Setting the ScenesSetting the Scenes

Domestic Growth and Expansion Domestic Growth and Expansion AbroadAbroad Population and EconomicsPopulation and Economics ColonialismColonialism

Centralization of PowerCentralization of Power The New StatecraftThe New Statecraft England, France, Spain, and the Holy England, France, Spain, and the Holy

Roman EmpireRoman Empire

Population and Population and EconomicsEconomics

1600s 80% of the European Population was 1600s 80% of the European Population was AgrarianAgrarian

Soil was not keeping up with populationSoil was not keeping up with population 4 or 5 bushels of wheat were yielded for every bushel 4 or 5 bushels of wheat were yielded for every bushel

sownsown Modern farmers yield 40 Modern farmers yield 40 During times when the soil was stingy people had to During times when the soil was stingy people had to

seek alternatives- “famine foods”seek alternatives- “famine foods” Chestnuts, Stripped Bark, Dandelions, Grass, Community in Chestnuts, Stripped Bark, Dandelions, Grass, Community in

Norway was forced to collect manure piles to wash the hay out Norway was forced to collect manure piles to wash the hay out of them to make breadof them to make bread

Rumors of cannibalismRumors of cannibalism Smallpox, influenza, dysentery and other intestinal Smallpox, influenza, dysentery and other intestinal

ailments wiped out up to 1/3 of the population in some ailments wiped out up to 1/3 of the population in some townstowns

Open Field SystemOpen Field System Open land was divided up among the peasants into Open land was divided up among the peasants into

narrow strips without fences or hedges to be farmednarrow strips without fences or hedges to be farmed By farming the same piece of land over and over it By farming the same piece of land over and over it

was stripped of its nutrientswas stripped of its nutrients A year of fallow was required but it wasted a season A year of fallow was required but it wasted a season

of harvest and still required work to keep the weeds of harvest and still required work to keep the weeds downdown Year one- wheat or ryeYear one- wheat or rye Year two- oats or beansYear two- oats or beans Year three- fallowYear three- fallow

Sometimes peasants were forced into “gleaning the Sometimes peasants were forced into “gleaning the grain” after the harvest was donegrain” after the harvest was done See Jean Francois Millet’s See Jean Francois Millet’s The GleanersThe Gleaners

Agricultural RevolutionAgricultural Revolution Peasants were restless to take land from those Peasants were restless to take land from those

who owned strips of it and did not farm itwho owned strips of it and did not farm it Nobles and ClergyNobles and Clergy Powerful forces stood in the wayPowerful forces stood in the way

Fallow had to be eliminatedFallow had to be eliminated They needed to replace the fallow with nitrogen-They needed to replace the fallow with nitrogen-

storing cropsstoring crops Some of these were peas, beans, and root crops Some of these were peas, beans, and root crops

like:like: TurnipsTurnips PotatoesPotatoes Grass and CloversGrass and Clovers

These were rotated, soil nutrients were preserved These were rotated, soil nutrients were preserved and farming was economizedand farming was economized

The Revolution BeginsThe Revolution Begins Eventually more sophisticated methods were Eventually more sophisticated methods were

developed to suit different soilsdeveloped to suit different soils New crops brought better feed for animalsNew crops brought better feed for animals More animals meant more meat and better diets More animals meant more meat and better diets More animals also meant more manure which More animals also meant more manure which

meant even more produce and eventually more meant even more produce and eventually more animalsanimals

Common lands for grazing became increasingly Common lands for grazing became increasingly important for the peasants who needed space important for the peasants who needed space for their animals and wood from the lord’s for their animals and wood from the lord’s forests for fuelforests for fuel

Later ImprovementsLater Improvements By the turn of the 18By the turn of the 18thth century engineers century engineers

and scientists began working with and scientists began working with agriculturalists to develop new strategiesagriculturalists to develop new strategies Dutch Engineer Cornelius Vermuyden Dutch Engineer Cornelius Vermuyden

worked on a massive drainage project in worked on a massive drainage project in YorkshireYorkshire

Viscount Charles “Turnip” Townsend learned Viscount Charles “Turnip” Townsend learned about and began using turnips and clover in about and began using turnips and clover in the sandy soil in Norfolkthe sandy soil in Norfolk

Jethro Tull began to use horses for plowing Jethro Tull began to use horses for plowing and drilling equipment to sow seedsand drilling equipment to sow seeds

Effect on PopulationEffect on Population Population grows and shrinks in cyclesPopulation grows and shrinks in cycles Black Death caused a sharp decline in the 14Black Death caused a sharp decline in the 14thth

centurycentury Labor shortageLabor shortage Lords had to reinforce serfdomLords had to reinforce serfdom

Reaction failed but food prices dropped while Reaction failed but food prices dropped while wages rose creating a better standard of living wages rose creating a better standard of living for peasantsfor peasants

This higher standard caused a population This higher standard caused a population upsurge in the 16upsurge in the 16thth century that was finding less century that was finding less and less food per person and a surplus of laborand less food per person and a surplus of labor

By 1600- widespread povertyBy 1600- widespread poverty

The Cottage IndustryThe Cottage Industry Rural dwellers with little or no land became part of Rural dwellers with little or no land became part of

the urban economy to supplement their income.the urban economy to supplement their income. They worked in their own homes for less money than their They worked in their own homes for less money than their

counterparts in the city were willing to work forcounterparts in the city were willing to work for The “Putting Out” System emergedThe “Putting Out” System emerged

City merchants would loan raw material to the rural City merchants would loan raw material to the rural cottage workercottage worker

The worker would craft a finished product and the The worker would craft a finished product and the merchant would then purchase it from them and sell it in merchant would then purchase it from them and sell it in the city or abroadthe city or abroad

In 1500 ½ of England’s textiles were produces in In 1500 ½ of England’s textiles were produces in the countrysidethe countryside

By 1700 English industry relied heavily on the By 1700 English industry relied heavily on the “putting out” system“putting out” system

ColonialismColonialism What factors contributed to the need for What factors contributed to the need for

colonization?colonization? How might the new colonies have affected the How might the new colonies have affected the

local peasant?local peasant? How did it affect the nobility?How did it affect the nobility? Did population play a role in European Did population play a role in European

colonization?colonization? Can you make comparisons to ancient Rome or Can you make comparisons to ancient Rome or

Greece?Greece? Who were the biggest players in the game of Who were the biggest players in the game of

world monopoly?world monopoly? What do you predict will happen?What do you predict will happen?

European ExpansionEuropean Expansion

By the 16By the 16thth century trade increased century trade increased and populations grew steadilyand populations grew steadily Partly because of rising confidence as Partly because of rising confidence as

assertive regimes restored orderassertive regimes restored order Plague was gonePlague was gone Warming weather and agrarian reforms Warming weather and agrarian reforms

allowed for better harvestsallowed for better harvests Enclosure of common land once Enclosure of common land once

again became an issueagain became an issue

EconomicsEconomics Banking- financiers who invested n trade made fortunesBanking- financiers who invested n trade made fortunes

Johannes Fugger of AugsburgJohannes Fugger of Augsburg Italian and German Bankers controlled all of Europe's financesItalian and German Bankers controlled all of Europe's finances

Business- guilds incorporated new trades and gave the Business- guilds incorporated new trades and gave the merchant class new structuremerchant class new structure

Silver- huge quantities were imported from the new Silver- huge quantities were imported from the new world making money more readily availableworld making money more readily available Most of the silver passed from the Spanish to the Italians and Most of the silver passed from the Spanish to the Italians and

Germans who financed the Spanish wars and controlled Germans who financed the Spanish wars and controlled American tradeAmerican trade

Commercial revolution- new methods of bookkeeping, Commercial revolution- new methods of bookkeeping, letters of credit, corporate partnerships, venture letters of credit, corporate partnerships, venture capital, etc. capital, etc.

Capitalism- both a product of and an agent of economic Capitalism- both a product of and an agent of economic growthgrowth The Merchant of Venice The Merchant of Venice attacks the values that capitalism attacks the values that capitalism

representedrepresented

Powers on the SeasPowers on the Seas Portuguese- began exploring in the 1410s-Portuguese- began exploring in the 1410s-

realized the value of firepower and realized the value of firepower and traveled in squadronstraveled in squadrons Henry the NavigatorHenry the Navigator Bartholomew DiasBartholomew Dias Vasco Da GamaVasco Da Gama

The Portuguese empire relied on many The Portuguese empire relied on many small trading ports with warehouses and small trading ports with warehouses and arsenalsarsenals

Developed a more sophisticated culture Developed a more sophisticated culture because of contact with the eastbecause of contact with the east

Sold maps to the rest of EuropeSold maps to the rest of Europe Re-established the slave trade Re-established the slave trade

The SpaniardsThe Spaniards

Second tier of explorationSecond tier of exploration Focused more on the American Focused more on the American

continentcontinent Founded their empire on conquest Founded their empire on conquest

and colonizationand colonization Financed (through the Medici Bank) Financed (through the Medici Bank)

the voyage of Cristofero Colombo the voyage of Cristofero Colombo

Part 2: The New Part 2: The New StatecraftStatecraft

International relationsInternational relations Resident ambassadorsResident ambassadors Representatives in every major courtRepresentatives in every major court

Diplomatic immunitiesDiplomatic immunities MachiavelliMachiavelli

The PrinceThe Prince GucciardiniGucciardini

The History of ItalyThe History of Italy

The PrinceThe Prince

One of the few radical books in historyOne of the few radical books in history Wrote about the method of powerWrote about the method of power

First attempt at political scienceFirst attempt at political science Tells what a ruler needs to do and how he Tells what a ruler needs to do and how he

needs to maintain itneeds to maintain it Religion and law as tactics in governmentReligion and law as tactics in government

Unity and contentmentUnity and contentment Fear and respect are the basis of a Fear and respect are the basis of a

ruler’s powerruler’s power

New MonarchsNew Monarchs

EnglandEngland FranceFrance SpainSpain The Holy Roman EmpireThe Holy Roman Empire

Tudor EnglandTudor England England contained around fifty out of 2.5 England contained around fifty out of 2.5

million families that were noblemillion families that were noble Gentry class begins to emergeGentry class begins to emerge Parliament gained power as the only Parliament gained power as the only

organization that could give the ruler’s actions organization that could give the ruler’s actions a stamp of approvala stamp of approval

Henry VII- 1Henry VII- 1stst concern was finance- paid off concern was finance- paid off debt of the crown with fees and fines and debt of the crown with fees and fines and assigned managers to handle financesassigned managers to handle finances

Henry VIII- arrogant and opposite of his fatherHenry VIII- arrogant and opposite of his father Removed a longstanding thread in the north Removed a longstanding thread in the north

by defeating the Scotsby defeating the Scots In breaking with the church he strengthened In breaking with the church he strengthened

his rule and the role of parliamenthis rule and the role of parliament House of commons and house of lordsHouse of commons and house of lords

Edward VI, Mary, ElizabethEdward VI, Mary, Elizabeth

ElizabethElizabeth Ascended the throne in 1558 and during her reign Ascended the throne in 1558 and during her reign

England became leader of the protestant nation of England became leader of the protestant nation of EuropeEurope

She laid the foundation for a world empireShe laid the foundation for a world empire Inherited a religious problem from her half sister MaryInherited a religious problem from her half sister Mary She remained moderate but repealed Mary's catholic She remained moderate but repealed Mary's catholic

lawslaws Act of Supremacy made her the only governor of church Act of Supremacy made her the only governor of church

and stateand state Her Church of England was basically Protestant but was Her Church of England was basically Protestant but was

moderate enough to make it somewhat acceptable to moderate enough to make it somewhat acceptable to Catholics Catholics

She was also cautious about her foreign policy; war She was also cautious about her foreign policy; war would be disastrouswould be disastrous

Trouble on the RiseTrouble on the Rise Liz sent secret aid to the French Liz sent secret aid to the French

Huguenots and to Dutch Calvinists in Huguenots and to Dutch Calvinists in order to weaken France and Spainorder to weaken France and Spain

She is eventually drawn into war with She is eventually drawn into war with Philip II of Spain who had been toying Philip II of Spain who had been toying with her for yearswith her for years

In 1588 he sent over the Spanish ArmadaIn 1588 he sent over the Spanish Armada They underestimated England and thought They underestimated England and thought

that God would be on their sidethat God would be on their side The Armada was battered in battle and The Armada was battered in battle and

then got nailed by a major stormthen got nailed by a major storm

Valois FranceValois France Lacked cohesiveness- Aristocrats had Lacked cohesiveness- Aristocrats had

too much authoritytoo much authority Size of the kingdom was a barrier Size of the kingdom was a barrier Roman law dominated (England had Roman law dominated (England had

common law)common law) Estates limited the power of the throneEstates limited the power of the throne Army was the biggest advantageArmy was the biggest advantage Francis I and the pope become allies Francis I and the pope become allies

and France gains some control over the and France gains some control over the church in Francechurch in France

War Torn France War Torn France 1616thth century was one of war and religion was at the center of century was one of war and religion was at the center of

itit Calvinism was spreading and the Huguenots were putting Calvinism was spreading and the Huguenots were putting

up a fight against the government (with Liz’ support)up a fight against the government (with Liz’ support) Possibly 40-50% of Nobles became Huguenots, including the Possibly 40-50% of Nobles became Huguenots, including the

house of Bourbon which stood next to the Valois in line fro house of Bourbon which stood next to the Valois in line fro succession and ruled the southern French kingdom of succession and ruled the southern French kingdom of NavarreNavarre

The Catholic Majority still heavily outweighed the Calvinists The Catholic Majority still heavily outweighed the Calvinists The Catholics supported strict oppression of the HuguenotsThe Catholics supported strict oppression of the Huguenots There was also a political agendaThere was also a political agenda In 1589 Henry of Navarre, a Bourbon Huguenot, took over In 1589 Henry of Navarre, a Bourbon Huguenot, took over

the thronethe throne He knew that the Catholics wouldn’t put up with monkey He knew that the Catholics wouldn’t put up with monkey

business so he Issued the Edict of Nantes- Catholicism was business so he Issued the Edict of Nantes- Catholicism was the official religion but Huguenots could practice freelythe official religion but Huguenots could practice freely

SpainSpain

Castile and Aragon united under Ferdinand Castile and Aragon united under Ferdinand (Sicily and Aragon) and Isabella (castile)(Sicily and Aragon) and Isabella (castile)

Reduced the number of nobles in the councilReduced the number of nobles in the council Gave positions based on ability rather than Gave positions based on ability rather than

statusstatus Charles I gains complete control over the Charles I gains complete control over the

churchchurch Continued to rely on roman lawContinued to rely on roman law Received permission for the inquisition to Received permission for the inquisition to

out out conversos and moriscos out out conversos and moriscos

The Holy Roman EmpireThe Holy Roman Empire

Charles V- Ferdinand and Isabella’s grandson Charles V- Ferdinand and Isabella’s grandson becomes heir to Spain and the Hapsburg becomes heir to Spain and the Hapsburg dukedomdukedom

Elected emperor Elected emperor Kept n entirely Spanish administration in SpainKept n entirely Spanish administration in Spain Ruled almost all of continental EuropeRuled almost all of continental Europe Away from Spain for almost 2/3 of his 40 yr Away from Spain for almost 2/3 of his 40 yr

reignreign Constant war hurt the treasury and the size Constant war hurt the treasury and the size

and inefficiency of institutions led to powerful and inefficiency of institutions led to powerful princes breaking down the unity of the empireprinces breaking down the unity of the empire

Act 1, Scene 1Act 1, Scene 1 SALANIOSALANIO Believe me, sir, had I Believe me, sir, had I

such venture forth, the better such venture forth, the better part of my affections would Be part of my affections would Be with my hopes abroad. I should with my hopes abroad. I should be still Plucking the grass, to be still Plucking the grass, to know where sits the wind,know where sits the wind,Peering in maps for ports and Peering in maps for ports and piers and roads; and every piers and roads; and every object that might make me fear object that might make me fear Misfortune to my ventures, out Misfortune to my ventures, out of doubt Would make me sad.of doubt Would make me sad.

SALARINOSALARINO My wind cooling my My wind cooling my broth Would blow me to an broth Would blow me to an ague, when I thought What ague, when I thought What harm a wind too great at sea harm a wind too great at sea might do. I should not see the might do. I should not see the sandy hour-glass run, But I sandy hour-glass run, But I should think of shallows and of should think of shallows and of flats, And see my wealthy flats, And see my wealthy Andrew dock'd in sand, Vailing Andrew dock'd in sand, Vailing her high-top lower than her ribs her high-top lower than her ribs to kiss her burial. Should I go to to kiss her burial. Should I go to churchchurch

And see the holy edifice of stone,And see the holy edifice of stone,And not bethink me straight of And not bethink me straight of dangerous rocks, which touching dangerous rocks, which touching but my gentle vessel's side, but my gentle vessel's side, Would scatter all her spices on Would scatter all her spices on the stream, Enrobe the roaring the stream, Enrobe the roaring waters with my silks, and, in a waters with my silks, and, in a word, but even now worth this, word, but even now worth this, And now worth nothing? Shall I And now worth nothing? Shall I have the thoughthave the thoughtTo think on this, and shall I lack To think on this, and shall I lack the thought That such a thing the thought That such a thing bechanced would make me sad? bechanced would make me sad? But tell not me; I know, Antonio But tell not me; I know, Antonio is sad to think upon his is sad to think upon his merchandise.merchandise.

ANTONIOANTONIO Believe me, no: I Believe me, no: I thank my fortune for it, My thank my fortune for it, My ventures are not in one bottom ventures are not in one bottom trusted, Nor to one place; nor is trusted, Nor to one place; nor is my whole estate Upon the my whole estate Upon the fortune of this present year: fortune of this present year: Therefore my merchandise Therefore my merchandise makes me not sad.makes me not sad.

Millet’s Millet’s The GleanersThe Gleaners