sexual violence - amazon s3 · 2019-12-04 · jean améry . jean améry’s . description of being...
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SEXUAL VIOLENCE:
A GLOBAL HISTORY
PROFESSOR JOANNA BOURKE BIRKBECK, UNIVERSIT Y OF LONDON
AUTHOR OF RAPE: A HISTORY
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Jean Améry
Jean Améry’s
description of being tortured:
“while the physical agony faded away,
the realization that the others present
were impervious
to one’s own suffering never waned”.
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Disparaged
Si lenced
Suppressed
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RISK OF EMPHASIZING
SIMILARITIES OVER DIFFERENCES
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Terror
is always
local
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FLUIDITY
OF DEFINITIONS
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AGE OF CONSENT (UK):
12 YEARS
1874: 13 YEARS
1884: 16 YEARS
USA: BETWEEN 10 AND 18 YEARS
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“SEX” AND “VIOLENCE”
BOTH CONCEPTS ARE UNSTABLE.
BOTH HAVE A HISTORY.
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Susan Brownmiller ’s
Against Our Wi l l (1975)
Kate Mi l lett ’s
Sexual Pol i t ics (1969)
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Catharine MacKinnon
Andrea Dworkin
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WE DON’T KNOW HOW MANY PEOPLE PERPETRATED ACTS OF
SEXUAL VIOLENCE;
WE DON’T KNOW HOW MANY WERE VICTIMS.
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Sexual violence is
not a valued
masculine trait
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“The Ordeal”
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THE “TRAUMA SCRIPT”
IS PART OF THE
“GLOBALIZATION OF THE
WESTERN THEORY OF THE MIND”
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Rwanda: 1994
80% women raped;
5-10% of people
ki l led
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‘Shaming’
v ict ims,
fami ly &
communit ies
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1991-99 confl ict in the former Yugoslavia:
20,000 women were raped
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Ianfu women
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NEW YORK CITY
1896-1946
1 IN EVERY 4 PROSECUTIONS INCLUDED ATTEMPTS TO RESOLVE THE CASE THROUGH MARRIAGE.
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No wound;
no rape
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Hudood Ordinances (Pakistan)
included rape under zina (adultery) of fences.
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1) POLITICAL STRATAGEM
2) A WEAPON WIELDED BY ONE ETHNIC GROUP AGAINST ANOTHER
3) A WAY OF COLLECTING
INFORMATION DURING INTERROGATION
4) A WAY OF WREAKING RELIGIOUS
VENGEANCE
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Fear of rape
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Children
born as a result
of rape
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Rwandan genocide:
up to 70%
of raped women contracted HIV
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CONSENT
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“VICTIM-PRECIPITATED”
CRIME
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“Parody of domestic
interact ion”
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To become pregnant, a
woman has to have had an
orgasm.
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Todd Akin
Sharron Angle
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JURISPRUDENCE TEXTBOOKS:
“IT IS IMPOSSIBLE
TO SHEATH A SWORD INTO A
VIBRATING SCABBARD”.
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“Jeans: An Alibi
for Rape.”
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GENDER
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DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO:
41% OF FEMALE RAPE VICTIMS &
10% OF MALE VICTIMS WERE VICTIMIZED BY A WOMAN.
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LESBIAN, GAY,
BISEXUAL, & TRANSGENDER COMMUNITIES
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TODAY,
78 COUNTRIES
CRIMINALIZE SEXUAL ACTIVITY
BY LGBT PEOPLE.
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THE MARITAL RAPE EXEMPTION
ABOLISHED IN
THE UK IN 1992;
2006 IN GREECE
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Male sex drive is an
“irrepressible force”
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Winter Soldiers’
Investigation in 1971
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Nanjing:
over 20,000 women were
raped in 1937
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End of war:
American t roops raped
14,000-17,000 women
in France & Germany
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“WHAT SHOULD WE DO?”
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Pink Sari Gang or the
Gulabi Gang: the world’s
largest female vigi lante
group, boasting over
20,000 members.
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ONE OF THE MOST
DEBILITATING MYTHS IS THAT
SEXUAL VIOLENCE
IS
INEVITABLE
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SEXUAL EQUALITY
HIGH LEVELS OF FEMALE ECONOMIC POWER
LOW LEVELS OF ARMED CONFLICT
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“WHY ARE YOU
DOING THIS TO ME?”
(HISTORICAL SPECIFICITIES)
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SEXUAL VIOLENCE:
A GLOBAL HISTORY
PROFESSOR JOANNA BOURKE BIRKBECK, UNIVERSIT Y OF LONDON
AUTHOR OF RAPE: A HISTORY