

• Microbiology, A Laboratory Manual. Cappuccino, JG and Sherman, N. Addison

Wesley.

• Molecular and Cellular Methods in Biology & Medicine. 1995. Win, K, Kim &

Cseke. CRC Press, Florida

• Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. Sambrook,J Fritsch, EF & Maniatis, T.

Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York.

PAPER IV: PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY AND

BIOINFORMATICS

PAPER CODE: BOT 324

Objectives: To study the various tools and techniques used to improve the plant

productivity and to make aware the various aspects of

bioinformatics.


(C.A 30%; SEE 70%)


Unit I Basic concepts, principles and scope of Biotechnology

Plant tissue culture -I: General introduction, history and scope of plant tissue culture, re,

comparision of different plant tissue culture media, concept of totipotency,

organogenesis, somatic embryogenesis (direct & indirect), callus culture and suspension

culture, somaclonal variation, hardening and acclimatization of plants.

Protoplast culture: Isolation and culture of protoplast, somatic hybridization, hybrid

selection and regeneration, concept of hybrid and cybrid, achievements and limitations of

protoplast culture . (10 Hours)

Unit II Transgenic plants: Concept and history of transgenesis in plants, aims and strategies,

principles and techniques of gene cloning: direct DNA transfer to plant cells,

Agrobacterium mediated transformation: Ti plasmid, process of T- DNA transfer and

integration, vectors, promoter, terminator, marker and reporter genes, ethical and

ecological issues of transgenesis.

(8 Hours)

UnitIII Intellectual Property Rights: History and evolution of IPR, forms of IPR: patent, design

and copyright; biotechnological Patent Facilitating Cell (BPFC), distinction among

various forms of IPR, rights/ protection, infringement or violation remedies against

infringement (civil and criminal), Indian Patent Act 1970, Budapest treaty. (9 Hours)

Unit IV Genetic engineering-II: Molecular tools and their applications: Restriction enzymes,

modification enzymes, isolation enzymes, c DNA and genomic library, DNA sequencing,

polymerase chain reaction, DNA fingerprinting, genetic markers-RFLP, analysis,

isolation and purification of DNA. (9 hours)

Unit V

Bioinformatics: Introduction, Information networks, Protein information resources,

Genome information resources, DNA sequence analysis, Pair wise alignment techniques,

Multiple sequence alignment, Secondary database searching, Analysis packages, Data

Mining, development of bioinformatics, applications and limitations of Bioinformatics.

(9 Hours)

Suggested Books :

• Bhojwani, SS. 1990. Plant Tissue Culture: Applications and Limitations.

• Bhojwani, SS and Razdan, MK. 1996. Plant Tissue Culture: Theory and Practice

(a revised edition). Elsevier Science Publishers. New York, USA.

• Brown, TA.1999.Genomes. John Wiley & Sons (Asis) Pvt. Ltd., Singapore.

• Callow, JA; Ford-Lloyd, BV and Newbury, HJ. 1997. Biotechnology and Plant

Genetic Resources: Conservation and Use. CAB International, Oxon, UK.

• Chawla, HS. 2002. Introduction to Plant Biotechnology. Oxford & IBH


• Chrispeels, MJ and Sadava, DE. 1994. Plants, Genes and Agriculture. Jones and

Barlett Publishers. Boston, USA.

• Collins, HA and Edwards, S. 1998. Plant Cell Culture. Bios Scientific Publishers.

Oxford, UK.

• Gustafson, JP. 2000.Genomes. Kluwer Academic Plenum Publishers. New York.

• Jolles, O and Jomvall, H.(eds.) .2000. Proteomics in Functional Genomics.

Birkhauser Verlag, Basel, Switzerland.

• Kartha, KK. 1985. Cryopreservation of Plant Cells and Organs.

• Primrose, SB. 1995. Principles of Genome Analysis. Blackwell ScienceLtd.

Oxford, UK.

• Edwards and Sue. 1998. Plant Cell Culture. Bios Scientific Publishers, London.

• Kumar, U. 2001. Methods in Plant Tissue Culture. Agrobios, Jodhpur.

• Ignacimuthu, S. 2001. Plant Biotechnology. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt.

Ltd.

• Murphy and Terence, M. 1998. Plant Biology. Wadsworth Publishing Co.,

California.

• Narayanswamy. 1994. Plant Cell and Tissue Culture. Tata McGraw Hill , New

Delhi.

• Shantharam, S and Montgomery, JF. 1999. Biotechnology, Biosafety and

Biodiversity. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi

• Singh and Rita. 2004. Plant Biotechnology. Global Vision Publishing House.

Laboratory Readings



• Sharma, K. Manual of Microbiology: Tools and Techniques. 2005. Ane Books.

• Henry, RJ. 1997. Practical Application of Plant Molecular Biology. Chapman &

Hall, London

• Philips, GC. 1995. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture: Fundamental Methods.

Narosa Publishing House.

PAPER-V : PRACTICAL EXERCISES (BASED ON BOT 321-324)

PAPER CODE: BOT 325


(C.A 30%; SEE 70%)


BOT 321: Plant Systematics

• Field visit to identify various life forms & species constituting the local flora.

• Study of representative / available members of the families mentioned in the

syllabus. • Collection and drying of specimen to prepare herbaria.

• To study problems in numerical taxonomy.

To retrieve literature using GIS

BOT 322: Developmental and Reproductive Biology of Angiosperms

• L-S root and shoot tip to study cytohistological zonation.

• Anatomy of primary and secondary growth in monocot and dicot root & stem.

• Study of growth rings in wood. Microscopic study of wood in T.S, T.L.S and

R.L.S.

• Anatomy of monocot and dicot leaf.

• Study of various types of stomata in leaf epidermal peels.

• Study of different pollination mechanism in flowers.

• Test of self incompatibility using field pollinations.

• Emasculation and bagging technique to prevent self fertilization.

• Structure of anther and pollen grains with special reference to microsporangium

wall features.

• Pollen viability using in vitro pollen germination.

• Structure of different types of ovules and embryo sacs.

• Study of endosperm and embryo.

• To study germination of seeds, both dormant and non-dormant.

BOT 323: Tools and Techniques of Modern Research

• Demonstration of simple and compound microscope

• Demonstration of methods of histology of tissue- dehydration, sectioning,

mounting

• Demonstration of following immunotechniques- ELISA, RIA, Ouchterlony.

• Demonstration of SDS-PAGE, HPLC

• Demonstration of following Microbiological techniques- Sterilization, Pure

culture techniques, Haemocytometer, Staining Techniques.

• Demonstration of gel electrophoresis.

BOT 324: Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics

• Media preparation, sterilization and inoculation of given material.

• Growth characteristics of E.coli using plating and turbidimetric methods.

• Isolation of plasmid from E.coli by alkaline lyses method and its quantization

spectrophotometrically.

• Restriction digestion of the plasmid and estimation of the size of various DNA

fragments.

• Cloning of a DNA fragment in plasmid vector, transformation of the given

bacterial population and selection recombinants.

• Organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis using appropriate explants and

preparation of artificial seeds.

• Isolation of protoplast from various plant tissues and testing their viability.

• Effect of physical and chemical factors protoplast yield.

• Demonstration of protoplast fusion employing PEG.

• Demonstration of DNA sequencing using Sanger’s dideoxy method.

• Demonstration of micro techniques for plant cultures.

• Co-cultivation of the plant material with Agrobacterium and study GUS activity

histochemically.

Practical Scheme for Semester III

1 (a). Major exercise: 12

(b). Minor exercise: 08

2. Major exercise 10

3. Major exercise: 10

4. Spots (1- 5). 15

6. Viva 10

7. Record 05

PAPER-VI : SEMINAR

PAPER CODE: BOT 326









M.Sc. Semester IV

(A Student is required to opt for either BOT 421, 422 and 423 papers of Elective 1 or BOT 424, 425

and 426 papers of Elective 2)

ELECTIVE-1 : PAPER- I : ADVANCED BIOTECHNOLOGY I

PAPER CODE: BOT 421 Objectives: The objectives of this paper are to study and develop an understanding of latest

trends and various tools and techniques of plant Biotechnology for human welfare.


(C.A 30%; SEE 70%)


Unit I

Plant Tissue Culture: PTC lab, media preparation & handling, cell and plant culture,

sterile technique, plasticity and totipotency, culture environment, various plant tissue

culture media and their composition.

Micropropagation: Organogenesis, somatic embryogenesis; developmental pathway of

somatic embryogenesis in Daucus and Picea, synthetic seeds and their utility.

(9 Hours)

Unit II

Culture types: Anther culture, mature and immature zygotic embryo culture,

gynogenesis somaclonal and gametoclonal variation, triploid production, apical and

axillary meristem tip culture, root & shoot tip culture and their uses.

Quantization of tissue culture procedures: fresh and dry weight, culture density by cell

count, packed cell volume, mitotic index.

Micro techniques for plant cultures: Fixation, infiltration and embedding in paraffin,

equipment and histological procedures. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy

for plant protoplasts, cells and tissues.

(9 Hours)

Unit III Genomics and Proteomics: Genomes- genome of eukaryotic and prokaryotic

microorganism, macrorganisms, importance of genome in research, Genetic and physical

mapping of genes, molecular markers for introgression of useful traits, functional

genomics,

(9 Hours)

Unit IV Metabolomics: The essence of metabolic engineering, review of cellular metabolism,

comprehensive models for cellular reactions, regulation of metabolic pathways,

engineering of pathway manipulation, inverse metabolic engineering, metabolic flux

analysis, metabolic theory, metabolic engineering of plant secondary metabolites,

metabolic engineering in practice.

(9 Hours)

Unit V

Systems Biology: Introduction to Systems Biology, methodologies of Systems Biology,

theory and models of Systems Biology, mechanism and mechanical explanation of

Systems Biology, conclusions: the disappearance of function from self organizing

system. (9 Hours)

ELECTIVE-1 : PAPER-II:ADVANCED BIOTECHNOLOGY II

PAPER CODE: BOT 422


(C.A 30%; SEE 70%)

Contact Hours/ Semester: 60 Contact Hours/ Week: 4

Unit I Agriculture Biotechnology: Development of hybrid varieties and genetically modified

plants, bio-fertilizers, bio-pesticides, use of antisense RNA in agriculture biotechnology,

role of biotechnology in food and agriculture, future development in crop biotechnology

in India, BRS (Biotechnology Regulatory Services), ecological impacts of agricultural

biotechnology, scientific facts on GM crops, golden rice tale. Rice Genome Project.

. (9 hours)

Unit II Medical Biotechnology: Gene therapy: History of gene therapy, Disease causing genes,

genetic screening, and genetic diagnosis- prenatal diagnosis, embryonic diagnosis and

adult diagnosis, treatment of genetic diseases by gene therapy, cloning a disease causing

gene, gene transfer system- viral and non viral, types of gene therapy, the mechanics of

gene therapy, ex vivo strategy, in vivo strategy, sites of gene therapy, gene therapy against

cancer. Social implications of gene therapy, future of gene therapy. Human Genome

Project: benefits and problems. (9 hours)

Unit III Environmental Biotechnology:

Biotechnology and biodegradation: Biodegradation of herbicides and pesticides,

hydrocarbons, wastes, testing for biodegradability.

Biotechnology and Pollution Detection: Biosensors in Environmental Analysis

Biotechnology and Pollution Abatement: Biotechnology in reduction of CO2 emission,

algal photosynthesis in waste water treatement, metal pollution and its bioabatement,

biological phosphorus removal, cell immobilization as a tool in waste treatment.

(9 Hours)

Unit IV Microbial Biotechnology: Bacterial transformation, selection of recombinants and

transformants, genetic improvement of industrial microbes and nitrogen fixers,

fermentation technologies, environmental conditions for growth, microbes in

pharmaceutical industry, production of antibiotics, steroid alkaloids, ergot alkaloids,

vitamins, biotransformation. Importance of microbial genetics.

(9 hours)

Unit V Vaccine Biotechnology: Nature of vaccines, living organisms as vaccines with

attenuated virulence, genetically engineered viruses as vaccines, preparation and

purification of biological vaccines, bacterial vaccines, toxoid preparation, viral vaccine,

sub unit vaccine, peptide vaccine, attenuated vaccine, vaccine for cancer and AIDS,

edible vaccines. (9 Hours)

Suggested Books:

• Altman, A. Agricultural Biotechnology. CRC Press.

• Chakrabarty, AM; Anderson, WA and Moo-Young. 1996. Environmental

Biotechnology – Principles & Applications.

• Chatterjee, AK. Introduction to Environmental Biotechnology. Prentice- Hall of

India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi

• Chawla, HS. 2002. Introduction to Plant Biotechnology. Science Publishers

• Cheremisinoff, NP. 1996. Biotechnology for Waste and Waste water Treatment.

CABI Publishing.

• Davis, AR. Biotechnology: Fundamentals, Applications and Recent

Developments. Mangal Deep Publications, Jaipur.

• Edwards and Sue. 1998. Plant Cell Culture. Bios Scientific Publishers, London.

• Glazer, AN and Nikaido, H. Fundamentals of Applied Microbiology. Cambridge

Univ. Press.

• Greshoff, P. Plant Biotechnology & Development. CRC Press.

• Gupta, PK. Elements of Plant Biotechnology. Rastogi Publications.,Meerut.

• Ignacimuthu, S. 2001. Plant Biotechnology. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt.

Ltd

• Jane, B. Agricultural Biotechnology. Diane Publishing Co.

• Kumar, U. 2001. Methods in Plant Tissue Culture. Agrobios, Jodhpur.

• Martin, FMartin, Fussenegger and Al-Rubeai, M. 2007. Systems Biology.

Springer Publications.

• Old & Primrose. Principles of Gene Manupilations.

• Pathade, GR. Environmental Pollution & Management of Waste Water by

Microbial Techniques.

• Primrose, SB. 1995. Principles of Genome Analysis. Blackwell ScienceLtd.

Oxford, UK.

• Scheper, T. Metabolic Engineering. Springer Publications.

• Thakur and Shekar, I. Environmental Biotechnology: Basic concepts and

Applications.

Laboratory Readings

• Smith and Roberta H. Plant Tissue Culture: Techniques & experiments.

• Chawla, HS. Plant Biotechnology: Laboratory Manual for Plant Biotechnology.

• Philips, GC. 1995. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture: Fundamental Methods.

Narosa Publishing House

ELECTIVE-1 : PAPER-III : PRACTICAL EXERCISES

(BASED ON BOT 421& BOT 422)

PAPER CODE: BOT 423


(C.A 30%; SEE 70%)


• Media preparation, sterilization and inoculation of given material.

• Growth characteristics of E.coli using plating and turbidimetric methods.

• Isolation of plasmid from E.coli by alkaline lysis methodand its quantitation

spectrophotometrically.

• Restriction digestion of the plasmid and estimation of the size of various DNA

fragments.

• Cloning of a DNA fragment ina plasmid vector, transformation of the given

bacterial population and selection recombinants.

• Organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis using appropriate explantsand

preparation of artificial seeds.

• Isolation of protoplast from various plant tissues and testing their viability.

• Effect of physical and chemical factors protoplat yield.

• Demonstration of protoplast fusion employing PEG.

• Demonstration of DNA sequencing using Sanger,s dideoxy method.

• Demonstration of microtechniqures for plant cultures.

• Co-cultivation of the plant material with Agrobacterium and study GUS activity

histochemically.

ELECTIVE-2 : PAPER-I: ETHNOBOTANY I

PAPER CODE: BOT 424


(C.A 30%; SEE 70%)


Objectives: To acquaint the student about traditional knowledge of plants and

their use, role in curing various human diseases.

Unit I

Ethnobotany and Ethnic Groups: Aims, Objectives and scope, methods of study

of Ethnobotany.Ethnobotany of Rajasthan and India. Fairs and Festivals of Rajasthan.

Ethnic groups of Rajasthan. Major tribes – Meena, Bhil, Garasia, Saharia, Dhanka,

Kalbelia, Nut, Banjara, Koli, Naika and their life style. (8 Hours)

Unit II

Economicethnobotany: Jhoom and shifting cultivation, consequential damage to

forest eco-system. Traditional use of plants as Food, Fodder, Fencing, Decoration and

Adornment, Dyes, Timber, Intoxicants and Masticatories. (10 Hours)

Unit III

Medicoethnobotany: Plants and their parts used for curing various ailments found in

human beings and animals. Detailed study about the mode of use and application of

following important medicinal plants : Aloe, Bacoppa, Barleria, Bombax, Calotropis,

Catharanthes, Chlorophyton, Cissus, Commiphora, Convolvulus, Datura, Jatropha,

Ocimum, Phyllanthes, Plumlbago, Ricinus, Sentella, Terminalia, Thespisia, Thevitia,

Tinospora, Tribullus, Tylophora, Withania. (9 Hours)

Unit IV

Biodiversity Conservation: Efforts and initiatives to conserve biodiversity.

Biological production with particular reference to conservation of flora, windbreaks,

heltter belt, afforestation and desert control measures. Unexploited plants of potential

economic value with special reference to Rajasthan. Sacred groves. Strategies for

conservation: in situ and ex-situ Role of Biotechnology in Biodiversity conservation:

Causes of loss of Biodiversity.

(8 Hours)

Unit V

Natural resources and their conservation: Resources, types, conservation, need

for integration of Biodiversity with Science and Technology. Soil conservation,

Desertification, Afforestation, World conservation and National Conservation strategies,

voluntary agencies and non-government organizations. National research institutes

participating in conservation of biodiversity such as CSIR, NBPGR, ICAR, CAZRI, BSI,

DBT. (10 Hours)

ELECTIVE-2 : PAPER-II : ETHNOBOTANY II PAPER CODE: BOT 425


(C.A 30%; SEE 70%)


Objectives: To acquaint the students about latest trends and technologies adopted in

the field of Modern Ethnobotany

Unit I

History of Ethnobotany: A brief account of interdisciplinary subdivisions of

Ethnobotany like Ethnobotany, Ethnopharmacognosy, Ethnomedicobotany,

Ethnoagriculture, Ethnoarchaeoculture, Ethnoecology, Ethnogastrology,

Ethnohorticulture, Ethnomusicology, Ethnophytotaxonomy, Ethnoveterinary.

Unit II

Ethnography: Cultural and social anthropology, techniques and notable

Ethnographers.

Unit III

Herbalism: Role of herbal medicines in human society, biological background,

popularity, types of herbal medicine systems, Herbal administration, examples of herbal

medicine, risks and benefits, effectiveness.

Unit IV

Modern Herbalism: A brief account of Ayurveda, Chiropractic, Homeopathy,

naturopathic medicine, Osteopathy, Traditional Chinese medicine and Unani medicine.

Protocol for ethnomedicinal studies.

Unit V

Alternative medical systems: Mind body intervention, biological based therapy,

manipulative and body based methods, energy therapy.

Suggested Readings:

• Chaudhuri, AB and Sardar, DD. Biodiversity Endangered: India’s Threatened

Wild Life and Medicinal Plants. Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur.

• Jain, SK. 2002. Bibiliography of Indian Ethnobotany. Scientific Publishers,

Jodhpur.

• Sivadasan, M and Mathew, P. Biodiversity, Taxonomy and Conservation of

Flowering Plants. Mentor Books, Calicut.

• Singh, A. Glossary of Medicinal Plants used in Ayueveda. Scientific Publishers,

Jodhpur.

• Bhattacharjee, SK. Handbook of Aromatic plants. Pointer Publishers, Jaipur.

• Trivedi, PC (Ed.). Ethnobotany. Aavishkar Publishers, Jaipur.Kaushik, P and

Dheeman, AK. Medicinal Plants and Raw Drugs of India. Bishan and Mahinder

Pal Singh, DehraDun. • Joshi, MC. Handbook of Indian Medicinal Plants. Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur.

PAPER-III: PRACTICAL EXERCISES

(BASED ON BOT 424 & BOT 425)

PAPER CODE: BOT 426


(C.A 30%; SEE 70%)


1. Field visit to local tribal area and documentation of data regarding the life style of

the tribal folklore.

2. Food crops; Morphology, Anatomy and microbiological tests for stored food

materials in wheat, rice, maize, chickpea, potato, sweet potato, and sugurcane.

3. Fodder crops; study of any five important crops of the locality.

4. Study of any three crops used for fencing.

5. Study of ornamental plants used by tribals for decoration and adornment.

6. Prepare a water extract of dyes such as turmeric, indigo, Butea monosperma,

Lawsonia inermis and perform tests to understand their chemical nature.

7. Prepare a list of 10 most important sources of timber trees in your locality. Give

their local names, scientific names and families to which they belong. Mention

their properties.

8. Prepare a list of important plants used as intoxicants and masticatories.

9. Pharmacognosy of following medicinal plants- Aloe, Baccopa, Barleria, Bombax,

Calotropis, Catharanthes, Chlorophyton, Cissus, Commiphora, Convolvulus,

Datura, Jatropha, Ocimum, Phyllanthes, Plumbago, Ricinus, Sentella, Terminalia,

Thespesia, Thevitia, Tinospora, Tribullus, Tylophora and Withania.

10. Plantation of important economical and medicinal plants.

11. In Vitro propagation of any one endangered plant of Rajasthan.

12. The students should be taken to one of the following-

a. A protected area. (biosphere reserve, national park)

b. NBPGR New Delhi, ICAR, CAZRI, BSI, DBT

c. A CSIR laboratory doing research on plants and their utilization and

conservation.

Practical Scheme for Semester IV

1 (a). Major exercise 12

(b). Minor exercise 08



4. Spots (1- 5). 15

6. Viva 10

7. Record 05

PAPER-IV: DISSERTATION/RESEARCH PROJECT

PAPER CODE: BOT 427



The dissertation work will involve practical work on a problem suggested by the

supervisor of the candidate. The student will submit the dissertation report at the end of

IV semester. This dissertation report will be examined by the supervisor of the student,

Head of the Department and any other person appointed by Principal.

See the Following Journals

• Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture

• Plant Cell Reports

• In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology- Plant

• Journal of Experimental Biology

• Indian Journal of Biochemistry & Biotechnology

• Phytomorphology

• Annuals of Botany

• Current Science

• Sciencia Horticulturae

• Hortscience

• Fitoterapia

• Indian Journal of Biotechnology

sfs, gurukul marg, mansarovar, jaipur

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