sexist; male chauvinism in modern days
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http://work.chron.com/male-chauvinism-workplace-5268.htmlMale Chauvinism in the Workplace
by Neil Kokemuller, Demand Media
Pay inequality contributes to pervasiveness of male chauvinism in some workplaces.
Male chauvinism is a male attitude of superiority relative to women. Men whocarry this type of feeling about women into the workplace tend to behave in away that demeans the value of women's work and contributions to their teamsand the organization. Though generally frowned upon. chauvinism shows mixedeffects on career success.
HistoryThe concept of male chauvinism is relatively new. Prior to the feminist
movement of the 1960s, what is now considered chauvinism was largelycommonplace, accepted behavior. Women were often treated as inferior inworkplaces, and virtual glass ceilings on career growth and income were thenorm. Executives and managers in business and industry were typically men.Women routinely filled secretarial and administrative office roles. They wererarely included in important business decisions and discussions and weretypically talked down to regarding their overall contributions. Since the 1960s,gender fairness and income equality have gradually improved. Male chauvinismgenerally describes behaviors that depict historic views on the role of gender inthe workplace.
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TraitsMale chauvinism is an attitude that causes men to talk about women and behavetoward them in a certain way. Any behavior that conveys disrespect toward acolleague or co-worker based specifically on her gender suggests a feeling of
superiority. Joking that a woman's role is to cook and clean is a common waysome men express their feelings. Talking down to a woman or excluding herfrom business decisions and discusses also are examples of chauvinism.
Sexual HarassmentSexual harassment includes behaviors that create a hostile work environment
based on gender or the provision of benefits in exchange for sexual favors. Thisis an extreme, illegal category of chauvinistic behavior that has drawn muchattention since the 1991 Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination. AnitaHill, a former colleague of Thomas's, testified in front of the court that he
sexually harassed her. Unwanted touches, sexual jokes and gender-based jokesor interaction can all lead to claims of hostile work conditions. Men inmanagerial roles may offer promotions or job benefits to female subordinates inexchange for sexual favors. These activities demonstrate a strong feeling ofsuperiority and male chauvinism. Cracking down on sexual harassment in thelatter 20th and early 21st centuries has coincided with increased efforts bylawmakers to create a more gender-neutral workplace.
ImplicationsMale chauvinism is counter to typical societal standards of professionalism andethics in the early 21st century. Men who convey an attitude of superioritytoward women and act in response to it are usually looked down on bycolleagues. However, some studies suggest that chauvinism may not have theexpected negative consequences on the careers of men. A 2008 study for the"Journal of Applied Psychology" showed men who stated a belief that womenwere subservient in the workplace earned $12,000 more than other men. Thismay relate to their stronger emphasis on career success as opposed to balancingwork and family responsibilities. Some top earners, as of 2012, may also beolder men who have held executive positions for a long time.
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http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/01/world/europe/charting-the-impact-of-everyday-sexism-
across-the-world.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0
Charting the Impact of Everyday
Sexism Across the WorldBy BETH GARDINER
Publis hed: May 31, 2013
LONDON When Laura Bates started a Twitter account asking women to share stories
of sexist treatment, she expected a handful of replies, and hoped they would yield an
article for Web or print consumption.
Just over a year later, the effort she now calls the Everyday Sexism Project has grown to
more than 30,000 posts from around the world, with nearly 50,000 Twitter followers.
The projectsWeb siteandTwitter feedhave ballooned into a compendium of firsthand
testimonials that range from angry descriptions of patronizing remarks to heart-
wrenching accounts of rape and other assault. Women post about crude come-ons in the
workplace, lewd comments on the street, groping on crowded public transportation and
much more. Most, but not all, of the comments come from developed countries.
Yesterday guy onpacked Tube took opportunity to rub his crotch against me and stroke
my bum when I couldnt move, wroteNaomi Phillips,using the Twitter handle
@nayphillips and referring to the London subway. Worst thing about it was that I didnt
say anything out loud. Concerned about making a scene & what if I was wrong? I wasnt.
Working with supporters in other countries, Ms. Bates, who lives in north London, has
created companion sites in 15 nations, including Brazil, France, Germany and the United
States.
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Her original impulse to tackle the issue came after a week in which a man grabbed her
leg on a bus, a group shouted at her from a car and two men commented on her breasts
as she walked by.
When the online posts started streaming in, she said, she began to see how commonsuch incidents were, and how many women were eager to discuss experiences they had
kept to themselves.
The rush of stories feels like something that was waiting to happen,said Ms. Bates, 26,
an actress and writer. Were not sure that were allowed to talk about it, and as soon as
we start talking to someone else about it, they go, Oh, my God, me too!
Women, she says, have been taught not to make a fuss about crude treatment and have
learned to just put up with it.
But when theres 25,000 other people saying, Actually, I agree with that too, its no
longer possible to shame you into silence, she said. Social media allows us to stand
behind each other, and its so powerful.
In May, Ms. Bates helped lead the introduction of a campaign urging Facebook to
remove graphic images of violence against women, some of them with joking captions.
Supporters bombarded advertisers with Twitter messages, demanding that they refuse to
allow their ads to appear alongside such content. Facebook said that it does not allowcontent that is hateful, threatening or incites violence and that it responds as quickly as
possible to reports of language or images that violate the sites terms.
As galvanizing as the Internet may be, Ms. Bates is keenly aware of the need to grow
offline, too.
The lawmaker Yvette Cooper, the opposition Labour Partys top official onBritains
domestic affairs, said she was using comments Ms. Bates compiled to push in Parliament
for a sex and relationships curriculum in schools that includes teaching zero tolerancefor violence.
The stories posted on Everyday Sexism include many that we wouldnt as politicians
normally see, because its not the kind of thing that people will necessarily write to us
about, Ms. Cooper noted. There was one from somebody who said, Our lesson on
violence was a police officer came to talk to the girls about what to wear and how to stay
safe, and the boys went out and played football, she said.
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Ms. Bates said she had been speaking more frequently at schools and colleges around
Britain, and she is advising on a project the police are starting to tackle unwanted sexual
behavior on London subways and buses.
Most shocking, Ms. Bates said, is the number of posts she receives about or from younggirls.
One woman wrote last month that her 8-year-old daughter had asked her the meaning of
a lewd term for female genitals, then said a boy in her class had told her he planned to
pound hers when she was older.
Is this the culture that is infecting our schools now? wrote the mother, who gave her
name as Jules.
Other stories are more hopeful. One woman, who gave her name as Vicki, wrote that
when a man she was giving directions to grabbed her breast, the usual anger-but-not-
quite-sure-what-to-do-about-it was replaced with something else. Id read enough
versions of same story just a few days previously.
She noted his license plate number and called the police, who charged him criminally,
she wrote.
A woman named Danielle Morgan got an apology, although not from her own harasser,
after she wrote on Twitter about a group of men who shouted sluts at her from a
passing car.
I did this when I was a young stupid man, wrote a poster using the Twitter handle
@Hurp_durpa. Im ashamed every time I think about it. I am so sorry.
Men contribute about 10 percent of posts, Ms. Bates said.
One, Richard Twyman, who manages a Manchester betting shop, said Everyday Sexism
had helped him understand the impact of things he used to do unthinkingly, like
questioning what a rape victim was wearing or rating the appearance of women on the
street.
As a young guy, if I was out with some girls and a girl that was too drunk to know what
she was doing leaned on me, Id grab a feel, he said by phone. Now he confronts others
he sees engaging in such behavior, he said.
However, in addition to encouraging feedback, Ms. Bates gets hundreds of violent
threats, some vowing to rape or kill her. When the boyfriend she lives with was traveling,she stayed with friends rather than alone at home.
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She runs the site herself with some help from volunteers. A trickle of money comes from
publishing articles on harassment, but the project operates at a loss. Ms. Bates said she
has put 2,000 to 3,000, or $3,000 to $4,500, into the site, not counting income lost
in the unpaid hours she spends on it. She earns a small amount from publishing articles
on the subject of sexism and is seeking grants from several organizations.
It is featured in a documentary made for the Gucci-backedChime for Changeconcert for
women and girls on Saturday in London, and Ms. Bates said she hopes some support
may come from that.
The police plan to use the Everyday Sexism site to enhance their intelligence on where
and when harassment happens, said Inspector Ricky Twyford of the British Transport
Police, the project manager for the move to curb sexual harassment on Londons buses
and trains.
They also want Ms. Bates to repeat what Inspector Twyford called a powerful talk she
delivered to police officials, in which she read posts from women describing being
harassed or assaulted. The police plan to record it to use in workshops for officers who
patrol the transit network, he said.
Stella Creasy, a Labour Party lawmaker who exchanges Twitter postings with Everyday
Sexism, said these stories demonstrated that women remained unequal.
This is real life, this is happening every single dayto women in our country, Ms. Creasy
said. There is a resurgence of feminist activism, and I say bring it on. That is amazing,
that is going to make Britain a better place for everyone.
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http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-tangled-wing/201210/misogyny-chauvinism-
sexism-or-what
Misogyny, Chauvinism, Sexism, or What?
Exact definitions don't change the factsPublished on October 1, 2012 byMel Konner, MD, PhD inThe Tangled Wing
When I wrote recently about a question that had been put to meunder the title Is Misogyny
Maladaptive?I was taken to task for misusing the word misogyny. I was trying to use it to
mean anti-woman.
Strictly, it comes from Greek roots meaning hate and woman, and some dictionaries define it
as simply hatred or dislike of women or girls, although occasionally the word contempt is
included. This matters because you can easily have contempt for someone you also in some way
like or love. The Oxford English Dictionary, always more subtle and interesting, defines misogynyas hatred or dislike of, orprejudiceagainst, women. Certainly in modern usage it has come
commonly to mean the latter too, but what does that mean?
Well, by analogy to prejudice against Jews or blacks, it would to include all strategies and tactics
designed to set a group of people apart, to view them as inferior, and to deprive them of
opportunities. The Wikipedia entry on the subject begins, Misogyny is the hatred or dislike of
women or girls. According to feminist theory, misogyny can be manifested in numerous ways,
including sexual discrimination, denigration of women, violence against women, and sexual
objectification of women.
I think this usage is now common, but its really beside the point. Call it sexism, male chauvinism,
or any other name, it adds up to the same thing: ideologies and methods for controlling,
restricting, suppressing, denigrating, and when necessary physically harming women so that
men can be in charge of their reproductive capacities, limit them mainly to reproductive and other
subservient roles, and avoid competing with them in an open market of human effort, talent, and
skill.
In other words, you don't have to hate women to behave hatefully toward them.
It seems to me unlikely that hatred of women has ever really applied to many men. Whatevermen have done to and against women, they have almost always claimed to love or like them. In
the bad old days in India, when widows of Hindu men were burned to death on their husbands
funeral pyres, that was not because their dead husbands hated them, although it might as well
have been.
When Ultra-Orthodox rabbis make women cross the street or move to the back of the bus (yes,
really) so men can avoid contact with them, that is not because the men hate the women, nor is
hatred the reason they say that a womans voice is pubic. Likewise the Saudi Arabian men who
will not let women drive or the Taliban who will not let a woman go out without a male relative,
even though she is covered from head to toe. The men in some state legislatures who have tried
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Misogyny: it's still all Greek to malechauvinistsOctober 12, 2012
Deborah Snow
"Tom-ayto or tom-ahto" ... Senator Barnaby Joyce.Photo: Alex Ellinghausen
''TOM-AYTO or tom-ahto, misogynist, misagynist'' - these were the Nationals senator BarnabyJoyce's somewhat baffling musings on the word of the week when he appeared on GrahamRichardson's Sky News TV show on Wednesday night.
But, if some Australians had been unsure till now of precisely what ''misogyny'' meant, they were leftin no doubt after this week's bitter exchanges in Federal Parliament.
The term, meaning hatred of women according to dictionary definitions, derives from ancient Greekroots - though the mind-set it describes no doubt stretches back to the dawn of human history. (Itsopposite, misandry, or hatred of men, is also Greek-derived.)
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Once reserved for the worst cases of pathological woman-hating, misogyny has morphed into a termnow deployed against anyone, usually a man, who seems to harbour old-fashioned sexist attitudestowards women.
Carina Garland, 28, a lecturer in gender and cultural studies at the University of Sydney, said ''theterm has been defined and redefined through recent history and a modern definition is probably quitesynonymous with sexism, or disrespect of women, or of an attitude that it's OK to discriminate on thebasis of female gender''.
She believes it's ''used more freely than perhaps 20 or 30 years ago'' because of the views andexperiences of her generation, ''born after second wave feminism''.
''We use the term more because of the changes that feminism offered women, and we hear it morebecause as a result of that, we get more and more women in power who are experiencing certain kindsof sexism in the public sphere,'' Ms Garland said.
Psychologists and psychiatrists say pathological misogyny sits down one end of a long spectrum thatruns into more diffuse gender prejudice.
At the extreme end, says the Monash University Professor of Developmental Psychiatry, LouiseNewman, you see ''the person who is violent to women, or who has had difficulty establishing asecure sense of identity as a man''.
But she cautions against the word being flung around too liberally because, ''depending on people'sviews, they can read it as the gender card just being played because the PM is a woman''.
Robert Brooks, Professor of Evolutionary Biology at the University of New South Wales, also saysthe term should be used with some restraint.
''It is possible for people to abuse words like that and be McCarthyist about it - I don't think all sexismis misogyny, some is pure ignorance.''
Having said that, he feels Ms Gillard's fiery denunciation of Tony Abbott was ''justified'' - she had''had enough and drew a line in the sand''.
The prominent feminist Anne Summers, who delivered a prophetic lecture several weeks ago titled
''Her rights at work: The political persecution of Australia's first female Prime Minister", also believesMs Gillard was right to push back against sexist denigration.
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''We used to have an old expression back in the day that was quite useful - male chauvinism. Itmightn't be hatred but it's the point of view that blokes should run the show.'' The term might be ripefor revival, she says.
Read more:http://www.smh.com.au/opinion/political-news/misogyny-its-still-all-greek-to-male-chauvinists-20121011-
27fv3.html#ixzz2XJxOn6Bu
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http://www.digitaltermpapers.com/c7584.htm
Evolutionary Psychology-Fact Or Chauvinism
Evolutionary Psychology-Fact or Chauvinism
Every mans dream, at one time or another, has been to be the all powerful sex god, with harems
of submissive women. So why not invent a psychology to express that? Actually, I feel that
evolutionary psychology is based on some kernels of truth; however,
it fits in better when approached from the overall biological view of natural evolution combined with
wisdom from the sociological perspective.
From the biological point of view, one can hardly believe that we are anything other than
animals. So why should our drives and ambitions vary from the other creatures? As professor King
so aptly put it, our main function appears to be to maintain the metabolism in the cell packet and
ensure the continuation of its kind. Even though this may be biologically true, I seriously doubt if
many of us approach each other with this as the foremost thought in our conscious minds.I have also often heard, that we form our beliefs in such a manner as to justify our behavior. My
question is, is male sexual domination a result of psychological adaptation to our biological needs, or
is it merely a sociological /cultural tradition that we have inherited from the past? Also, is
evolutionary psychology a result of fact,or is it a moral justification of our behavior?
The Bonbos seem to be an interesting natural phenomena where the sexual factor is not a tool for
domination, but rather is a social tool that adds to the continuity of their community. The concept of
using sexual gratification to soothe relations sure beats the human concept of sexual domination for
the sake of prestige and power. Maybe the difference between the two of us is the awareness of
self. With the awareness of self comes the desire for the continuation of it and the fear of losing it. It
is a small wonder the we have developed such cut-throat cultures since most of our behavior is in
some form or another geared towards the advancement of the self.However, from the generalized overview, it is becoming apparent that as our population
approaches a critical point of overcrowding self oriented behavior must give way to something a bit
more altruistic. Even at that we will still be basically oriented towards ourselves. In giving Dr. King
the benefit of the doubt, perhaps the best way to define Evolutionary Psychology is in the literal
sense, that is saying it is the Psychology of Change (as evolution is interpreted as a forward change.)
As a way of putting this all together, human sexual behavior has been successful to this point;
however, the need for change is undeniable since it is generally accepted that population density and
aggression are positively correlated. This fact is compounded by the sociological upheaval that has
been occurring here during the last thirty years. Since it seems that social disruption and aggression
also have a positive correlation, then perhaps the Apocalypse may become a reality. I propose that
we take a lesson from the bonbos and apply it to the next U.N. general assembly. The suggestion is
that during the assembly that the doors are to be locked with the occupants inside(for about a
week.)with a liberal supply of aphrodisiac and liquor and let nature take its course. Im sure that the
bonbos would applaud.
Mike Julien
Sociology 2213
Prof. Terry Dean
7/2/96
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http://almasjid.com/content/male_chauvinism_and_muslim_world
Male Chauvinism and the Muslim
World
Many people perceive Islam as a chauvinistic religion that belittles women. They cite the condition of
women in some Muslim countries to prove this point. Their mistake is that they fail to separate the
culture of a given people from the true teachings of the religion they may profess. It is appalling that
today the oppression of women still exists in many cultures around the world. Women in many Third
World countries live horrible lives. They are dominated by men and denied many basic human rights.
This does not apply to Muslim countries alone, nor does it apply to all Muslim countries. Islam
condemns this oppression. It is a tragic injustice to blame these cultural practices on religious beliefs
when the teachings of the religion do not call for such behavior. The teachings of Islam forbid the
oppression of women and clearly emphasize that men and women are to be respected equally.
Unfortunately, oppressive practices against women that exist in certain parts of the world have
mistakenly been associated with Islam by some people. One of these practices is the ancient pagan
custom of female genital mutilation, sometimes mistakenly called female circumcision, which
originated and is still practiced in the Nile River Valley and surrounding areas. It is practiced by a
number of ethnic groups of a wide variety of faiths throughout parts of Africa, especially in
northeastern Africa. Many women in Africa are victims of this horrible, dismembering, barbaric custom.
Female genital mutilation is an abomination and is absolutely forbidden in Islam. It is unfortunate that,
even though Islam forbids it, certain ethnic groups have perpetuated this practice even after their
acceptance of Islam, leading some to assume that it is a part of Islam. Today, as these peoplegradually gain a better understanding of Islam, they are abandoning this cruel pagan practice. In
Kenya, for example, one group of people who do not practice female genital mutilation are the
Muslims.
Male circumcision, however, is clearly an Islamic practice and in fact was taught by Gods Prophets
and Messengers, including the Prophet Abrahamp. There should be no confusion between the
prohibited act of female genital mutilation and the encouraged act of male circumcision.
Another horrible practice is that of honor killing, when a man kills a female relative in his family
because he feels disgraced and humiliated by her behavior. This conduct, although extremely rare, is
practiced by certain groups of people in the Indian subcontinent, the Middle East, and other places.This is outright murder in Islam. It is not permissible for a person to kill anyone out of some notion of
honor. It is by no means exclusive to Muslims and Islamic countries, and it violates Islamic law.
Racism, sexism, and all forms of bigotry or prejudice are also prohibited in Islam.
Unfortunately, forced marriage is practiced in many traditional societies. It is another practice that is
forbidden in Islam. Some fathers had forced their daughters into marriage at the time of the Prophet
Muhammadp. When the women complained to the Prophetp of this, he nullified their marriages or
gave them the option of ending the marriage even if it had already been consummated, establishing
the clear precedent for Islamic law concerning freedom of choice about marriage and putting an end
to this oppressive practice. Sadly, this still goes on in many parts of the world today, including in a
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number of Islamic countries. Although this practice is illegal in almost all countries, many women in
traditional societies either do not know their rights or are too afraid to demand them.
All of these practices are against Islamic law, and it is the responsibility of all Muslims to eradicate
them in their societies. Yes, Islam is tolerant of cultural diversity and does not believe in eradicating
the ways of life of different people, nor does it force people to give up their cultural identity when they
embrace Islam. However, when the cultural practices of a people contravene the laws of Islam or
deprive people of their God-given, inalienable rights and freedom of choice, it becomes a religious
obligation to abandon those practices.
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Male Chauvinism
In this 21st century, supposedly, both men and women are to be considered as
equals. The phrase Ladies first isno longer practiced and it is a common thing now for a
female to buy a male dinner. Todays women are independent beings who no longer need to
heed under mans feet, or so was it said. But the truth is, there are still small groups of
people who are attached and obsess to the traditional thinking where woman should stay
beneath man, and the number of the believers of male chauvinism is growing steadily. So,
what exactly does male chauvinism mean? Basically, male chauvinism is an activity which
indicates the belief that men are superior than woman in every aspect such as talking down
to a woman, demeans their work and contributions and denying womans right.
The first thing you need to know about male chauvinist is that they are proud, egoist,
narcissistic creature who by any means, would look down to the weaker, fragile little creature
namely woman which bring us to one of the most common traits of a male chauvinist activity
which is talking down to a woman. It can be in the form of speaking nonchalantly about how
a womans place is in the kitchen nor overly criticising or showing hatred towards them
through speech. Some even made de-motivationalposters and post them on the net with
the motive of degrading or to embarrass woman. While some may think this as something
harmless, we beg to differ. Hate-speech could really tear off someones self-confident and
affect someone psychologically. Women, after all, are weak and sensitive creature.
Another noticeable quality of a male chauvinist is that they tend to demean womans
work and contribution. Woman usually treated as inferior in work place. It is very common to
see a female to be excluded from management position and most likely to fill up the
secretarial and administrative parts (Kokumuller, n.d.). Decisions made by a female who
held a management post are usually questioned by these chauvinist pig- a term used to call
a man who are too obsess with the traditional thinking, most likely to reject their ideas with
no solid reason. Some even believe that women are incompetent and would never be as
good as a man can be. It is unfair to see women get exploited for their nature being rather
than their talent and abilities. Why cannot men see what women is capable to do? There are
great female political figures that lead their country to a whole new level such as the Iron
Lady- Margeret Thatcher and Aung San Suu Kyi?
Last but not least, a male chauvinist tends to negate womans right. Acts such as
sexual harassment is not news. Many woman receive vulgar come-ons at work, lecherous
remarks while walking down the streets, groped on jam-packed public transportation andmuch more (Gardiner, 2013). There is even some culture that approves female abuse. In
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some part in Africa especially north-eastern Africa, female genital mutilation was still
practiced by numbers of tribal groups of an extensive variety of belief (Male Chauvinism and,
n.d.). Some fathers would force their daughter into marriage, husbands are allowed to beat
their wives and it would be an honour killing if a man obliterate a female relative if he feel
disgrace or humiliated by her (Male Chauvinism and, n.d.).
There are many theories on why does man turn into a chauvinist. One of them is that
men are afraid, and jealous of woman. As the era changes, woman changes too. These
previously so-called weak creatures were getting stronger, much more successful and even
empowering man. They just cannot accept that. So, as a self-defence mechanism, instead of
improving themselves, they choose to demean woman, to weaken them and tried to control
their growth. To conclude, while some may view male chauvinism as a minor issue, this
problem is not something that can be taken easily. Every day, women around the world have
to deal with these misogynist acts but have no choice but to suffer silently. Someone has to
stand up for them and speak up their right to be treated equally as human beings and not as
just a domestic provider.
(704 words)
References
Gardiner, B. (2013). Charting the impact of everyday sexism across the world.Retrieved
June 26, 2013, fromhttp://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/01/world/europe/charting-the-
impact-of-everyday-sexism-across-the-world.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0
Kokemuller, N. (n.d.). Male chauvinism in the workplace.Retrieved June 26, 2013, from
http://work.chron.com/male-chauvinism-workplace-5268.html
Male chauvinism and the muslim world.(n.d.). retrieved June 26, 2013, from
http://almasjid.com/content/male_chauvinism_and_muslim_world
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http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/01/world/europe/charting-the-impact-of-everyday-sexism-across-the-world.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/01/world/europe/charting-the-impact-of-everyday-sexism-across-the-world.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0http://work.chron.com/male-chauvinism-workplace-5268.htmlhttp://almasjid.com/content/male_chauvinism_and_muslim_worldhttp://almasjid.com/content/male_chauvinism_and_muslim_worldhttp://work.chron.com/male-chauvinism-workplace-5268.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/01/world/europe/charting-the-impact-of-everyday-sexism-across-the-world.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/01/world/europe/charting-the-impact-of-everyday-sexism-across-the-world.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0