sex and gender by irene santiago
TRANSCRIPT
SEX and GENDER
What is gender ?What is sex?
Gender is very much related to sex and many people are often confused about the distinction between sex and gender
SEX: a natural distinguishing variable based on biological attributes, such as -
• physical – genitalia, reproductive organs• genetic – chromosomes, hormones
Sex is universal, biological & fixed
DETERMINANTS OF SEX
FEMALE MALE
GENITALIA vagina, clitoris
penis, scrotum
INTERNAL REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
uterus, ovaries
testes
CHROMOSOMES XX XY
HORMONES estrogen, progesterone
testosterone
SEX GENDER
What makes one male or female
What is masculine or feminine
Biologically- determined
Socially-determined; culturally-defined
Refers to physical characteristics
Refers to learned behavior
SEX GENDER
Constant across time
Changes over time
Constant/same across different
societies and cultures
May vary in different societies and cultures
Gender differences are created, produced, reproduced & maintained by
social institutionsGender is multi-dimensional,
influencing economic, political & social interactions and needs
INSTITUTIONS THAT PERPETUATE GENDER POWER RELATIONS
FAMILY
SCHOOL CHURCH / RELIGION
MEDIA BUSINESS MARKET
STATE
Because of uneven and unjust GENDER POWER RELATIONS women and men are boxedboxed into situations – which constrainconstrain their
Capacity to do and to be
GENDER BIASES AGAINST MEN
Inherently aggressive and violentDon’t feel pain/incapable of experiencing human relationsInherently expressive in their sexualityDon’t need closeness, reassurance and attentionetc.
Gender issues & biases affect women more
NEGATIVE EFFECTS ON
PERSONHOOD
VIOLENCEMARGINALIZATIO
NSUBORDINATION
MULTIPLE
BURDENGENDER
STEREOTYPING
Manifestations of gender biases
Patriarchal social structures are1. Male dominated--which doesn't mean
that all men are powerful or all women are powerless--only that the most powerful roles in most sectors of society are held predominantly by men, and the least powerful roles are held predominantly by women
2. Organized around an obsession with control, with men elevated in the social structure because of their presumed ability to exert control (whether rationally or through violence or the threat of violence) and women devalued for their supposed lack of control--women are assumed to need men's supervision, protection, or control.
3. Male identified: aspects of society and personal attributes that are highly valued are associated with men, while devalued attributes and social activities are associated with women. There is a sense of threat to the social structure of patriarchies when these gendered associations are destabilized--and the response in patriarchy is to increase the level of control, often by exerting control over women (as well as groups who are devalued by virtue of race, ethnicity, sexuality, or class).
4. Male centered: It is taken for granted that the center of attention is the natural place for men and boys, and that women should occupy the margins. Public attention is focused on men. (To test this, take a look at any daily newspaper; what do you find on the front page about men? about women?)
Functions of Gender• An ideology• A means of social control• A maintainer of social distance• An organizing principle in society: structural, social, political, and economic relations• A determinant of femininity and masculinity• A determinant of social relationships• A determinant of power relations• A determinant of relationships between women and men• A shaper of values and attitudes toward society
Ideology• A set of beliefs to explain the past, justify, support, and organize the present, and offer a view of the future.
• Habit or ritual of showing respect to certain formulas which, for reasons of emotional safety we have strong ties, but whose meanings and consequences we have no understanding. • Justifications that mask specific interests or widely held viewpoints.
• Social formulas or belief systems that can be used to mobilize people for action.
Social Control– Means through which society encourages and enforces
conformity to its norms and expectations.
– Social mechanisms by which a group or society exercises its dominion over component individuals and enforces conformity to its norms.
– Regulating institutions that ensure that individual behavior be in conformity with group demands. Law, customs, folkways and even fashion operate to enforce conformity.
– Social control is internalized so that the moral demands of society become constitutive elements of an individual’s personality. Social control mechanisms ensure that most individuals in most situations like to do the things they have to do
Social Distance• Social distance is a feeling of separation or actual separation between and among groups.
– Stereotypes
– Slurs
– Prejudice
– Discrimination
– Violence