sexual reproduction: the reproductive process that involves two parents who combine their genetic...
TRANSCRIPT
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Sexual Reproduction:• The reproductive process that involves two parents who combine their genetic material to produce an offspring that is not identical to either parent.
• So, what are the important parts?
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Sexual Reproduction:•The reproductive process that involves two parents who combine their genetic information to produce offspring that is not identical to either parent.
•What are some examples of organisms that are able to reproduce this way?
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What is the advantage of having two parents?
Advantage of two parents:
• You get more genetic variation:
Which means…
Because half of the DNA comes from the female and half from the male…
You get a mix of traits—more variety!
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How do you get so many differences in traits?
• Well, let’s start at the very beginning…a very good place to start!
• If you look at the DNA of any cell, you will find that each strand of DNA has a pair or partner.
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How do you get so many differences in traits?
• Well, let’s start at the very beginning…a very good place to start.
• If you look at the DNA of any cell, you will find that each strand has a pair or partner.
• These are called homologous pairs• One of the chromosomes from a pair
comes from mom, and one comes from dad.
• They code for the same type of traits
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• All organisms that reproduce sexually have the ability to make special cells called GAMETES.
• Gametes: special cells that only have half of the DNA that all the other cells have
• Gametes are AKA: sperm/egg cells
• How do gametes end up with only half of the DNA?
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MEIOSIS:The making of GAMETE CELLS
Before we do this, let’s review
MITOSIS!
Remember PMAT?
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Differences between MEIOSIS and MITOSIS:
Meiosis:•End up with four cells instead of two
– Four cells are called GAMETES
•Each gamete only has HALF the DNA•How does meiosis get four cells with half the DNA?•Goes through PMAT TWICE!!
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Meiosis Video
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D1_-mQS_FZ0#t=57
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Gamete Fusion
• Gametes are AKA:
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Gamete Fusion
• Gametes are AKA: sperm/egg cells
• Gamete fusion:
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Gamete Fusion
• Gametes are AKA: sperm/egg cells
• Gamete fusion: when a sperm fuses with an egg
• Gamete fusion is AKA:
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Gamete Fusion
• Gametes are AKA: sperm/egg cells
• Gamete fusion: when a sperm fuses with an egg
• Gamete fusion is AKA: fertilization
• Zygote:
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Gamete Fusion
• Gametes are AKA: sperm/egg cells
• Gamete fusion: when a sperm fuses with an egg
• Gamete fusion is AKA: fertilization
• Zygote: sperm + egg cell = new “baby” cell
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Gamete Fusion
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________ Twins
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Dominant vs. Recessive
Dominant trait:
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Dominant vs. Recessive
Dominant trait: the stronger trait
- Use an uppercase letter
Ex: Free earlobe =
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Dominant vs. Recessive
Dominant trait: the stronger trait
- Use an uppercase letter
Ex: Free earlobe = F
Recessive trait:
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Dominant vs. Recessive
Dominant trait: the stronger trait
- use an uppercase letter
Ex: Free earlobe = F
Recessive trait: the weaker trait
- use a lowercase letter
Ex: Attached earlobes =
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Dominant vs. Recessive
Dominant trait: the stronger trait
- use an uppercase letter
Ex: Free earlobe = F
Recessive trait: the weaker trait
- use a lowercase letter
Ex: Attached earlobes = f
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Letter Dominant Number Letter Recessive Number
Free Earlobes Attached Earlobes
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Letter Dominant Number Letter Recessive Number
Free Earlobes Attached Earlobes
Farsightedness Normal Vision
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Letter Dominant Number Letter Recessive Number
Free Earlobes Attached Earlobes
Farsightedness Normal Vision
Brown/Dark HairBlond, light, red hair
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Letter Dominant Number Letter Recessive Number
Free Earlobes Attached Earlobes
Farsightedness Normal Vision
Brown/Dark HairBlond, light, red hair
DimplesNo Dimples
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Letter Dominant Number Letter Recessive Number
Free Earlobes Attached Earlobes
Farsightedness Normal Vision
Brown/Dark HairBlond, light, red hair
Dimples No dimples
Widow Peak No Widows Peak
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Letter Dominant Number Letter Recessive Number
Free Earlobes Attached Earlobes
Farsightedness Normal Vision
Brown/Dark HairBlond, light, red hair
Dimples No dimples
Widow Peak No Widows Peak
Extra DigitsNormal Number
Digits
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Letter Dominant Number Letter Recessive Number
Free Earlobes Attached Earlobes
Farsightedness Normal Vision
Brown/Dark HairBlond, light, red hair
Dimples No dimples
Widow Peak No Widows Peak
Extra DigitsNormal Number
Digits
Double-jointedness Normal joints
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Letter Dominant Number Letter Recessive Number
Free Earlobes Attached Earlobes
Farsightedness Normal Vision
Brown/Dark HairBlond, light, red hair
Dimples No dimples
Widow Peak No Widows Peak
Extra DigitsNormal Number
Digits
Double-jointedness Normal joints
Normal blood clotting
Hemophilia
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Dominant vs. Recessive
Genotype:
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Dominant vs. Recessive
Genotype: genetic make-up of your cells, Represented by two letters
i.e. what your genes “say”
Homozygus:
Heterozygus:
Phenotype:
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Dominant vs. Recessive
Genotype: what your GENES say
Homozygus: FF or ff
Heterozygus:
Phenotype: What you PHYSICALLY show
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Dominant vs. Recessive
Genotype: what your GENES say
Homozygus: FF or ff
Heterozygus: Ff
Phenotype: What you PHYSICALLY show
Homologus pair of chromosomes:
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Dominant vs. Recessive
Genotype: what your GENES say
Homozygus: FF or ff
Heterozygus: Ff
Phenotype: What you PHYSICALLY show
Homologus pair of chromosomes: one came from mom, one from dad
Ex: genotype: mom = dad =
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Dominant vs. Recessive
Genotype: what your GENES say
Homozygus: FF or ff
Heterozygus: Ff
Phenotype: What you PHYSICALLY show
Homologus pair of chromosomes: one came from mom, one from dad
Ex: genotype: mom = dad =
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Dominant vs. Recessive
Genotype: what your GENES say
Homozygus: FF or ff
Heterozygus: Ff
Phenotype: What you PHYSICALLY show
Homologus pair of chromosomes: one came from mom, one from dad
Ex: genotype: mom = dad =
phenotype: mom = dad =
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Dominant vs. Recessive
Genotype: what your GENES say
Homozygus: FF or ff
Heterozygus: Ff
Phenotype: What you PHYSICALLY show
Homologus pair of chromosomes: one came from mom, one from dad
Ex: genotype: mom = FF dad = ff
phenotype: mom = Free dad = Attached
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Dominant vs. Recessive
Genotype: what your GENES say
Homozygus: FF or ff
Heterozygus: Ff
Phenotype: What you PHYSICALLY show
Homologus pair of chromosomes: one came from mom, one from dad
Ex: genotype: mom = FF dad = ff
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Punnett square or hybrid cross
Mom =
Dad =
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Dominant vs. Recessive
Hidden trait:
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Dominant vs. Recessive
Hidden trait: gene that someone has but doesn’t express
Carrier:
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Dominant vs. Recessive
Hidden trait: trait that someone has but doesn’t show
Carrier: someone that carries a hidden trait, meaning they have a heterozygous genotype and the recessive gene will not be expressed or shown
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Dihybrid cross• Curly hair and widow’s peak are
both dominant traits. If a mom was heterozygous for curly hair and homozygous recessive for widow’s peak. What is her genotype?
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Dihybrid cross• What is the genotype of a
man who is homozygous dominant for curly hair and heterozygous for widow’s peak?
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Dihybrid crossDad’s genotype:
Mom’s genotype::
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Chromosome Pair #23
Gender:
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Chromosome Pair #23
Gender: coded for by chromosome pair #23
Girl =
Boy =
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Chromosome Pair #23
Gender: coded for by chromosome pair #23
Girl = XX
Boy = Xy
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Chromosome Pair #23
Gender: coded for by chromosome pair #23
Girl = XX
Boy = Xy
X Linked Traits: Traits that are coded for on the 23rd chromosome
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Anastasia
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Romanov FamilyTzar Nicholas Romanov
(1868-1918)
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MalesMales & & FemalesFemales have Different have Different Inheritance PatternsInheritance Patterns
– ALL of a male’s X-linked genes are expressed.
– Males have no second copies of X chromosome
– Because of this, males can NEVER be “carriers” of X-linked traits or disorders.
– Ex: Colorblindness, Hemophilia, Muscular dystrophy
67
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More punnett square practice
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More punnett square practice
• Will baby Lyla be color blind?
• Lets do a punnett square and see
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Pedigree Charts (How to interpret)
Girl = Boy =
Married = line between circle and square
Divorced = ----- dashed line between circle and square
Children = vertical line down from parents
Adopted = ---- dashed vertical line from parents
Has trait = filled in
Carries trait= half filled in
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Pedigree Charts
• Go back to the dominant vs. recessive chart. Pick on trait and make a list of all your family members and write by their name whether they have the dominant trait or the recessive trait.
• Remember: Blond and Red hair are recessive traits, brown is dominant
• Blue/green eyes are recessive, brown eyes are dominant
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Make your own
• Make a pedigree chart of your family using the dominant/recessive traits of your family you just listed
• Be sure to label each individual of your family
• Include as many extended family members as possible
• List the GENOTYPES of each individual
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Mammals
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Amphibians, Reptiles, and Fish