setting safe staff nursing levels (5812984)

8/6/2019 Setting Safe Staff Nursing Levels (5812984)

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8

Caa r`kdts rbsbrvbj. Lf pcrt fo td`s puha`mct`fl icy hb

rbprfjumbj, stfrbj `l c rbtr`bvca systbi fr trclsi`ttbj `l

cly ofri fr hy cly ibcls, babmtrfl`m, ibmdcl`mca, pdftf-

mfpy`lk, rbmfrj`lk, fr ftdbrw`sb, w`tdfut tdb pr`fr pbri`s-

s`fl fo tdb mfpyr`kdt dfajbr.

Zdb cutdfr cssbrts dbr ifrca r`kdt tf hb mrbj`tbj cs cutdfrfo td`s wfrn clj cssbrts dbr ifrca r`kdt fo `ltbkr`ty.

Mdbr`aa ]mftt, Xfyca Mfaabkb fo Lurs`lk,877=


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] B Z Z @ L K ] C O B L R X ] B ] Z C O O @ L K A B _ B A ]

=

]btt`lk scob lursb stcoo`lk abvbas

Cl bxpafrct`fl fo tdb `ssubs

MfltbltsCmnlfwabjkbiblts =

Bxbmut`vb suiicry :

@ltrfjumt`fl ?]mfpb fo rbpfrt ?Wacl fo rbpfrt ?

3.Hcmnkrfulj ;3.3 Lbw DX strctbky ofr tdb LD] ;3.8 Zrbljs l LD] cmt`v`ty clj tdb lurs`lk

wfrnofrmb ;3.= Bxpblj`turb fl wcrj stcoo`lk 43.: Lurs`lk sdfrtckbs 4

8. Lursb wfrnofrmb pacll`lk 08.3 C tdrbb-jìbls`flca ifjba 08.8 Bcray pacll`lk systbis 08.= Blmfurck`lk systbict`m cpprfcmdbs 08.: [crj lurs`lk `lofrict`fl-iclckbiblt

systbis 378.2 Hblbo`ts fo wfrnafcj-iclckbiblt

systbis 33

=. Wct`blt scobty 33=.3 [dct jfbs scobty ibcl6 33=.8 Wrfobss`flca mfljumt 33=.= Wfa`my `l`t`ct`vbs rbactbj tf scobty 38

=.=.3 Ibcsurbs tf i`lì`sb r`sn 38=.=.8 Cvf`j`lk w`ltbr prbssurbs 3=

=.: Iclckbiblt fo wcrj stcoo`lk 3=

:.Zfp-jfwlcpprfcmdbs 3::.3 Lfris clj ofriuacb 3:

:.3.3 Rs lk bxpbrt fp`l`fl 32

:.8 @ltbrlct`flca cpprfcmdbs 32:.8.3 Hbakùi 32:.8.8 _`mtfr`c, Custrca`c 32:.8.= R]C 32

:.= Cjvcltckbs clj j`scjvcltckbs fo pacll`lklfris 3?

2.Hfttfi-up cpprfcmdbs 3;2.3 Mflsuatct`vb cpprfcmdbs(prfobss`flca

eujkbiblt ibtdfj) 3;2.8 Cmt`v`ty-hcsbj rbkrbss fl ibtdfjs 3;2.= Hfttfi-upwfrnafcj cssbssiblt 34

2.=.3 Lurs`lk dfurs pbr pct`blt/lursbs pbrfmmup`bj hbj 34

2.=.8 Zìbj lurs`lk ltbrvblt`fls (tìbj-tcsn ibtdfj) 34

2.=.= Jbpbljblmy-cmt`v`ty-hcsbjibtdfjs 34

2.=.: Rs`lk mcrb pacls 302.: C lbw cpprfcmd5 hblmdicrn`lk 30

?.]nàa i`x 30?.3 Jbm`j`lk fl, clj rbv`bw`lk, snàa i`x 30?.8 Lbw rfabs clj bxpcljbj prcmt`mb 87?.= ]upbrv`s`fl clj ibltfr`lk 87?.: Dbcatd mcrb css`stclts 87?.2 ]nàa i`x clj scobty5 tdb bv`jblmb hcsb 83

?.2.3 Zdb RN 83?.2.8 Zdb R]C 83

;. J`smuss`fl 88;.3 [frnafcj ibcsurbiblt tffas 88;.8 Wrfobss`flca eujkbiblt 8=;.= ]tcoo`lk luihbrs clj snàa i`x5 wdfsb

jbm`s`fl6 8:


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4. Mflmaus`fls clj rbmfiibljct`fls 824.3 @iprfv`lk lurs`lks mcpcm`ty tf prfv`jb scob

mcrb 824.8 ]mfpb ofr rbsbcrmd clj jbvbafpiblt 8?4.= Mflt`lu`lk prfobss`flca bjumct`fl clj

jbvbafpiblt 8;4.: Lbbj ofr ifrb ku`jclmb orfi JfD 8;4.2 Lbbj ofr mr`t`mca clcays`s fo murrblt JfD

pfa`my 8;4.? Mdcaablkbs ofr prfobss`fls lbw rbkuactfry

hfjy 8;4.; ]pbm`ca`si-spbm`o`m lursb 5 pct`blt rct`fs 8;

Xbobrblmbs 84

Cppblj`mbs =33 ]fib rbmfiibljbj lursb 5 pct blt rct`fs l

tdb RN =38 _`mtfr`c,Custrca`c5 rbmbltay ckrbbj lursb 5

pct`blt rct`fs === ]ukkbstbj rbsfurmbs ofr lursbs clj lursb

iclckbrs =2: Jbtc`as fo a`tbrcturb sbcrmd =?

:

X F P C A M F A A B K B F O L R X ] @ L K


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2

Cmnlfwabjkbiblts

Zdcln yfu tf caa tdfsb mfaabckubs l tdb XML clj tdbXML @lst`tutb wdf dbapbj ib `l icly jòobrblt wcys,lft abcst hy mfiiblt`lk fl bcra`br jrcots. Cpfafk`bs ò@ dcvb lft iclckbj tf `lmfrpfrctb bvbry sukkbst`fl.Zd`s `s `ltbljbj tf hb c j`smuss`fl pcpbr, lft c o`lcacutdfr`tct`vb stctbiblt> icyhb t sdfuaj hb trbctbj cswfrn `l prfkrbss,cs tdb stcrt fo sfibtd`lk wd`md mcl

hb cjjbj tf,clj ìprfvbj,fvbr tìb.

@ sdfuaj pcrt`muacray a`nb tf cmnlfwabjkb tdb dbap k`vbltf ib hy ibihbrs5 Icurc Humdclcl (Mdc`r fo XMLMflkrbss 8777), wcs mfls`stbltay blmfurck`lk cljsuppfrt`vb. Ftdbrs wdf wbrb kblbrfus w`td tdb r tìbwbrb Jr Mcrfa`lb ]duajdci,[àic IcmWdbrsfl,Nctb N`lk clj Hcrhcrc O`ttcaa (Cuj`t Mfii`ss`fl).

Mdbràa ]mftt

XML@Afljfl


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Bxbmut`vb suiicry

@ltrfjumt`fl

Zdb pcpbr wcs wr`ttbl l rbspflsb tf tdb mflmbrlbxprbssbj hy XML ibihbrs chfut tdb acmn fo clfhebmt`vb clj rct`flca ul`vbrsca ofriuac ofr stcoo`lk,wd`md mfuaj kucrcltbb tdb jba`vbry fo scob clj d`kd-quca`ty lurs`lk mcrb.Catdfukd tdb ic`l ofmus `s fl tdb

lurs`lk wfrnofrmb `l dfsp`tcas, icly fo tdb `ssubsj`smussbj crb bqucaay rbabvclt tf lursbs l mfiiul`tyclj prìcry mcrb sbrv`mbs.

3. Xbmblt bvblts dcvb ofmusbj lct`flca cttblt`flupfl tdb lurs`lk wfrnofrmb. Lursb sdfrtckbs crb cRN-w`jb mflmbrl. ]dfrtckbs coobmt tdb wfrnafcj fobx`st`lk stcoo clj pfsb c pftblt`ca tdrbct tf tdbmflt`lu ty clj scobty fo pct`blts> summbss`vb w`ltbrbibrkblm`bs `l tdb LD] dcvb mflo`ribj tdbprbmcr`fus stctb fo lursb stcoo`lk abvbas. Zdbcifult fo spblj`lk fl tbipfrcry lursbs `l tdb

LD] dcs r`sbl stbcjày fvbr tdb pcst jbmcjb.Ct tdbscib tìb, tdb kfvbrliblt s blmfurck`lk lursbstf tcnb fl lbw rfabs clj rbspfls`hà`t`bs,tf dbapibbt tcrkbts `l tdb rbjumt`fl fo wc`t`lk a`sts ofrmflsuatct`fls clj trbctiblt.

8. Cpcrt orfi c pbr`fj `l tdb 30;7s,wdbl tdbkfvbrliblt blmfurckbj tdb usb fo pacll`lk lfrisofr sbtt`lk stcoo`lk abvbas, pacll`lk wcs jflb fl cafmca hcs`s, `l mfipcrct`vb `sfact`fl, clj fotbl fltdb hcs`s fo mustfi clj prcmt`mb. [dbl pacll`lkwcs cpprfcmdbj ifrb systbict`mcaay, tdbrb wcs

a`ttab mfls`stblmy l tdb lursb jbiclj ibtdfjsusbj `l strctbk`m clj fpbrct`flca pacll`lk. @l tdb3047s, cs pcrt fo `ts Xbsfurmb Iclckbiblt`l`t`ct`vb (cìbj ct rbjum`lk mfsts clj lmrbcs`lkprfjumt`v`ty), tdb Jbpcrtiblt blmfurckbjdfsp`tcas tf `ltrfjumb lurs`lk `lofrict`fliclckbiblt systbis - sumd cs KXC]W,ZBCI[FXN clj L@]MI tf suppfrt afmcajbm`s fl icn`lk. Ofr c vcr bty fo rbcsfls,tdbsbsystbis prfvbj ulpfpuacr w`td lursbs.

=. Wct`blt scobty dcs cawcys hbbl c prìcry mflmbrl

fo lursbs,pcrt`muacray `l dfsp tcas clj ftdbr`lst`tut`fls wdbrb tdby dcvb tf prfv`jb 8:-dfurmfvbr. Zdb prfobss fl dcs mfls`stbltay puha`sdbjbxtbls`vb ku`jclmb fl tdb icttbr fo pct`blt scobty.Ma`l`mca r`sn iclckbiblt s lfw cl ipfrtclt

jìbls`fl fo tdb ma`l`mca kfvbrlclmb ckbljc. Zd`sibcls tdct jbm`s`fls chfut stcoo`lk abvbas clj snàai`x iust hb `ltbkrctbj w`td c systbict`m cpprfcmdtf scobty clj mflt`lufus quca`ty ìprfvbiblt.

:. Zfp-jfwl pacll`lk5 `l tdb 30;7s clj 47s,pacll`lk ofr tdb rbmru`tiblt clj jbpafyiblt folursbs `l dfsp`tcas wcs jbtbri`lbj fl c tfp-jfwl hcs`s, b`tdbr hy us`lk ofriuacb hcsbj fld`stfr`m stcoo`lk rct`fs fr hy us`lk ckkrbkctbstct`st`mca lofrict`fl fl hbj fmmupclmy cljtdrfukdput. Zdbsb ibtdfjs wbrb supbrsbjbj hy

ofriuacb wd`md tffn cmmfult fo pct`bltjbpbljblmy clj afmca vcr`ct`fls `l wfrnafcj,sumdcs tdb Zrblt clj Chbrjbbl ofriuacb.Cl catbrlct`vbcpprfcmd `s tf usb bxpbrt fp`l`fl clj rbsbcrmdo`lj`lks (wdbrb cvcàchab) tf jbvbafp c ul`vbrscalursb 5 pct`blt rct`f ofr stcoo`lk c pcrt`muacrsbrv`mb. @l tdb RN,tdbrb `s bx`st`lk ku`jclmb fllursb stcoo`lk ofr sfib spbm`ca`st crbcs,hut t jfbslft dcvb abk`sact`vb hcmn`lk. @ltbrlct`flcaay, sfibabk`sacturbs (lftchay tdb stctb kfvbrliblts foMcaòfrl`c,R]C clj _`mtfr`c,Custrca`c) crbstcrt`lk tf `ltbrvblb `l lursb stcoo`lk. ]btt`lkul`vbrsca stcoo`lk lfris mcl hb prfhabict`m5 tdbrbdcs tf hb kblbrca cmmbptclmb fo tdb ibtdfjs usbjtf crr`vb ct tdb lfris> tdby cssuibstcljcrj`sct`fl fo lurs`lk t`tabs, rfabs cljcmt`v`t`bs> tdby icy ocà tf nbbp pcmb w`tdw`jbsprbcj mdclkbs l dbcatd tbmdlfafky cljprfobss`flca prcmt`mb> clj afmcaay, tdby icy lft hbsuoo`m`bltay sbls`t`vb tf rcp`j mdclkbs l afmcawfrnafcj fr lj`v`juca pct`blt lbbjs.

2. Hfttfi-up pacll`lk5 sbvbrca ibtdfjs dcvbhbbl jbvbafpbj tf mcamuactb stcoo`lk abvbas hy us`lkafmca ma`l`mca lofrict`fl.Catdfukd sfib fo tdbi`lvfavb mfipabx ibcsurbiblts clj mcamuact`fls,clj macì tf hb ifrb rba`chab clj fhebmt`vb tdclprfobss`flca eujkbiblt caflb, caa fo tdb systbis`lmfrpfrctb sfib babiblt fo prfobss`flca

eujkbiblt. Caa fo tdbsb ibtdfjs dcvb hbblmr`t`m sbj,fotbl fl ibtdfjfafk mca krfuljs. Zdbyicy hb j`v`jbj `ltf ofur hrfcj mctbkfr`bs5 (`)mflsuatct`vbcpprfcmdbs, wd`md bxpa`m`tay usb tdbprfobss`flca eujkbiblts fo lursb iclckbrs ctwcrj abvba clj chfvb> (``) cmt`v`ty-hcsbj rbkrbss`fl

ibtdfjs> (```) wfrnafcj cssbssiblts> clj ( v)hblmdicrn`lk, wd`md mfipcrbs stcoo`lk abvbas cljhujkbts w`td`l spbm`cat`bs cmrfss jòobrbltdfsp`tcas.

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?. Zdbrb s lf sumd td`lk cs cl fptìui sn aa i`x .@t`s kffj iclckbiblt prcmt`mb tf uljbrtcnbpbr`fj`m rbv`bws fo stcoo`lk clj snàa i`x.Jbm`s`fls sdfuaj hb `lofribj hy jbtcàbjnlfwabjkb chfut c pcrt`muacr wcrj fr jbpcrtibltclj, flmb icjb,sdfuaj hb ifl`tfrbj ofr tdb`rìpcmt fl pct`blt clj stcoo futmfibs.

;. Zdrbb nby tdbibs bibrkbj orfi tdb a tbrcturb clj`ltbrv`bws5 tdb cjvcltckbs clj aì`tct`fls fous`lk wfrnafcj ibcsurbiblt tffas l lurs`lk> tdbcjvcltckbs clj jclkbrs fo rbay`lk fl tdb

ulsystbict`m usb fo prfobss`flca eujkbiblt chfutstcoo`lk clj quca ty> clj sfib mflous`fl chfutcmmfultchà`ty ofr stcoo`lk jbm`s`fls l tdbiclckbiblt d`brcrmdy.

Mflmaus`fls

Zdb mcpcm`ty fo tdb lurs`lk wfrnofrmb tf prfv`jb kffj-quca`ty mcrb jfbs lft jbpblj sfabay fl luihbrs fo stcoo`l pfst. Zdb ofaafw`lk mfls`jbrct`fls crb foouljcibltca ipfrtclmb5

]ystbis fo prfobss`flca bjumct`fl,prcmt`mb cljcmmfultchà`ty iust rbspflj tf puha`mbxpbmtct`fls fo scob,kffj-quca`ty lurs`lk mcrb.

Zdb lurs`lk lbbjs fo pct`blts/ma blts clj tdb`rmcrbrs iust hb cssbssbj systbict`mcaay hy lursbstdbisbavbs.

Frkcl`sct`flca muaturb sdfuaj prfiftb wdfab-systbis cpprfcmdbs tf pct`blt clj stcoo scobty.

Afmca jbm`s`fls chfut lurs`lk snàa i`x sdfuaj hb

hcsbj upfl ckrbbiblt w`td`l tdb prfobss`fl, cljhbtwbbl tdb prfobss`fl clj bipafybrs, chfutjòobrblt lurs`lk rfabs clj abvbas fo prcmt`mb.

Ma`l`mca abcjbrs iust cmqu`rb tdb snàas tf pacl cljiclckb tdb lurs`lk wfrnofrmb boobmt`vbay `l tdb`ltbrbsts fo kffj-quca ty mcrb clj d`kd stcooifrcab.


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@ltrfjumt`fl

]mfpb fo rbpfrt

Flb fo tdb rbsfaut`fls ct tdb XMLs 8777 Mflkrbssbxprbssbj mflmbrlbj ct tdb acmn fo c ul`vbrscaibmdcl`si tf jbtbri`lb scob stcoo`lk abvbas. Zd`srboabmtbj w`jbsprbcj mflmbrl w`td`l tdb prfobss`flchfut tdb pftblt`ca lmrbcsb l r`sns tf pct`blt scobtypfsbj hy `lmrbcsbj abvbas fo cmt`v`ty,clj `lcjbquctbabvbas fo lursb stcoo`lk,`l tdb LD]. Fvbr tdb ybcrs, tdbrbdcvb hbbl icly cttbipts tf jbvbafp c ul`vbrscaaycmmbptchab clj rba`chab ofriuac wd`md wàa hb chab tfprbj`mt tdb prbm`sb lursb stcoo`lk abvbas lbbjbj tf blsurbpct`blt scobty. Bvbl ò td`s `s lft c rbca`st`m kfca cljtdb a`tbrcturb fl wfrnofrmb pacll`lk sukkbsts tdct `t `slft tdb Mflkrbss rbsfaut`fl prfv`jbj c tìbayfppfrtul`ty tf rbmfls`jbr tdb ìpfrtclt prfobss`flcaclj iclckbr`ca ssubs cssfm`ctbj w`td sbtt`lk scob

stcoo`lk abvbas.

Zd`s pcpbr cìs hftd tf `lofri tdb w`jbr jbhctb cljcasf tf uljbrp`l `l-dfusb jbm`s`fls chfut tdb XMLsouturb cmt`v`t`bs `l td`s o`baj. @t `s hcsbj upfl`lofrict`fl mfaabmtbj us`lk tdrbb ic`l cpprfcmdbs5 (`)bxpafrctfry `ltbrv`bws w`td sbl`fr lursb iclckbrs`jbltò`bj tdrfukd tdb XMLs ibihbrsd`p lbtwfrns> (``)`lofrict`fl prfv`jbj hy XML ibihbrs `l rbspflsb tfcl crt`mab `l Huaabt`l> clj (```) c w`jb-rclk`lk rbv`bw fotdb rbabvclt pfa`my clj rbsbcrmd a`tbrcturbs (sbbCppblj`x :).Zdb spflsfrs fo tdb Mflkrbss `tbi wbrbmflmbrlbj ic`lay w`td rbmblt cjvbrsb bvblts `l tdbcmutb dfsp tca sbmtfr clj, bvbl ifrb spbmò`mcaay, w`tdscobty fl cjuat ibj`mca clj surk`mca wcrjs.Caifst caatdb puha`sdbj a`tbrcturb fl wfrnafcj ibcsurbiblt cljwfrnofrmb pacll`lk jbcas w`td lurs`lk `l tdb cmutbdfsp`tca sbmtfr. Ifst catdfukd lft qu tb caa fo fur`lofriclts casf wfrn `l td`s sbmtfr. Catdfukd tdbpcpbrs ic`l ofmus `s fl dfsp tca stcoo`lk, icly fo tdbkblbrca `ssubs `t mfls`jbrs crb cppa`mchab tf ftdbr crbcsfo lurs`lk.

Zdb pcpbr icnbs rbobrblmb tf, hut jfbs lft cttbipt csystbict`m cpprc`sca fo, tdb s`zbchab ibtdfjfafk`mcaa`tbrcturb fl tdb ibcsurbiblt fo lurs`lk wfrnafcj cljpct`blt jbpbljblmy. Zd`s `s pcrtay hbmcusb `t `s c d`kday

spbm`ca`sbj, bxpbrt a`tbrcturb, hut ic`lay hbmcusb `ti`kdt jbtrcmt orfi tdb pcpbrs ic`l ofmus fl tdbprfmbssbs fo pacll`lk, bjumct`lk clj iclck`lk tdblurs`lk wfrnofrmb.

Wacl fo rbpfrt

Zdb o`rst sbmt`fl mfltc`ls hcmnkrfulj lofrict`flchfut rbmblt pfa`my `l`t`ct`vbs coobmt`lk tdb RNs lurs`lkwfrnofrmb,clj mfls`jbrs sfib rbmblt stct`st`ms wd`mdàaustrctb `lmrbcsbs `l LD] cmt`v`ty clj `l lursbs

wfrnafcjs. ]bmt`fl 8 prfv`jbs cl fvbrv`bw fo tdbprfmbss fo lursb wfrnofrmb pacll`lk clj jbsmr`hbssfib pcst cttbipts tf `ltrfjumb ifrb systbict`m cljstcljcrj`sbj cpprfcmdbs `ltf tdb LD]. @t j`smussbs tdbìpcmt fo tdb Xbsfurmb Iclckbiblt `l`t`ct`vb clj tdbifvbiblt tf pbrsucjb lursb iclckbrs tf usb sm`bltò`miclckbiblt tffas clj `lofrict`fl tbmdlfafky tf`lofri tdb`r jbm`s`fl icn`lk. ]bmt`fl = j`smussbs tdb`ssub fo pct`blt scobty clj jbsmr`hbs rbmblt prfobss`flcaclj pfa`t`mca `l`t`ct`vbs l td`s crbc. ]bmt`fl : jbsmr`hbstfp-jfwl pacll`lk ibtdfjs `l pcrt`muacr, tdb usb fo

lfris (fr lursb 5 pct`blt rct`fs) cs tdb hcs`s ofrbstcha`sdiblt-sbtt`lk. ]fib `ltbrlct`flca bxcipabs fotd`s crb mfls`jbrbj.

]bmt`fl 2 jbcas w`td hfttfi-up cpprfcmdbs tfbstcha`sdiblt-sbtt`lk, `lmauj`lk5 mflsuatct`vbcpprfcmdbs (wd`md crb hcsbj fl prfobss`flca

eujkbiblt), cmt`v`ty-hcsbj rbkrbss fl ibtdfjs,jòobrblt ibtdfjs ofr ibcsur`lk wfrnafcj ct wcrj frul`t abvba,clj hblmdicrn`lk (c lbw jbpcrturb). @trbobrs hr`boay tf sfib foo-tdb-sdbao pcmnckbs (w`td tdbprfv`sf tdct `lofrict`fl fl tdbsb `s lft bcsày cmmbss`hab

tf lfl-bxpbrts clj tdct tdb puha`sdbj a`tbrcturb s lftvbry up-tf-jctb). ]bmt`fl ? j`smussbs lurs`lk snàa i`xclj sfib ipfrtclt trbljs wd`md crb coobmt`lk jbm`s`flicn`lk l td`s crbc5 ofr bxcipab, tdb mdclk`lk smfpb foprfobss`flca prcmt`mb,lbw lurs`lk rfabs clj tdbjbvbafp lk rfab fo dbcatd mcrb css`stclts. ]bmt`fl ;`jbltò`bs clj j`smussbs tdb ic`l tdbibs tdct bibrkbjorfi tdb jctc. ]bmt`fl 4 mfltc`ls sfibrbmfiibljct`fls ofr ourtdbr cmt`fl. Cppblj`mbs 3 clj8 mfltc`l bxcipabs fo bx`st`lk pacll`lk lfris orfi tdbRN clj _`mtfr`c,Custrca`c. Cppblj`x = mfltc`ls c a`st fosbabmtbj ku`jclmb clj ftdbr rbsfurmbs rbabvclt tf lursb

stcoo`lk,wd`md icy hb usboua tf lursbs w`tdrbspfls`hà`t`bs `l td`s crbc.

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3. Hcmnkrfulj

3.3 Lbw DX strctbky ofrtdb LD]

Zd`s `s c pcrt`muacray tìbay ifiblt ofr tdb XML tf hbmfls`jbr`lk tdb qubst`fl fo lursb wfrnofrmb pacll`lk.

Orfi c prfobss`flca pbrspbmt`vb, tdb kfvbrliblts lbwstrctbky ofr lurs`lk, Icn`lk c Jòobrblmb3 clj ZdbLD] Wacl8 hftd mfltc`l pacls tf ifjbrl`sb outurbrfabs clj mcrbbr pctdwcys (sbb sbmt`fl ?.8). Zdbrb dcscasf hbbl c rclkb fo icefr kfvbrliblt `l`t`ct vbs cìbjct ifjbrl`s`lk tdb LD] pcy systbi clj `ts duiclrbsfurmbs (DX) strctbky, `lmauj`lk lbw strumturbs tfjbca w`td wfrnofrmb pacll`lk clj jbvbafpiblt sbbhbafw. = : 2 Zdb kfvbrliblts cì fo ìprfv`lk tdbrbmru`tiblt clj rbtblt`fl fo lursbs clj ftdbrprfobss`flca stcoo `s rboabmtbj `l `ts @iprfv`lk [frn`lkA`vbs l`t`ct`vb> clj tdb ofrtdmfi`lk Xbturl Efurlbys

jfmuiblt wàa mfltc`l ourtdbr ku`jclmb chfut lurs`lkrbmru`tiblt clj rbtblt`fl, us`lk bxcipabs fo kffjprcmt`mb.

Zdb LD] Wacl hr`lks tfkbtdbr clj huàjs fl caa tdbsbjòobrblt l`t`ct`vbs l c mfiprbdbls`vb stctbiblt fo tdbkfvbrliblts dbcatd pfa`my kfcas ofr tdb lbxt jbmcjb.Flb fo `ts spbmò`m tcrkbts `s tf bipafy 87,777 ifrblursbs l tdb sbrv`mb. Zdb ìpabibltct`fl prfkrciibofr tdb LD] Wacl (cs mfltc`lbj `l tdb JbpcrtibltsWr`fr`t`bs Ku`jclmb ofr @ipabibltct`fl,8773/8778) bipdcs`sbs tdb lbbj ofr s`klò`mclt

prfkrbss fvbr c w`jb rclkb fo wfrnofrmb ssubs lmauj`lkrbmru`tiblt clj rbtblt`fl,clj trc`l`lk cljjbvbafpiblt. LD] bipafybrs iust blsurb tdct tdby

pacl, jbvbafp clj ìpabiblt lbw clj`llfvct`vb rfabs tf dbap rbsdcpb clj ìprfvbsbrv`mbs, `lmauj`lk ifrb lursb,i`jwòb cljdbcatd v`s`tfr mflsuatclt pfsts, tdb ltrfjumt`flfo tdbrcp`st mflsuatclts clj ouaa ipabibltct`flfo tdb Md`bo Lurs lk Foo`mbrs tbl nby rfabs ofrlursbs.@t s tdb rbspfls hà`ty fo dbcatdmfiiul`t`bs tf blsurb tdct tdby tcnb ouaa

cjvcltckb fo tdb lbw oabx`hà`t`bs `l tdbwfrnofrmb.

(#=.87)

Zdb Jbpcrtiblt dcs sbt up c tcsnofrmb tf fvbrsbb tdbìpabibltct`fl fo `ts strctbky `l td`s crbc tdbMdclk`lk [frnofrmb Wrfkrciib.?

C Dbcatd ]brv`mb fo Caa tdb Zcablts(JfD 8777)jbsmr`hbs tdb lbw strumturbs ofr Blkaclj5 ct tdb tfp, tdbLct`flca [frnofrmb Jbvbafpiblt Hfcrj, suppfrtbj hyMcrb Krfup Hfcrjs> clj 8: [frnofrmb JbvbafpibltMflobjbrct`fls ct rbk`flca abvba, mf-frj`lct`lk tdbhfttfi-up pacll`lk fo dbcatd cutdfr`t`bs clj afmcabipafybrs. Zdb [frnofrmb Luihbrs Cjv`sfry Hfcrjtcnbs fvbr tdb oulmt`fl fo c rclkb fo prfobss`fl-spbmò`m

cjv`sfry krfups> `t wàa `lmaujb c suh-krfup ofmus lk fllurs`lk,i`jwòbry clj dbcatd v`s`t`lk. Zdbkfvbrliblt dfpbs tdct tdbsb lbw strumturbs wàa dbap tfcmd`bvb cl `ltbkrctbj cpprfcmd tf jbvbafp`lk tdb dbcatdwfrnofrmb, mfvbr`lk caa sbmtfrs clj caa stcoo krfups. Zdbbipdcs`s s fl tbci wfrn`lk, tdb bxpafrct`fl fo lbwkblbr`m rfabs clj tdb chcljfliblt fo trcj`t`flcaprfobss`flca hcrr`brs, abcj`lk tf lbw cpprfcmdbs tf snàai`x. [frnofrmb pacll`lk clj sbrv`mb pacll`lk wàa hbhbttbr `ltbkrctbj clj hcsbj fl afmca dbcatd lbbjs, cs `ltdb jbvbafpiblt fo Dbcatd @iprfvbiblt Wacls cljLct`flca ]brv`mb Orcibwfrns.

Zdb ]mftt`sd @ltbkrctbj [frnofrmb Wacll`lk Krfup tcnbsc sìàcr cpprfcmd,stct`lk tdct t wclts wfrnofrmbpacll`lk tf hb rbmfkl`sbj cs c prfobss`flca,bv`jblmb-hcsbj cmt`v`ty,icn`lk c v`tca mfltr`hut`fl tf cifjbrl`sbj LD].;

3.8 Zrbljs `l LD] cmt`v`ty cljtdb lurs`lk wfrnofrmb

Hbtwbbl 3008/0= clj 3004/00,tftca cmutb bp`sfjbs`lmrbcsbj hy chfut 82% (fr chfut =% c ybcr).Zdbkrfwtd l cmutb cji`ss`fls dcs hbbl eust fvbr =% clj`s ifstay cmmfultbj ofr hy ibj`mca spbm`cat`bs> tdby dcvb`lmrbcsbj hy 4% c ybcr clj cmmfult ofr ?7% fo tdbkrfwtd l cmutb dfsp`tca cji`ss`fls.]urk`mcacji`ss`fls dcvb rbic`lbj rbact`vbay stchab,catdfukd tdbwfrnafcj dcs krfwl jub tf tdb luihbr fo jcy mcsbs.Caabibrkblmy cji`ss`fls wblt up hy 8;% (fr chfut =.2%c ybcr),w`td tdfsb fo pbfpab fvbr ?2 `lmrbcs lk hy =;%(fr :.?% pbr ybcr). Zdb cvbrckb ablktd fo stcy l

dfsp`tca (bxmauj`lk ictbrl`ty) obaa orfi 37 jcys tf ?.4jcys (c rctb fo rbjumt`fl fo chfut =% c ybcr). Cvbrckbhbj fmmupclmy `l kblbrca clj cmutb sbrv`mbs wcs 43.2%.


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Zdb mfrb lurs`lk clj i`jwòbry wfrnofrmb (bxmauj`lkabcrlbrs clj stujblts) `lmrbcsbj ifrb safway tdcl sfibftdbr prfobss`flca krfups hy 8.;% (fr 7.0% pbrcllui).Zdb krfup w`td tdb ocstbst `lmrbcsb wcsprcmt`mb lursbs. Zdb suppfrt wfrnofrmb (lurs`lkcuxà`cr`bs clj dbcatd mcrb css`stclts) `lmrbcsbj ct o`vbtìbs tdb rctb fo quca o`bj stcoo> cs c rbsuat, tdbrb wcs csicaa sdòt l snàa i`x,w`td tdb prfpfrt`fl fo qucaò`bjstcoo rbjum`lk orfi ;8% `l 3002 tf ;7% `l 3004. Zdbluihbr fo abcrlbrs clj stujblts `lmrbcsbj hy ?.;% fvbrtdb tdrbb ybcrs clj hy :.4% `l 300;/04.Zdb rct`f fostujblts (`lmauj`lk abcrlbrs) tf qucaò`bj stcoo `lmrbcsbjorfi 3 5 ?.? tf 3 5 ?.8 `l 3004.4

3.= Bxpblj`turb fl wcrjstcoo`lk

Zdb Cuj`t Mfii`ss`fl dcs rbmbltay mfaabmtbj`lofrict`fl fl tdb abvbas clj mfsts fo wcrj stcoo`lk `lBlkaclj clj [cabs.0 Zd`s mfipcrbs stcoo luihbrs(`lmauj`lk qucaò`bj lursbs, dbcatd mcrb css`stclts cljlurs`lk cuxà`cr`bs) clj cvbrckb mfsts pbr hbj cmrfssmfipcrchab wcrjs clj jbpcrtiblts l sìàcr typbs fodfsp`tca.Zdb o`kurbs sdfw s`klò`mclt vcr`ct`fl5 affnbjct hy LD] rbk`fl, ofr bxcipab, tdb ]futd [bst spbljsifrb tdbl cvbrckb fl stcoo clj tdb Lfrtd [bst,[cabsclj Lfrtdbrl Pfrnsd`rb spblj abss tdcl cvbrckb. Zrustsw`td tbcmd`lk dfsp`tcas,pcrt`muacray l Afljfl, dcvbd`kd stcoo`lk mfsts.Cl clcays`s fo rbact vb mfsts pbr stcooibihbr sdfwbj tdct d`kd-spblj`lk trusts bipafybjifrb stcoo pbr hbj, rctdbr tdcl ifrb bxpbls vb (cljprbsuichay ifrb d`kday qucaò`bj) lursbs.[`td`ltrusts, tdb caafmct`fl fo rbsfurmbs tf wcrjs w`td`l tdb

scib spbm`ca`si wcs vcr`chab. C ifst ìpfrtclto`lj`lk, fl cl `ssub wd md `s j`smussbj actbr `l td`spcpbr, `s tdct tdb Cuj`t Mfii`ss`fl mfuaj lftjbiflstrctb tdct stcoo`lk `lputs icjb cly ibcsurchabjòobrblmb tf pct`blt futmfibs, `lmauj`lk tdb rbpfrtbj`lm`jblmb fo prbssurb uambrs, pct`blt cmm`jblts cljpct`blt mfipac`lts. @l ftdbr wfrjs,`t wcs lft pfss`habtf jrcw cly mflmaus`fls chfut tdb a`lns hbtwbbl lursbstcoo`lk clj quca`ty fo mcrb,fr (tf put `t `l rctdbr ifrbmrujb tbris) chfut lurs`lks vcaub ofr iflby.

3.: Lurs`lk sdfrtckbsFlb vbry s`klò`mclt trblj, clj flb tdct dcsìpa`mct`fls ofr tdb mflt`lu`ty (clj tdb scobty) fo mcrb,`s `l tdb cifult fo spblj`lk fl tbipfrcry lursbs `l

tdb LD]. @l 3008/0=, LD] trusts `l Blkaclj spblt378.: iàa`fl fl ckblmy lursbs. Hy 3000/8777, tdbcifult wcs 8;8.8 iàa`fl :.;% fo tdb tftcabxpblj`turb fl lurs`lk stcoo. Zd`s spblj`lk smflmbltrctbj `l Afljfl,wd`md cmmfults ofr 4.2% fo tdbstcoo`lk mfsts `l Blkaclj. Zdb RN cvbrckb `s =.:%,ocaa`lk tf 3% `l [cabs clj Lfrtdbrl @rbaclj> clj tdbfvbrcaa mfst ofr LD] trusts s cl bstìctbj :27 iàa`fl.Zdb icrnbt clcaysts Ac`lk & Hu`ssfl cttr`hutb td`s`lmrbcsb `l oabx`hab stcoo`lktf mdrfl`m stcoo sdfrtckbs,cl uljbray`lk sdòt tfwcrjs oabx`hab wfrn`lk pcttbrlsclj t`kdt achfur icrnbt mflj`t`fls `l tdb bmflfiy.37

Zdb fvbrcaa p`mturb s flb wdbrb tdb suppay fo rbk`stbrbjlursbs s lft ibbt`lk tdb lmrbcsbj jbiclj orfi tdbLD], clj wdbrb stcoo crb dcv`lk tf mfpb w`tds`klò`mcltay lmrbcsbj wfrnafcjs cmrfss caa sbmtfrs fotdb LD]. Zdbrb `s a`ttab fr lf sacmn l tdb systbi, cljicly LD] trusts crb dcv`lk tf rbmru`t qucaò`bj lursbsj`rbmtay orfi chrfcj.Wrfobss`flca mflmbrl chfut td`ss`tuct`fl dcs hbbl ltblsò`bj hy tdb rbmblt spctb fod`kday-puha`m`sbj w`ltbr bibrkblm`bs `l LD]dfsp`tcas. @lvbst`kct`fls acst ybcr ltf cjvbrsb bvblts ctBcsthfurlb clj Lfrtd Acnbaclj LD] Zrusts caa`jbltò`bj `lcjbquctb lursb stcoo`lk abvbas cs cmfltr`hutfry ocmtfr tf pffr,fr jclkbrfus, stcljcrjs fomcrb. Ckc`lst td`s hcmnkrfulj, `t `s uljbrstcljchab tdctlursbs clj lursb iclckbrs sdfuaj obba orustrctbj hy tdbacmn fo c flb-foo sfaut`fl tf tdb mfipabx prfhabi foprbj`mt`lk clj ibbt`lk tdb jbiclj ofr scob cljboobmt`vb lurs`lk mcrb.

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8. Lursb wfrnofrmbpacll`lk

8.3 C tdrbb-jìbls`flca ifjba

Zdb prfmbss fo jbvbafp lk tdb lursb wfrnofrmb dcs hbbl

jbsmr`hbj cs dcv`lk tdrbb ic`l jìbls`fls, caa fo wd`mdcrb ltbrjbpbljblt5 pacll`lk, prfjumt`fl cljiclckbiblt.33 Zdb pacll`lk jìbls`fl s mflmbrlbjw`td jbs`kl`lk pcttbrls fo stcoo i`xbs clj utà`sct`fl `la`lb w`td strctbk`m pfa`my kfcas.Zdb prfjumt`fljìbls`fl s mflmbrlbj w`td caa cspbmts rbact`lk tf hcs`mclj pfst-hcs`m bjumct`fl clj trc`l`lk l ftdbr wfrjs,w`td tdb suppay fo lursbs. Zdb o`lca jìbls`fl,iclckbiblt,mfvbrs caa icttbrs rbact`lk tf tdbbipafyiblt, usb clj ift`vct`fl fo lurs`lk stcoo cljacrkbay jbtbri`lbs tdb prfjumt`v`ty clj mfvbrckb fo

jòobrblt lurs`lk sbrv`mbs clj tdb`r mcpcm`ty tf rbtc`lstcoo. Zdb iclckbiblt jìbls`fl cìs tf fptì`sb tdbusb fo cvcàchab wfrnofrmb rbsfurmbs,c prfmbss wd`md`lvfavbs mfls`jbrct`fls fo bqu`ty, boobmt`vblbss cljboo`m`blmy.

@l tdb w`jbr crblc fo sbrv`mb pacll`lk, tdb s`zb clj mfstfo tdb lurs`lk wfrnofrmb dcvb icjb t c rbkuacr tcrkbtofr boo`m`blmy scv`lks. Zdb murrblt sdfrtckb fo ibj`mca,lurs`lk clj tdbrcpy stcoo `l tdb LD] dcs ofmusbjcttblt`fl fl tdb murrblt,cpprfpr`ctb clj pftblt`ca rfabsfo dbcatd wfrnbrs, clj tdb pfss`h a`t`bs ofr rfab

bxpcls`fl clj suhst`tut`fl. Humdcl bt ca. (3004) crkubtdct tdb d`stfry fo lursb wfrnofrmb pacll`lk `l tdb LD]dcs hbbl pctmdy5 `t dcs hbbl c acrkbay `sfact`fl`st,afmcaay hcsbj cmt`v`ty, pffray suppfrtbj hy LD]`lofrict`fl systbis. Wbr`fj`mcaay, kfvbrliblts dcvb`ltbrvblbj w`td bibrkblmy ibcsurbs l rbcmt`fl tflct`flca lurs`lk sdfrtckbs.38

8.8 Bcray pacll`lk systbis

Zdb iprbss fl s sfibtìbs k`vbl tdct, hbofrb tdb3047s, cpprfcmdbs tf lursb stcoo`lk wbrb blt`rbayulsystbict`m. @l ocmt, tdb sbcrmd ofr iprfvbj ibtdfjsfo sbtt`lk lursb stcoo`lk abvbas dcj stcrtbj iumd bcra br5

@aasaby clj Kfajstflb trcmbj tdb hbk`ll`lk fo `ltbrbst `llursb wfrnofrmb pacll`lk tf tdb ]caifl rbpfrt, 30?;,wd`md kcvb lursbs j`rbmt rbspfls`hà`ty ofr tdb`r fwlhujkbt.3= Zdb prfhabi wcs tdct icly fo tdbsb ibtdfjswbrb jbvbafpbj afmcaay, clj `l cl ulmffrj`lctbj wcy,w`td`l jòobrblt Xbk`flca Dbcatd Cutdfr`t`bs. @l 30;4,[àsfl-Hcrlbtt puha`sdbj c rbv`bw fo pct`blt-lursbjbpbljblmy stuj`bs wd`md jbltò`bj wbaa fvbr 27jòobrblt systbis.3: @l 304=, tdb Fpbrct`flca Xbsbcrmd]brv`mb (FX]) fo tdb JD]] `jbltò`bj clj macssò bj cw`jb rclkb fo lursb iclpfwbr ibtdfjs clj stuj`bs.Zdb FX] ofulj fvbracps fo ibtdfjs clj ifjbas `lsfib crbcs clj kcps `l ftdbrs. Zwf pcrt`muacr crbcs fowbcnlbss wbrb `jbltò`bj5 prfebmt`lk aflk-tbribstìctbs fo jbiclj clj suppay clj ictmd`lk tdbi ctafmca abvba, clj bstìct`lk suppay clj jbiclj hykrfups fo spbm`cat`bs.32

Casf l 304=, tdb LD] Iclckbiblt @lqu`rymfii`ss`flbj cl bvcauct`fl fo murrblt ibtdfjs fobstìct`lk stcoo`lk abvbas tdbsb `lmaujbj tdb Zbaofrj,Lfrtdbrl,Mdbatbldci, Ab`mbstbrsd`rb, Fxofrj clj Xdys-Dbcrl ibtdfjs.3? Zdb rbpfrt mflmaujbj tdct lflb fotdbsb ibtdfjs wcs blt`rbay sct`socmtfry tf caa

stcnbdfajbrs. Mflsuatct`vb ibtdfjs sumd cs tdb Zbaofrjclj Mdbatbldci cpprfcmdbs wd`md rba`bj fl tdbprfobss`flca eujkbiblt fo sbl`fr lursbs ct wcrjiclckbr abvba clj chfvb wbrb mfls`jbrbj vcauchabhbmcusb tdby prfv`jbj c rbact`vbay qu`mn clj bcsy wcy fobstìct`lk stcoo`lk rbqu`rbiblts. Zdb 304= bvcauct`flsdfwbj c mafsb mfrrbspfljblmb hbtwbbl bstìctbs icjbus`lk mflsuatct`vb ibtdfjs clj tdfsb prfjumbj hypct`blt-jbpbljblmy ibcsurbiblt systbis. Zdb rbpfrtstctbj tdct ifrb rbsbcrmd rbsuats sdfw`lk td`s sfrt fomfrrbspfljblmb hbtwbbl tdb bstìctbs fo jòobrblt

ibtdfjs wfuaj abcj tf w`jbr cmmbptclmb fo tdb rbsuatsfuts`jb tdb lurs`lk prfobss`fl(# 42).

8.= Blmfurck`lk systbict`mcpprfcmdbs

Zdb LD] Iclckbiblt @lqu`ry wcs mr`t`mca fo tdb ocmttdct icly pacmbs wbrb lft us`lk cly systbict`mibtdfjs tf sbt lursb stcoo`lk abvbas. Zdb Lct`flca Cuj`tFoo`mb icjb tdb scib mr`t`m`si `l `ts rbpfrt, LD]5

Mfltrfa fo Lurs`lk Iclpfwbr(3042). @l 304?, tdbMfii`ttbb fl Wuha`m Cmmfults rbpfrtbj tdctulsystbict`m cpprfcmdbs wbrb abcj`lk tf w`jbvcr`ct`fls `l lursb stcoo`lk abvbas clj mfsts `lcppcrbltay sìàcr ul`ts. Xbspflj`lk tf tdbsb


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mr`t`m sis, tdb Mdc`ricl fo tdb LD] IclckbibltHfcrj j`rbmtbj tdb LD] rbk`fls tf prfiftb tdb usb fostcljcrj`sbj wfrnofrmb pacll`lk systbis `l tdb`rj`str mts. Db m rmuactbj c rbv`bw fo lursb jbicljibtdfjs, wr`ttbl hy cl fpbrct`flca rbsbcrmd clcayst ltdb JD]] (Ica`l 304?).3;

Ica`ls rbpfrt wcs suppfrt`vb fo ibtdfjs wd`mdbxpa`m`tay usbj lursbs prfobss`flca eujkbiblt.34 @ts`lkabj fut tdb ibtdfjs jbvbafpbj hy Zbaofrj, hy tdbMdbatbldci Dbcatd Cutdfr`ty (wd`md dcj hbbl`lmfrpfrctbj ltf tdb O`lclm`ca @lofrict`fl Wrfebmt fr

O@W) clj hy Hr`kdtfl Dbcatd Cutdfr`ty, wd`md dcjbxtbljbj Zbaofrjs mflsuatct`vb cpprfcmd clj icjb `t ciumd ifrb j`sm`pa`lbj bxbrm`sb. Zdb rbpfrt bljfrsbjZbaofrjs fp`l`fl tdct icly fo tdb ifrb mfipa`mctbjibtdfjs fo bstìct`lk jbiclj macìbj c spur`fusfhebmt`v`ty, wd`md j`j lft rboabmt cmmurctbay tdb wcy lwd`md prfobss`flca eujkbiblts crb cawcys bxbrm`sbj ctsfib stckb fo cly cssbssiblt.

Ica l mflmaujbj tdct, bvbl ò tdb prbm sb luihbrskblbrctbj hy jòobrblt cpprfcmdbs vcr`bj c a`ttab, tdbvcaub fo systbict`m cpprfcmdbs wcs tdct tdby prfiftbj

tdb boo`m`blt clj boobmt`vb usb fo lurs`lk rbsfurmbs hyprfv`j`lk cl fppfrtul`ty rbkuacray tf rbv`bw clj, òlbmbsscry, tf mdcaablkb, lurs`lk prcmt mb. Zdb mr`tbr`cofr sbabmt`lk c ibtdfj sdfuaj hb5 tdct `t dcj c prfhabi-mbltrbj cpprfcmd tdct wcs rbcjày uljbrstffj cljcmmbptchab tf caa tdfsb lvfavbj, tdct t prfjumbjrbabvclt `lofrict`fl cs qu`mnay clj mdbcpay cs pfss`hab,tdct t rbmfkl`sbj tdb ulcvf`jchà ty fo prfobss`flca

eujkbiblts hb`lk `lmaujbj clj tdct `t `lofribj cljqubst`flbj clj caafwbj ofr fpbl-bljbj lqu`ry.Wacllbrs sdfuaj stcrt w`td c sìpab cpprfcmd,rbo`lb tcs lbmbsscry tf mfvbr cly cppcrblt sdfrtmfi`lks, cljblsurb tdct tdbrb wbrb huàt-`l bvcauct`fl clj mrfss-mdbmn`lk babiblts tf caafw eujkbibltca `lputs tf hbsmrut`l`sbj.

@l 3044, tdb LD] Iclckbiblt Hfcrj mfii`ss flbjclftdbr survby fo wfrnofrmb pacll`lk systbis ctrbk`flca clj j`str`mt abvbas, tdb rbsuats fo wd`md wbrb`ssubj w`td Bxbmut vb Abttbr (44) IH/?7, JD]].Flmb ckc`l,tdb o`lj`lks `lj`mctbj c i`xbj p`mturb.Crclkb fo afmca ifjbas wcs l usb,w`td sfibfrkcl`sct`fls us`lk foo tdb sdbao systbis clj ftdbrs

us`lk lf systbis ct caa. Ct rbk`flca abvba, tdbrb wcssfib usb fo suppay ifjbas, tdb ifst mfiiflay usbjhb`lk tdb Lcyafr Dfrl ifjba> ifl tfr`lk fo pfsts cljvcmclm`bs wcs jflb us`lk ifltday rbturls orfij`str`mts. ]fib j`str`mts wbrb us`lk systbict`m

cpprfcmdbs ct tdb strctbk`m clj fpbrct`flca abvbas fopacll`lk> 32 jòobrblt cpprfcmdbs wbrb rbpfrtbj, tdbifst w`jbay usbj hb`lk tdb Zbaofrj clj Chbrjbblofriuacb. Ftdbr j`str`mts usbj lf systbi, wdàb c obwhcsbj tdb`r ofrbmcsts fl d`stfr`mca prcmt`mb. ]fib fotdb ibtdfjs usbj wbrb mfls`jbrbj tf hb rctdbr jctbjclj tdb ibtdfjs fo vcmclmy mfltrfa usbj hy j`str`mtswbrb ofulj tf hb vcr`bj clj fo jfuhtoua boo`mcmy.

8.: [crj lurs`lk `lofrict`fl-

iclckbiblt systbisZdb LD] Xbsfurmb Iclckbiblt (XI) `l`t`ct`vb,aculmdbj `l 304?, cìbj tf pbrsucjb lursbs tf usbwcrj lurs`lk `lofrict`fl-iclckbiblt systbis([L@I]). Zdbsb systbis foobrbj tdb pfss`h a`ty foprfspbmt`vbay mcamuact`lk wfrnafcj. C 3007 survby foprfkrbss `l tdb s`x mdfsbl XI pàft s`tbs rbvbcabjs`klò`mclt prfhabis fo ìpabibltct`fl.30 Foo tdb sdbaosystbis (sumd cs O@W) dcj rbqu`rbj afmca ifjò`mct`flwdàst tdb ìpabibltct`fl fo lbw systbis wcs pacm`lkkrbct jbicljs upfl lursbs tìb. Mfiputbr clx btyciflkst lursbs wcs caifst ul`vbrsca (# 2.2) > wcrjlurs`lk stcoo wbrb ulbcsy chfut tdb macìbj vca`j`ty fotdb jbcs clj mflmbpts hb`lk bipafybj l kblbrct`lkwfrnafcj cssbssiblts clj mcrb pacll`lk jfmuiblts(#2.0). Lfl-lurs`lk iclckbrs wbrb hbmfi`lk ifrbcwcrb fo tdb mfipabx`ty fo tdb crbc ocm`lk lurs`lkstcoo wdf wbrb try`lk tf ìpabiblt tdb XbsfurmbIclckbiblt `l`t`ct vb. ]fib lursbs hbmcibj`sàaus`flbj wdbl tdb systbis jbltò`bj tdb lbbj ofrifrb stcoo hut td`s wcs lft cmtbj upfl hy iclckbiblt.

Zdb Cuj`t Mfii`ss`fl prfjumbj c dcljhffn ofriclckbrs fo lurs`lk clj prfebmt iclckbrs - Mcr`lk]ystbis(3008) wd`md sbt fut tdb hblbo`ts tdct [L@Isystbis (b`tdbr icluca fr mfiputbr`sbj) mfuaj dcvb ofrcmt`v`t`bs sumd cs wfrnafcj cssbssiblt clj rfstbr`lk.Zdbrb wcs cl bxpafs fl `l tdb jbvbafpiblt fo [L@Isystbis, sfib fo tdbi huàj`lk upfl tdb bcray systbisjbvbafpbj `l tdb 3047s. Hy Cpr a 3008, tdbrb wcs c tftcafo 8= lurs`lk `lofrict`ms systbis fl tdb icrnbt `l tdbRN.87 @l 300:, c survby fo dfsp`tcas w`td fvbr 377 hbjsofulj tdct flay 38% dcj ouaay fpbrct`flca [L@Isystbis w`td wfrnafcj-mcamuact`fl mcpchà`t`bs> c

ourtdbr =4% wbrb `l tdb ìpabibltct`fl stckb.Cpprfxìctbay :7% fo rbspflj`lk dfsp`tcas dcj lfmfiputbr-css`stbj systbi ofr mcamuact`lk lursb stcoo`lkrbqu`rbiblts clj icly ifrb usbj icluca systbis.83

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Zdb jbma`l`lk pfpuacr ty fo mfiputbr`sbj [L@Isystbis wcs cttr`hutchab tf tdb ocmt tdct tdby wbrbhbmfi`lk tff mfipa`mctbj cs ftdbr oulmt`fls wbrbcjjbj tf tdb systbis ofr bxcipab, mcrb-pacll`lk cljrfstbr`lk. Icly fo tdb systbis rbqu`rbj lursbs tfspblj c aft fo tìb ct tdb nbyhfcrj,bltbr`lk jctc wd`md `s lft wdct tdby dcj bltbrbj lurs`lk tf jf.Mflsbqubltay, icly trusts prbobrrbj tf lstcaa ifrboabx`hab wfrnafcj-ibcsurbiblt systbis tdct mfuaj hb`ltbkrctbj w`td bx`st`lk dfsp`tca lofrict`fliclckbiblt systbis clj icjb obwbr jbicljs fllursbstìb.88

8.2 Hblbo`ts fo wfrnafcj-iclckbiblt systbis

@t wfuaj hb wrflk tf k`vb tdb ìprbss`fl tdct lursbsbxpbr`blmbs fo us`lk lofrict`fl-iclckbiblt systbisofr wfrnafcj mcamuact`fl dcvb hbbl blt`rbay lbkct`vb.Zdbrb crb crt`mabs `l tdb prfobss`flca a`tbrcturb tdctjbsmr`hb tdb cjvcltckbs fo us`lk pcrt`muacr systbis5Cljbrsfl jbsmr`hbs dfw KXC]W systbis wfrnafcjibtdfjfafky prbpcrbj tdb krfulj ofr tdb `ltrfjumt`flfo kblbr`m wcrj css`stclts>8= Bv`sfl rbpfrts fl tdbhblbo`ts fo tdb Clsfs Lursb Iclckbiblt ]ystbi, wd`mdprfv`jbs rfstbr`lk, iclpfwbr pacll`lk clj wfrnafcjclcays`s ofr lursb iclckbrs.8: @l 3002, tdb LD]Bxbmut`vb puha`sdbj c mfaabmt`fl fo mcsb stuj`bs hylursbs,blt`tabj Hblbo`ts Xbca`sct`fl Iflfkrcpd flLurs`lk @lofrict`fl ]ystbis. Zf tcnb flb bxcipab5tdb Lurs`lk @lofrict`fl ]ystbi ofr MdclkbIclckbiblt systbi (L@]MI) wcs usbj `l c wcrj ctKrbct Friflj ]trbbt Dfsp`tca tf uljbrtcnb c jbtcàbj

wfrnafcj stujy> suhsbqubltay, tdb systbi wcs usbj tfifl`tfr tdb quca`ty fo mcrb fl c sdòt-hy-sdòt hcs`s cljtf d`kda`kdt trbljs l wfrnafcj fvbr c s`x-ifltd pbr`fjcs c ku`jb tf strctbk`m wfrnofrmb pacll`lk.82

=. Wct`blt scobty

=.3 [dct jfbs scobty ibcl6

Mflmbrl ofr tdb wbaa-hb`lk clj scobty fo pct`blts `s cttdb dbcrt fo prfobss`flca lurs`lk prcmt`mb. @l dfsp`tcasclj ftdbr rbs`jblt`ca sbtt`lks, lursbs crb rbspfls`hab ofrprfv`j`lk 8:-dfur mfvbr. @t s crkuchab tdct td`s abcjslursbs tf jbvbafp cl ctt`tujb tf pct`blt scobty tdct siumd ifrb pfs`t`vb tdcl ibrbay tdb cvf`jclmb focjvbrsb bvblts. Xctdbr, scobty `s pbrmb`vbj cs flbjìbls`fl fo kffj prfobss`flca prcmt`mb, tdb cìs fowd`md crb tf ibbt pct`blts lbbjs tdrfukd`lj`v`juca`sbj,boobmt`vb clj cpprfpr`ctb mcrb (hftdpdys mca clj psymdfafk`mca)> tf mf-frj`lctb mcrb> clj tficlckb cly trclsobrs hbtwbbl mcrb sbtt`lks l cssbciabss clj scob c icllbr cs pfss`hab. @l tbris foibcsurchab `lj`mctfrs fo scob prcmt`mb, nby futmfibsofr tdb quca`ty clj scobty fo lurs`lk mcrb `lmaujb5 rctbs

fo ibj`mct`fl brrfrs,pct`blt ocaas, tdb `lm`jblmb foprbssurb sfrbs, mfipac`lts chfut lurs`lk mcrb orfipct`blts clj tdb`r ocià`bs, tdb `lm`jblmb fo dfsp`tca-cmqu`rbj lobmt`fls,clj cly jbctds cttr`hutchab tfprfobss`flca lbka`kblmb fr icaprcmt`mb.

Zdbrb crb tdrbb kblbrca wcys `l wd`md lursbs clj tdb`riclckbrs mcl dbap tf iprfvb pct`blt scobty. O`rst, hyofaafw`lk tdb prfobss flca mfjb fo mfljumt clj ftdbrrbabvclt ku`jclmb orfi tdb RNMM. ]bmflj,hypcrt`m`pct`lk ouaay l tdb jbvbafpiblt fo afmca systbis foma`l`mca kfvbrlclmb clj ma`l`mca r`sn iclckbiblt,clj`l cly ftdbr `l`t`ct`vbs tf strbcia`lb clj ìprfvb pct`bltmcrb. Zd`rj,iclckbrs ct wcrj abvba clj chfvb crbrbspfls`hab ofr jbm`s`fls chfut stcoo`lk abvbas clj snàai`x wd`md dcvb j`rbmt ìpa`mct`fls ofr tdb quca`ty cljscobty fo mcrb. Zdbsb jòobrblt cpprfcmdbs tf icxì`s`lkpct`blt scobty crb j`smussbj `l ifrb jbtcà hbafw.

=.8 Wrfobss`flca mfljumt*

Zdb o`rst macusb fo tdb RNMMs Mfjb fo Wrfobss`flcaMfljumt(3008) stctbs tdct tdb rbk`stbrbj lursb iustcmt cawcys `l sumd c icllbr cs tf prfiftb tdb wbaa-hb`lk clj scobty fo pct`blts fr ma`blts.C lursb iust


3=

* ]`lmb td`s rbpfrt wcs wr`ttbl, tdb Lurs`lk clj I`jwòbry Mfulmà (LIM) dcs `ssubj c lbw Mfjb fo Wrfobss`flca Mfljumt. ]bmt`fls 4.8 clj4.= fo td`s k`vb ku`jclmb tf lursbs clj iclckbrs fl i`lì`s`lk r`sn tf pct`blts.


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jbma`lb cly jut`bs fr rbspfls`hà`t`bs wd`md (s)db mcllftpbrofri `l c scob clj snàabj icllbr (macusb 8). Macusbs33,38 clj 3= icnb `t c juty tf rbpfrt tf cl cpprfpr`ctbpbrsfl fr cutdfr`ty cly cspbmts fo tdb blv`rfliblt fomcrb,fr ftdbr m`rmuistclmbs,tdct ebfpcrj`sb tdb scobty fopct`blts clj/fr tdb dbcatd clj scobty fo mfaabckubs. @t `ssfibtìbs crkubj tdct tdb murrblt Mfjb `s abss bxpa`m`ttdcl tdb 3042 vbrs`fl, wd`md stctbj tdct c lursb sdfuajdcvb rbkcrj tf tdb cjbqucmy fo rbsfurmbs cs c pfss`habocmtfr ebfpcrj`s`lk scob stcljcrjs fo prcmt`mb (macusb37). Dfwbvbr, tdb murrblt Mfjb icnbs `t vbry mabcr tdctlursbs crb rbspfls`hab ofr vf`m`lk tdb`r mflmbrls chfutpct`blt scobty.

Zd`s ibssckb `s rb`lofrmbj `l tdb Mfulmàs Ku`jba`lbsofr Wrfobss`flca Wrcmt`mb(RNMM 300?5 macusb =4).Macusb :7 stctbs tdct lursbs iust lft hb jbtbrrbj orfirbpfrt`lk tdb`r mflmbrls,bvbl ò tdby hba`bvb tdct lfrbsfurmbs crb ulcvcàchab fr tdct lf cmt`fl wàa hb tcnbl.Xbpfrts sdfuaj hb icjb vbrhcaay clj/fr l wr`t`lk clj,wdbrb cvcàchab, ofaafw afmca prfmbjurbs.Zdb lursbsiclckbr sdfuaj cssbss tdb rbpfrt clj mfiiul`mctb `ttf ifrb sbl`fr iclckbrs wdbrb cpprfpr`ctb.(ZdbKu`jba`lbspf`lt fut tdct tdbrb crb w`jbr j`sm`pa`lcryìpa`mct`fls lvfavbj5 `t s jòo`muat ofr c lursb wdf scmmusbj fo prfobss`flca i`smfljumt tf pabcj `li`t`kct`fl tdct `lcjbquctb rbsfurmbs coobmtbj tdbs`tuct`fl ò (s)db dcs icjb lf prbv`fus mfipac`lt chfuttd`s. ]ìàcray, c iclckbr wdf dcs `klfrbj rbpfrts orfilursbs chfut `lcjbquctb rbsfurmbs wfuaj dcvb tf eustòytdb`r cmt`fls ò td`s wcs sbbl tf coobmt tdb s`tuct`fl.)

Macusb :3 a`sts tdb jut`bs fo c rbk`stbrbj prcmt`t`flbr `lrbact`fl tf prfv`j`lk scob clj cpprfpr`ctb mcrb. Zdbsb`lmaujb5

tbaa`lk sbl`fr mfaabckubs chfut ulcmmbptchabstcljcrjs>

rbpfrt`lk m`rmuistclmbs l tdb blv`rfliblt wd`mdmfuaj ebfpcrj`sb stcljcrjs fo prcmt`mb>

hb`lk cwcrb fo lbw mfjbs,mdcrtbrs cljrbk`strct`fl hfjy ku`jba`lbs>

icn`lk surb tdct afmca prfmbjurbs crb `l pacmb,mdcaablkbj clj/fr mdclkbj>

nbbp`lk cmmurctb rbmfrjs> clj

wdbl lbmbsscry, kbtt`lk ku`jclmb fl dfw tfprbsblt `lofrict`fl tf iclckbiblt.

@l prcmt`mb, lursbs fotbl o`lj t jòo`muat tf hafw tdbwd`stab `l tdb`r wfrnpacmb,ofr obcr fo rbpr`sca orfi

iclckbiblt. Zdb prfift`fl fo c lbw, ifrb fpblmaìctb l tdb LD] l rbact`fl tf scobty icy icnb tbcs`br ofr td`s tf dcppbl l tdb outurb.

Zdb Mfulmàs Wfs`t`fl ]tctbiblt fl Ma`l`mca]upbrv`s`fl ofr Lurs`lk clj Dbcatd _`s`t`lk(RNMM300?) stctbs tdct systbis fo ma`l`mca supbrv`s`fl jbo`lbj cs cl cmt`v`ty wd`md hr`lks tfkbtdbrprcmt`t`flbrs clj snàabj supbrv`sfrs tf rboabmt flprcmt`mb sdfuaj dbap tf cmd`bvb d`kd-quca`ty,scob mcrbofr pct`blts clj ma`blts. Zdb Mfulmà dcs casf rbmbltayupjctbj `ts ku`jba`lbs ofr rbmfrjs clj rbmfrj nbbp`lk (`l

3004) clj tdb cji`l`strct`fl fo ibj`m`lbs (`l 8777).

=.= Wfa`my `l`t`ct`vbs rbactbj tfscobty

=.=.3 Ibcsurbs tf i`lì`sb r`sn

Zdb Jbpcrtiblt fo Dbcatd dcs puha`sdbj ku`jclmb flibcsurbs tf i`lì`sb r`sn tf pct`blts clj stcoo5 X`snIclckbiblt `l tdb LD](300:) clj Cl

Frkcl`sct`fl w`td c Ibifry (8777). Zdb ku`jclmbfl r`sn iclckbiblt mfltc`ls rbmfiibljct`fls tdctcrb vbry iumd l a`lb w`td mfltbipfrcry jbcs llurs`lk chfut tdb ìpfrtclmb fo systbis fo prfobss`flcacmmfultchà`ty, trc`l`lk, supbrv`s`fl clj suppfrt. @ts`lkabs fut tdb jclkbrs fo bxpbmt`lk uljbrqucaò`bjlursbs tf hb l mdcrkb fo c wcrj ct l`kdt, fr fo caafw`lkprcmt`mb lursbs tf wfrn w`td i`lìca prfobss`flcasupbrv`s`fl fr suppfrt (p.80). @t d`kda`kdts tdb jclkbrsfo jàut`lk snàa i`x hy us lk ulqucaò`bj stcoo,pcrt`muacray l mfiiul`ty-hcsbj prbi`sbs wdbrb stcoo

crb bxpbmtbj tf hb iuat`-snàabj. @t cjv`sbs tdct afmcaiclckbrs iust mdbmn tdb qucaò`mct`fls clj rbk`strct`flfo afmui clj ckblmy stcoo (p.=7).

[`td rbkcrj tf mcrb futs`jb fo spbm`caty, tdb rbpfrtd`kda`kdts tdb jclkbrs fo mflmbltrct`lk pct`blts ltf flbwcrj (ofr bxcipab,sf tdct sfib wcrjs mcl hb mafsbj ctwbbnbljs).Zd`s ibcls tdct stcoo icy hb ocmbj w`tdmcr`lk ofr pct`blts `l c spbm`caty `l wd`md tdby jf lftlfricaay prcmt`mb,fr w`td d`kday jbpbljblt pct`bltswdbl tdby crb lft usbj tf jf`lk sf,fr w`td mdàjrbl `lcl cjuat-fr`bltctbj ltbls`vb mcrb ul`t. Lurs`lk stcoo

sdfuaj rbmb`vb spbmò`m `lstrumt`fls fr trc`l`lk rbkcrj`lkcly spbm`ca`st mcrb tdct i`kdt hb rbqu`rbj> `t `s jbs`rchabofr cjj`t`flca wr`ttbl `lstrumt`fls tf cmmfipclypct`blts hb`lk lursbj fl wcrjs futs`jb tdfsb jbs`klctbjofr tdb spbm`caty (p.=7). Zdb rbpfrt strbssbs tdb

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ìpfrtclmb fo kffj mfiiul`mct`fl hbtwbbl stcoo, cljhbtwbbl stcoo clj pct`blts.

Cl Frkcl`sct`fl w`td c Ibifry cjvfmctbs c wdfab-systbis cpprfcmd tf pct`blt scobty rctdbr tdcl acy`lk tdbblt`rb hacib ofr cjvbrsb bvblts fl `lj`v`jucas.Zdbrbpfrt stctbs tdct lm`jblt-rbpfrt`lk systbis crbpcrt`muacray pffr `l prìcry mcrb clj tdct systbict`mrbpfrt`lk fo lbcr i`ssbs cl ìpfrtclt bcray wcrl`lk fosbr`fus prfhabis s caifst lfl-bx`stblt cmrfss tdbLD] (#32). @t rbmfiibljs tdb jbvbafpiblt fo c ifrbfpbl muaturb `l tdb LD],`l wd`md brrfrs fr sbrv`mb

ocàurbs mcl hb rbpfrtbj clj j`smussbj,clj fo ulò`bjibmdcl`sis ofr rbpfrt`lk clj clcays`s wdbl td`lks kfwrflk (#87). Zdb rbpfrt stctbs tdct tdb lbw bipdcs`s flquca`ty `l tdb LD] tf hb cmd`bvbj tdrfukd systbis foma`l`mca kfvbrlclmb sdfuaj prfv`jb frkcl`sct`fls w`td cpfwbroua ipbrct`vb tf tcmnab cjvbrsb dbcatd mcrb bvblts.@l Cpr a 8773, tdb Jbpcrtiblt fo Dbcatd cllfulmbj tdbbstcha`sdiblt fo tdb Lct`flca Wct`blt ]cobty Ckblmywd`md wàa hb rbspfls`hab ofr sbtt`lk up c lbw icljctfryrbpfrt`lk systbi ofr ocàurbs,i`stcnbs, brrfrs clj lbcri`ssbs, clj ofr `ltrfjum`lk c strbcia`lbj cpprfcmd tfjbca`lk w`td tdbi.

Zdbrb crb sbvbrca ìpa`mct`fls dbrb ofr lursbs. Lursbiclckbrs sdfuaj hb k`vbl tdb fppfrtul`ty tf sdcpbr`sn-iclckbiblt pfa`m`bs l tdb`r frkcl`sct`fls.Zdbymcl dbap tf blsurb tdct stcoo uljbrstclj afmca `lm`jblt-rbpfrt`lk prfmbjurbs, clj crb mflo`jblt chfut us`lktdbi. Wrfkrciibs fo `l-sbrv`mb trc`l`lk wàa fhv`fusayhb vcauchab ofr td`s. Zdb XMLs rbmblt pfs`t`fl pcpbr,]ystbis, ]cobty clj X sn Iclckbiblt, Suca tyclj @lofrict`fl suhi`ttbj tf tdb Hr`stfa @lo`ricry`lqu`ry mfltc`ls c usboua ku`jb tf cmm`jblt tdbfry cljtf jòobrblt cpprfcmdbs tf tdb cssbssiblt cljiclckbiblt fo r`sn `l `ljustry clj tdb LD].8? @tj`smussbs tdbfr`bs fo quca`ty clj jbsmr`hbs dfw tdbsbmcl hb cppa`bj l prcmt`mb tdrfukd ma`l`mca cuj`t cljftdbr l`t`ct`vbs sumd cs ma`l`mca ku`jba`lbs.

Zdbrb `s casf smfpb ofr ifrb ofrica bjumct`flcaprfkrciibs fl ma`l`mca r`sn. @l c rbmblt rbsbcrmdpuha`mct`fl, tdb BLH `jbltò`bj tdb lbbj ofr lbwbjumct`flca l`t`ct`vbs tf jbvbafp lursbs mfipbtblmb lcssbss`lk clj iclck`lk r`sn.8;

=.=.8 Cvf`j`lk w`ltbr prbssurbs

@l 300?, tdb LD] Bxbmut`vb bstcha`sdbj tdb Bibrkblmy]brv`mbs Cmt`fl Zbci (B]CZ) tf jbca w`td tdb krfw`lkprfhabi fo w`ltbr prbssurbs fl tdb LD]. C sbr`bs fo

clluca rbpfrts orfi B]CZ sukkbstbj tdct `loaublzcbp`jbi`ms wbrb c i`lfr mcusb fo tdb prfhabi clj tdcttdb rbmurrblt mr`sbs wbrb mcusbj hy sfib ouljcibltcasystbis ocàurbs l tdb LD]. Wrfhabis `lmaujbj`lcjbquctb cjvclmb pacll`lk fo bibrkblmy sbrv`mbs hytrusts> sdfrtmfi`lks fo prìcry mcrb sbrv`mbs l sfibafmca t`bs> pffr hbj iclckbiblt systbis l trusts> clct`flca sdfrtckb fo dfsp`tca hbjs, pcrt`muacray fojbs`klctbj mr`t`mca mcrb hbjs> clj c pbrs`stblt sdfrtckbfo prfobss flca stcoo fo caa n`ljs,pcrt`muacray rbk`stbrbjlursbs. Zdb Jbpcrtiblt dcs `ssubj ku`jclmb fl dfwtdbsb jòobrblt prfhabis i`kdt hb tcmnabj, clj dcsprfv`jbj tdb sbrv`mb w`td bxtrc oulj`lk tf jf sf. @lrbspflsb tf tdb rbpfrtbj ocà`lks fo mr`t`mca mcrb sbrv`mbs,tdb kfvbrliblt cppf`ltbj cl bxpbrt krfup tf rbv`bw tdbprfv`s fl fo cjuat mr`t`mca mcrb sbrv`mbs `l tdb LD]> tdbKrfup `lmaujbj ibihbrs fo tdb XML Mr`t`mca McrbOfrui. Ibihbrs fo tdb Ofrui casf wfrnbj fl cjbtcàbj rbv`bw fo cjuat mr`t`mca mcrb lurs`lk wd`md obj`ltf tdb o`lca rbpfrt5 Mfiprbdbls`vb Mr`t`mca Mcrb(JD 8777) (Cppblj`x 3 dcs ifrb jbtcàs).

@l rbspflsb tf ibihbrs mflmbrls chfut tdb pftblt`catdrbcts tf tdb wbaa-hb`lk fo stcoo clj pct`blts jur`lk tdbw`ltbr bibrkblm`bs, tdb XML rcl `ts Zurl`lk Zcan `ltfCmt`fl mcipc`kl. Zdb cmt`fl pcmn,Afmca Lbbjs, Afmca]faut`fl (XML 8777) prfv`jbs `lofrict`fl cljku`jclmb tf dbap lursbs cmrfss caa sbmtfrs tf afhhy ofrkblu`lb rctdbr tdcl mfsibt`m ìprfvbiblts `lpct`blt sbrv`mbs clj l tdb`r fwl wfrn`lk mflj`t`fls.

=.: Iclckbiblt fo wcrjstcoo`lk

Zdb prfmbss fo bstìct`lk clj ibbt`lk pct`bltslbbjsofr lurs lk mcrb `s mfipabx. Nby ocmtfrs `l clymcamuact`fls crb5

tdb j`rbmt mcrb wfrnafcj l c wcrj fr ul`t>

`lj`rbmt mcrb clj wcrj fvbrdbcjs>

tdb cpprfpr`ctb snàa i`x tf ibbt pct`blts lbbjs>

clj tdb cvcàchab hujkbt ofr lursb stcoo`lk.

Zdb quca`ty fo tdbsb iclckbiblt jbm`s`fls mcl(sdfuaj6) hb eujkbj `l tbris fo 5

futmfibs ofr pct`blts,hftd ma`l`mca clj `l tbris fosct`socmt`fl w`td lurs`lk mcrb>

stcoo futmfibs `l tbris fo efh sct`socmt`fl cljsct socmt`fl w`td stcljcrjs fo mcrb> clj


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vcaub ofr iflby.Zdb RNMM `s mabcr chfut tdb rbspfls`hà`t`bs fobipafybrs clj iclckbrs ofr blsur`lk tdct wfrnofrmbpacll`lk ibbts tdb lbbjs fo pct`blts clj ma blts `l caaprcmt`mb sbtt`lks ct caa tìbs (@ssubs cr`s`lk orfiWrfobss`flca Mfljumt Mfipac`lts. RNNM 300?5 =).[dbrb bipafybrs clj iclckbrs crb casf rbk`stbrbjlursbs,tdby crb fha`kbj tf put tdb `ltbrbsts fo pct`bltsclj ma`blts o`rst,cahb`t w`td`l o`lclm`ca mflstrc`lts.Bipafybrs iust dcvb mflt`lkblmy pacls tf mfvbrbibrkblmy stcoo sdfrtckbs> clj sdfuaj ic`ltc`l tdb

mfipbtblmb fo tdb wfrnofrmb hy sumd ibcsurbs cspbr`fjs fo prbmbptfrsd`p ofr lbway quca o`bj stcoo cljcmmbss tf ma`l`mca supbrv`s`fl ofr caa stcoo (p.:).Jbabkct`fl fo rbspfls`hà`ty (sumd cs cji`l`strct`fl foibj`m`lbs) tf ulqucaò`bj stcoo mcl flay tcnb pacmb cotbrtdb acttbr dcvb hbbl cssbssbj hy qucaò`bj stcoo clj dcvbmfipabtbj cly prbpcrct`fl lbbjbj tf cmd`bvb tdbrbabvclt mfipbtblmb (p.:).

Zdb Xbv`bw fo Lurs`lk ct Bcsthfurlb Dfsp`tcasLD] Zrust (LD] Bxbmut`vb 3000) jbiflstrctbs tdbprfhabis mcusbj hy tdb chsblmb fo rfhust, rbkuacray

cuj`tbj systbis ofr sbtt`lk lursb stcoo`lk abvbas.Catdfukd td`s wcs flay flb ocmtfr ciflkst iclyabcj`lk tf cl ulscob blv`rfliblt ofr ma`l`mca mcrb, tdbrbpfrt `s d`kday mr`t`mca fo lurs`lk iclckbiblt.@t m`tbstdb afw luihbrs fo qucaò`bj lursbs fl tdb wcrjs (fotblhbafw tdb i`lìui stcoo`lk abvbas ckrbbj hy tdb trust)>dbcvy rba`clmb fl hcln clj ckblmy lursbs> tdbjì`lut`fl fo tdb rfab fo wcrj s`stbr/mdcrkb lursb> tdbacmn fo jòobrblt`ct`fl hbtwbbl tdb rfabs clj ma`l`mcarbspfls`hà`t`bs fo rbk`stbrbj lursbs,lurs`lk cuxà`cr`bsclj dbcatd mcrb css`stclts> tdb acmn fo ma`l`mcasupbrv`s`fl> clj tdb ulsu`tchà`ty fo uljbrstcoobj wcrjscs abcrl`lk blv`rfliblts ofr stujblt lursbs. @t stctbstdct `lsuoo`m`blt mfls`jbrct`fl wcs k`vbl tf sumd ocmtfrscs wcrj jbs`kl,wd`md ibclt, ofr bxcipab, tdct lursbsmfuaj lft sbb mr`t`mcaay aa pct`blts orfi tdb lurs`lkstct`fl. Zdb rbpfrt rbmfiibljs tdct lursb stcoo`lk`ssubs sdfuaj hb tcmnabj hbofrb tdb quca`ty fo pct`bltmcrb mfuaj ìprfvb.C nby rbmfiibljct`fl wcs tdct tdbtrust sdfuaj rbv`bw lursb stcoo`lk clj snàa i`x, us`lkcl ckrbbj wfrnafcj ibcsurbiblt tffa, `l mfaachfrct`flw`td tdb Dbcatd Cutdfr`ty clj Wrìcry Mcrb Krfup.

:. Zfp-jfwlcpprfcmdbs

Zfp-jfwl pacll`lk fo tdb lurs`lk wfrnofrmb icy tcnbvcr fus ofris. @t icy hb jflb fl tdb hcs s fo tdbmcamuactbj dbcatd lbbjs fo c pfpuact`fl, fr fl tdb hcs sfo d`stfr`m wfrnofrmb 5 pfpuact`fl rct`fs wd`md sbbi tfprfv`jb sct`socmtfry abvbas fo sbrv`mb lbbjs,fr hy

ifjbaa`lk dbcatd jbicljs fl tdb hcs`s fo sbrv`mbutà`sct`fl rctbs (ibt jbiclj) paus sfib bstìctb foulibt jbiclj. Xbmblt kfvbrliblt l`t`ct`vbs (sumd cstdb LD] Wacl clj Lct`flca ]brv`mb Orcibwfrns) `lvfavbsbtt`lk sbrv`mb tcrkbts tdct s, sbtt`lk mbrtc`l kfcas tdctcrb `ltbljbj tf prfjumb pbrsfllba `l spbmò`bj luihbrs(fr rct`fs),mdclk`lk tdb murrblt suppay hy c mbrtc`lpbrmbltckb w`td`l c mbrtc`l pbr`fj fo tìb. Zd`s `s crbturl tf c ifrb mbltrca`sbj cpprfcmd, wd`md rboabmtstdb strblktd fo hurbcumrct`m mfltrfa fvbr tdb LD]wfrnofrmb clj tdb jba`vbry fo sbrv`mbs. Zd`s sbmt`fl `s

mflmbrlbj prìcrày w`td tdb usb fo lfris frrbmfiibljbj stcljcrjs tf pacl lursb stcoo`lk.

:.3 Lfris clj ofriuacb

Zfp-jfwl ofriuacb dcvb hbbl usbj hy kfvbrliblt frhy rbk`flca dbcatd cutdfr`t`bs tf sbt stcljcrjs cljkafhca hujkbts ofr lursb stcoo`lk l tdb LD]. @l tdbbcray jcys, tdbsb mcamuact`fls wbrb icjb fl tdb hcs s fo

sumd stct`st`mca lofrict`fl cs hbj usb clj ablktds fostcy, clj tffn lf cmmfult fo afmca jòobrblmbs `lwfrnafcj fr fo vcr`ct`fls `l afmca prcmt`mbs wd`md i`kdtcoobmt wfrnafcj. Bxcipabs lmaujbj tdb XbvblubMflsbqublmbs fo Mcp`tca ]mdbibs (XMM]) wd`md wcsjbvbafpbj `l tdb 30?7s clj usbj hy tdb I`l`stry foDbcatd tf sbt lursb 5 pct`blt rct`fs ofr jòobrblt dfsp`tcaspbm`cat`bs> clj tdb Lursb Xct`f Zdrbb (LX=) ofriuacusbj hy ]futd Bcst Zdcibs XDC. @l tdb 30;7s, tdbJD]] rbmfiibljbj i`lìui lursb 5 pct`blt rct`fsofr mfiiul ty sbrv`mbs, psymd`ctr`m dfsp`tcas clj

sbrv`mbs ofr tdb bajbray.Zdb actb 3047s scw tdb jbvbafpiblt fo ibtdfjs tdctcttbiptbj tf tcnb cmmfult fo ibcsurbs fo pct`bltjbpbljblmy clj lurs`lk wfrnafcj. Bcray systbis

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`lmaujbj tdb Zrblt (]bl`fr-Krcttfl)> sfib cppa`mct`flsfo tdb Chbrjbbl ofriuac> clj tdb Cuaj ofriuac ofri`jwòbry. Ftdbr hfttfi-up systbis sffl cppbcrbj fltdb icrnbt, sfib fo tdbi foo-tdb-sdbao systbisìpfrtbj orfi tdb R] (KXC]W), ftdbrs jbvbafpbjw`td`l Xbk`flca Dbcatd Cutdfr`t`bs5 ofr bxcipab, tdbMdbatbldci Ibtdfj,tdb ]futd Bcst Lurs`lk ]ystbi(]BL]) clj Mr`tbr`c ofr Mcrb.84 Zd`s acst ibtdfj wcsusbj l Lfrtdbrl @rbaclj orfi tdb i`j-3047s tf sbtstcoo`lk lfris ofr tdb Wrfv`lmb. @l 3008, hbmcusb fos`klò`mclt mdclkbs l lurs`lk prcmt`mb clj bjumct`fl ltdb Wrfv`lmb, tdb Dbcatd clj Wbrsflca ]fm`ca ]brv`mbsIclckbiblt Bxbmut`vb puha`sdbj `ts rbv`sbj cljupjctbj rbmfiibljct`fls ofr stcoo`lk abvbas clj snàai`x. Rs`lk afmca rbsuats, tdb rbpfrt jbtbri`lbj tdctdfsp`tcas `l tdb Wrfv`lmb wbrb fvbr stcoobj hy =3 [ZBsfr 7.2% fo tdb wfrnofrmb.Krcjb i`x wcs ulhcaclmbj tdbrb wbrb tff icly H clj M krcjbs, clj tff obw J cljB krcjbs.80

:.3.3 Rs`lk bxpbrt fp`l`fl

Zdbrb `s bv`jblmb fo c rblbwbj `ltbrbst `l td`s cpprfcmd.[`td`l sfib spbm`cat`bs, prfobss`flca cssfm`ct`flsprfv`jb ku`jclmb chfut lursb stcoo`lk abvbas. (Cppblj`x3 sbts fut sfib murrblt RN rbmfiibljct`fls `l tdbo`bajs fo pcbj`ctr`m clj cjuat `ltbls`vb mcrb, cljpsymd`ctr`m mcrb ofr cjuats clj cjfabsmblts.) Zdbsbku`jba`lbs dcvb hbbl jbvbafpbj us`lk tdb bxpbrt`sb fojòobrblt prfobss`flca j`sm`pa`lbs, bip`r`mca rbsbcrmdbv`jblmb clj tdb bxpbr`blmb fo ftdbr mfultr`bs. Zdbyrbmfiiblj tdb usb fo systbict`m cpprfcmdbs tf sbtbstcha`sdiblts, wd`md tcnb cmmfult fo pct`bltjbpbljblmy, lurs`lk cmt`v ty clj sn aa i`x. Zdb

cutdfrs strbss tdct tdb`r rbmfiibljbj rct`fs crb lft sbt`l stflb> tdby `lj`mctb tdb i`lìui abvbas lbmbsscry ofrpct`blt scobty clj stcoo wbaocrb, hut rbmfiiblj tdcttdby sdfuaj hb trbctbj ifrb cs c stcrt`lk-pf`lt ofrlbkft`ct`fls hbtwbbl bipafybrs, ma`l`m`cls, iclckbrsclj pct`blt krfups.

:.8 @ltbrlct`flca cpprfcmdbs

:.8.3 HbakùiHbakùi dcs c mbltrca`sbj cpprfcmd tf sbtt`lk lursb 5pct`blt rct`fs. Abk`sact`fl `l 304; o`xbj hcs m stcoo`lkabvbas ofr dfsp`tca wcrjs5 38 lursbs pbr =7 hbjs `l c 8:-

dfur pbr`fj. Dfsp tcas crb k`vbl iflby cmmfrj`lk tftd`s ofriuac, hut icy spblj `t cs tdby wclt.Zdb trblj `stf bipafy obwbr qucaò`bj stcoo pcrtay hbmcusb folurs`lk sdfrtckbs, lft iclckbiblt jbfafky. Zdbkfvbrliblt `ltrfjumbj c tffa tf mcamuactb lurs`lkwfrnafcj5 tdb Lurs`lk I`lìui Jctc Mfaabmt`fl(LIJM), wd`md kctdbrs lofrict`fl chfut wdct lursbscmtucaay jf ofr pct`blts. Lursbswfrn `s hrfnbl jfwl`ltf 8= rbprbsbltct vb tcsns. Zdbrb s c ofur-tìbs-c-ybcrjctc mfaabmt`fl bxbrm`sb hy wcrj lursbs `l bvbrydfsp`tca,tf rbmfrj dfw fotbl tdby mcrry fut flb fo tdbsb8= tcsns ofr tdb r pct`blts. @ltbr-wcrj clj `ltbr-dfsp`tca mfipcr`sfls crb pfss`hab, clj icy hb usbj tfcrkub ofr ifrb rbsfurmbs. C vbrs`fl fo LIJM icy hbusbj hy dfsp`tcas tf mcamuactb jcày wfrnafcj abvbas, sftdct c hcln lursb icy hb mcaabj tf dbap w`td c d`kdbrtdcl lfrica wfrnafcj.=7

:.8.8 _`mtfr`c, Custrca`cDbrb lursb 5 pct`blt rct`fs hbmcib icljctfry cotbr Jbm8777. Zd`s abk`sact`fl wcs suppfrtbj hy tdb _`mtfr`c

Hrclmd fo tdb Custrca`cl Lursbs Objbrct`fl, wd`md dcjrbsfrtbj tf ljustr`ca cmt`fl fvbr wckbs, mflj`t`fls cljwfrnafcj.Zdb `ssub fo lursb stcoo`lk clj wfrnafcjmcib tf c dbcj jur`lk tdb 3007s,cs tdb rbsuat fo hujkbtmuts l tdb puha`m dbcatd systbi clj ci`jst caabkct`flstdct iclckbrs wbrb rbay`lk fl mfiputbr`sbj pct`bltjbpbljblmy systbis tf mcamuactb wfrnafcj clj stcoo`lkabvbas lstbcj fo pcy`lk cttblt`fl tf lursbsprfobss`flca

eujkbiblt. Zdb _ mtfr`c hrclmd fo tdb CLO jbm`jbjtdct str`mt clj rbkuactbj lursb pct`blt rct`fs wbrb tdbflay wcy tf kf.Zdbsb rct`fs wbrb lft jbvbafpbj us`lk cick`m ofriuac,hut cotbr mflsuat`lk w`jbay ciflkst

CLO ibihbrs. Zdby crb hcsbj fl murrblt hbst prcmt`mb(sbb Cppblj`x 8 ofr jbtcàs fo tdb rct`fs).

:.8.= R]C]fib stctbs crb stcrt`lk tf pcss abk`sact`fl fl scobstcoo`lk rct`fs ofr rbk`stbrbj lursbs. @l 8773,Mcaòfrl`cpcssbj sìàcr abk`sact`fl> spbm`ca`st lurs`lkcssfm`ct`fls dcvb hbbl `lv`tbj tf dbap sbt i`lìuilursb stcoo lk rct`fs. Zd`s wàa casf pacmb mflstrc`lts flsnàa i`x mdclkbs clj tdb usb fo ula`mblsbj mcrbcss`stclts. ]fib j`sckrbbiblt `s rbpfrtbj hbtwbbllursbs clj lursb iclckbrs cs tf tdb mdf`mb fo clcpprfpr`ctb wfrnafcj-ibcsurbiblt tffa.=3


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Zdb Cibr`mcl Lursbs Cssfm`ct`fl (CLC) k`vbs qucaò`bjsuppfrt tf td`s trblj ofr tfp-jfwlabk`sact`fl. @tsprbobrrbj fpt`fl clj c icefr cì fo `ts murrblt ]cobtyclj Suca`ty @l`t`ct`vb `s tf put prbssurb fl bipafybrshy objbrca abk`sact`fl wd`md wfuaj rbqu`rb caa dfsp`tcastf mfaabmt clj puha`sd jctc fl lurs`lk-sbls`t`vb quca`tyfutmfibsofr cmutb mcrb sbtt`lks. Zdb CLCs sukkbstbj`lj`mctfrs `lmaujb5 tdb i`x fo rbk`stbrbj lursbs cljftdbr lurs lk stcoo, tftca luihbr fo lurs`lk mcrb dfursprfv`jbj pbr pct`blt jcy, prbssurb uambrs,pct`blt ocaas,dfsp`tca-cmqu`rbj `lobmt`fls clj ibcsurbs fo pct`bltclj lursb stcoo sct`socmt`fl.=8

:.= Cjvcltckbs cljj`scjvcltckbs fo pacll`lklfris

Zdbrb crb sfib kblbrca fhebmt`fls tf tdb usb fo tfp-jfwl stcoo`lk lfris. Ofr bxcipab, tdby cssuib cstbcjy stctbdbcatd mcrb blv`rfliblt> tdby icy lft hbsuoo`m`bltay oabx`hab tf tcnb cmmfult fo mdclk`lk

trbctiblts clj tbmdlfafk`bs fr tdb mdclk`lk pr`fr`t`bsfo mflsuibrs. Zdbrb s cl cssuipt`fl tdct hfuljcr`bsw`td`l prfobss`fls clj hbtwbbl prfobss`fls wàa lftmdclkb fvbr tìb. Zdb usb fo stcljcrj`sbj lursb 5pct`blt rct`fs i`kdt k`vb bipafybrs clj iclckbrs cocasb sblsb fo sbmur`ty, abcj`lk tdbi tf hba`bvb tdct td`swàa kucrcltbb stcljcrjs fo mcrb clj rbjumb tdblbmbss`ty fo rbkuacr mr`t`mca rbv`bws fo lursb stcoo lkclj `ts futmfibs. Zdby mfuaj uljbri`lb tdbìpfrtclmb fo tdb prfobss`flca eujkbiblt clj afmca`sbjnlfwabjkb fo stcoo ct fpbrct`flca abvba. Clj tdby wfuajhb jòo`muat tf pfa`mb,bxmbpt l c d`kday mbltrca`sbj cljhurbcumrct`m systbi.

@o tdb ofriuacb usbj tf sbt lursb 5 pct`blt rct`fs jf lft`lmaujb sfib ibcsurbiblt fo pct`blt lbbj,tdby icyabcj tf ulscob abvbas fo stcoo`lk.Zf tcnb flb bxcipab5 tdbrct`f sukkbstbj hy tdb Hr`t`sd Kbr`ctr`m ]fm`bty (HK]) `l3048 ofr i`lìui abvbas fo mcrb wd`md rboabmtbj tdbprbvcà lk cpprfcmd tf mcrb fo tdb bajbray mfipcrbjhcjay w`td stcoo`lk bstìctbs hcsbj fl pct`bltjbpbljblmy us`lk mflsuatct`vb cpprfcmdbs. Rs lk tdbHK] cpprfcmd,stcoo`lk abvbas wbrb rbactbj j`rbmtay tfpct`blt luihbrs clj lft tf tdb`r `lj`v`juca lbbjs, sfdbcvày jbpbljblt pct`blts l sicaa wcrjs mfuaj hbbxpfsbj tf `lcjbquctb abvbas fo stcoo`lk.==

[dbrb stcoo`lk lfris crb jbvbafpbj euj`m`fusay, us`lk cmfih`lct`fl fo bxpbrt prfobss flca eujkbiblt clj

rbsbcrmd bv`jblmb, tdby sdfuaj dbap tf cvf`j tdb jclkbrfo mfst-mutt`lk bxbrm`sbs hy bipafybrs. Zdby mcl prfv`jbc hcsba`lb o`kurb ofr lbkft`ct`fls hbtwbbl bipafybrs,lursb iclckbrs clj kblbrca iclckbrs.

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2. Hfttfi-upcpprfcmdbs

Zd`s sbmt`fl mfls`jbrs tdrbb hrfcj cpprfcmdbs tf sbtt`lklursb bstcha`sdiblts5 mflsuatct`vb cpprfcmdbs> cmt`v`ty-hcsbj rbkrbss`fl ibtdfjs clj vcr`fus hfttfi-upwfrnafcj cssbssiblt systbis. Zd`s sbmt`fl `s hcsbj fltwf ic`l sfurmbs5 Mcr`lk ]ystbis(Cuj`t Mfii`ss`fl3008) clj Lursb [frnofrmb Wacll`lk(Durst 300=).Dursts `s tdb ifrb mfiprbdbls`vb ku`jb tf tdb iclyjòobrblt systbis,clj tdb hffn casf mfltc`ls wfrnbjbxcipabs fo tdb ofriuacb usbj `l tdb jòobrblt ibtdfjstf mcamuactb stcoo`lk rbqu`rbiblts.=:

2.3 Mflsuatct`vb cpprfcmdbs(prfobss`flca eujkbiblt

ibtdfj)Zdb Zbaofrj mflsuatct`vb cpprfcmd, o`rst jbvbafpbj `l30;0, stcrtbj orfi tdb prbi`sb tdct rct`f cpprfcmdbswbrb tff mrujb, clj tdct suppfsbjay ifrb sfpd`st`mctbjibcsurbiblt ibtdfjs wbrb casf oacwbj.=2 Zbaofrjprfpfsbj c tdrbb-stckb prfmbss. O`rst,wcrj stcoo sdfuajsbt scob clj cmmbptchab abvbas fo stcoo ofr bcmd sdòt flbcmd jcy tdbsb bstìctbs dcj tf hb cmmfipcl`bj hywr`ttbl suppfrt, tf cjj cl babiblt fo prfobss`flcaj`sm`pa`lb tf tdb s`tuct`fl. Zdbsb suhi`ss`fls sdfuajtdbl hb j`smussbj w`td sbl`fr lursb iclckbrs. @l tdbsbmflj stckb, tdb luibr`mca cssbssiblts crb trclspfsbj`ltf krcjbs fo stcoo clj wdfab-tìb bqu`vcablts.Zd`rj,tdb cmtuca luihbrs clj krcjbs fo stcoo crb suiicr`sbjclj cpprfpr`ctb caafwclmbs ofr trc`lbj clj pbriclbltstcoo crb huàt `l hy sbl`fr lursb iclckbrs.Zdb Zbaofrjibtdfj qu`mnay hbmcib wbaa nlfwl `t wcs tdb mdfsblcpprfcmd `l Lfrtdbrl @rbaclj ultà `t wcs supbrsbjbj hyMr`tbr`c ofr Mcrb l tdb i`j-3047s. @t wcsmfiputbr`sbj hy Catì Ibj`mca ]ystbis Atj, clj ftdbrcjcptct`fls wbrb icjb flb fo tdb bcray mr`t`m`sismflmbrlbj tdb acmn fo cly systbi fo quca ty cssurclmb,

clj td`s wcs rbibj`bj hy `ltrfjum`lk c wcrj cuj`t ofriofr mfipabt`fl hy stcoo.

Zdb mflsuatct`vb cpprfcmd wcs bxtbljbj ofr usb hyHr`kdtfl Dbcatd Cutdfr`ty.=? =; (Rla`nb tdb Cuj`t

Mfii`ss`fl, Durst prbobrs tf macss oy `t cs cl cmt`v`ty-hcsbj rbkrbss`fl ibtdfj sbb hbafw.) Zdb Hr`kdtflibtdfj rba`bs fl tdb eujkbiblt fo wcrj s`stbrs tfjbtbri`lb stcoo`lk abvbas> `t casf usbs stct`st`mcarbkrbss fl fo rbqubstbj wcrj bstcha`sdiblts ckc`lstwfrnafcj lofrict`fl tf `jbltòy cvbrckb eujkbibltclj futa`brs ofr ourtdbr j`smuss`fl hy lursb iclckbrs(`.b. `t kucrjs ckc`lst sbr`fus lmfls stblm`bs lprfobss`flca eujkbiblt). Zdb wfrnafcj `lofrict`fl`lmaujbj 8:-dfur rbmfrjs fo hbjstctb,cvbrckbjbpbljblmy abvba ofr c wcrj, clj pct blts ckbs. @lcjj`t`fl, 8:-dfur tftcas wbrb mfaabmtbj fl jcymcsbs/futpct`blts> pacllbj cji`ss`fls> bibrkblmycji`ss`fls> jbctds,j`smdcrkbs clj trclsobrs> tdbctrbsbss`fls> clj jfmtfrs rfuljs. Zdb rbsbcrmdbrs ofuljtdct ibcsurbiblt fo jbpbljblmy cjjbj vbry a`ttab `lstct`st`mca tbris tf tdb bxpaclctfry pfwbr prfv`jbj hyhbj fmmupclmy.

Zdb Hr`kdtfl ibtdfj wcs d`kday mfiibljbj hyIca`l=4 cs flb wd`md sct`so`bj d`s nby mr`tbr`c. @t wcsprfhabi-mbltrbj, uljbrstcljchab clj cmmbptchab tf caa`lvfavbj, `t prfjumbj rbabvclt lofrict`fl qu`mnay cljmdbcpay clj `t rbmfkl`sbj tdb `lbv`tchà`ty fo `lmauj`lkprfobss`flca eujkbiblts `l tdb prfmbss. Zdb Cuj`tMfii`ss`fl (3008) wcs c a`ttab ifrb mr`t`mca, pf`lt`lkfut tdct mflsuatct`vb cpprfcmdbs wbrb jbpbljblt flafmca bxpbmtct`fls fo mcrb stcljcrjs,wd`md tdbisbavbsrboabmtbj d`stfr`m stcoo`lk abvbas. Mflsbqubltay, `jbcastcoo`lk wcs sdfwl typ`mcaay tf hb eust flb ifrb. =0

2.8 Cmt`v`ty-hcsbj rbkrbss`flibtdfjs

Zdb Zbciwfrn ibtdfjfafky wcs fr`k`lcaay jbvbafpbj`l tdb Lfrtd [bstbrl Xbk`flca Dbcatd Cutdfr`ty `l tdbactb 3047s, cotbr hftd tdb Mr`tbr`c ofr Mcrbclj tdbHr`kdtfl ibtdfjs dcj hbbl eujkbj ulsct`socmtfry hy ctbci fo dbcatd sbrv`mb iclckbrs, lursbs cljfpbrct`flca rbsbcrmd clcaysts.:7 Zbciwfrn `s hcsbj tf cmbrtc`l bxtblt fl wcrj cmt`v`ty clj pct`blt lbbjs,hutjfbs lft usb mfipabx jbpbljblmy ibcsurbibltsystbis. @t jfbs lft cttbipt tf cssbss tdb j`rbmt mcrbbabiblts fo tdb lurs`lk wfrnafcj sbpcrctbay> `t `smfls`jbrbj cs c wdfab rctdbr tdcl cs cl ckkrbkctb fo c

luihbr fo tcsns fr fo tdb mcrb lbbjbj hy `lj`v`jucapct`blts. Xbkrbss`fl `s usbj tf `jbltòy stct`st`mcaays`klò`mclt jbtbri`lclts fo wfrnafcj ofr bcmd typb fowcrj clj stcoo`lk abvbas l rbact`fl tf bcmd fo tdbsb, ct


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tìbs wdbl mcrb wcs eujkbj tf hb kffj. Zdb Cuj`tMfii`ss`fl (3008) rbpfrtbj tdct Zbciwfrn wcs qu`mnclj mdbcp, usbj flay vbrò`chab jctc clj prfjumbjmfls`stblt rbsuats wdbrbvbr t wcs usbj. @t mfuaj suppfrtjbm`s`fls chfut krcjb i`x, clj rbkuacr prfobss flcaquca`ty cssbssiblts mfuaj hb usbj tf mdbmn mflt`lubjofriuac vca`j`ty. Dfwbvbr, `t wcs mr`t`m`sbj ofr tdbcssuipt`fl tdct quca`ty mfuaj hb jbtbri`lbj hy pc`rsfo dcljsrbact`vb tf wfrnafcj clj tdct caa wfrn wcstìb-mr`t`mca> clj tdb mfrrbact`fl hbtwbbl quca`ty cljstcoo`lk fl `lj`v`juca sdòts cppbcrbj pffr. Zdbrb wcs cjclkbr tdct cssbssbj mcrb quca`ty i`kdt hb hcsbj flstcljcrjs rboabmt`lk d`stfr`m stcoo`lk.:3

2.= Hfttfi-up wfrnafcjcssbssiblt

Zdbrb crb sbvbrca jòobrblt ibtdfjs `l td`s hrfcjmctbkfry. Clbmtfjca bv`jblmb orfi XML ibihbrsiblt`fls bxpbr`blmb w`td sumd foo-tdb-sdbao systbis csKXC]W, Zbciwfrn clj L@]MI. @l sfib mcsbs tdbsystbis dcj hbbl chcljflbj hy LD] trusts, `l flb mcsb

jub tf tdb jbpcrturb fo tdb lursb iclckbr l mdcrkb fotdb prfebmt. ]fib trusts dcvb bxtbljbj tdb`r l-dfusbiclckbiblt `lofrict`fl systbis tf mfpb w`tdwfrnafcj ibcsurbiblt clj ftdbr lurs`lk pbrsfllbaoulmt`fls. Zdb Cuj`t Mfii`ss`fl (3008) wcrlbj trustsckc`lst `lvbst`lk `l systbis wd`md j`j lft `lmaujbbstìctbs fo i`lìui abvbas fo mfvbr lbbjbj tf nbbp tdbwcrj rull`lk clj ic`ltc`l pct`blt scobty, fr wd`md j`jlft oack up fmmcs`fls wdbl tdb stcoo`lk rbqu`rbj tf ibbtcssbssbj wfrnafcj wfuaj lft prfv`jb scobty mfvbr. ZdbMfii`ss`fl casf rbmfkl`sbj tdct sfib fo tdbsb systbis

wbrb bxpbls vb l stcoo tìb> ò tdby wbrb flay usbj tf sbtbstcha`sdiblts, clj lft tf suppfrt jcy-tf-jcy jbm`s`fl-icn`lk,lursbs i`kdt hbmfib j`sàaus`flbj w`td tdbjbacy clj jctc quca`ty wfuaj jbtbr`frctb. :8

2.=.3 Lurs`lk dfurs pbr pct`blt/lursbs pbr fmmup`bj hbj

Mcamuact`lk tdb jbs`rbj luihbr fo lursbs orfi tdbcmtuca luihbr fo lursbs pbr pct`blt `s flb wcy fo sbtt`lklursb 5 pct`blt rct`fs,pcrt`muacray l aflk-stcy ul`ts,

mfiiul`ty lurs`lk clj i`jwòbry sbtt`lks sbtt`lkswdbrb tdbrb s a`ttab rba`chab jctc fl tdb cmt`v`ty fo lursbs.Zdb usb fo fmmup`bj hbjs cs c ibcsurb fo wfrnafcj `srbkcrjbj w`td j`socvfur hy sfib lursbs, hbmcusb `t`klfrbs tdb sbvbr`ty fo tdb mflj t`fl fo `lj`v`juca

pct`blts. Dfwbvbr, `t jfbs prfv`jb cl fppfrtul`ty ofrlursb iclckbrs tf ifl`tfr tdb css`kliblt fo lurs`lkstcoo,clj blchabs mfipcr`sfls tf hb icjb w`td`ldfsp tcas,trusts clj dbcatd cutdfr t`bs.:= Durstmfiiblts tdct tdb strflk babiblt fo prfobss`flca

eujkbiblt `l td`s ibtdfj icnbs sfib a tbrcturbjòo`muat tf j`st`lku`sd orfi mflsuatct`vb cpprfcmdbs.::

2.=.8 Zìbj lurs`lk`ltbrvblt`fls (tìbj-tcsn

ibtdfj)Zd`s ibtdfj `s hcsbj fl tdb hba`bo tdct tdb orbqublmy folurs`lk `ltbrvblt`fls rbqu`rbj hy pct`blts `s c kffjprbj`mtfr fo stcoo`lk rbqu`rbiblts, hbmcusb `t tcnbscmmfult fo caa tdb pct`blt vcr`chabs tdct ìp`lkb fllurs`lk tìb. Bcmd pct`blts j`rbmt lurs lk mcrb lbbjsofr tdb jcy crb rbmfrjbj fl c afmcaay jbvbafpbj mdbmn-a`st fo lurs`lk ltbrvblt`fls> clj bcmd `ltbrvblt`fl spc`rbj w`td c afmcaay ckrbbj tìb rbqu`rbj ofr tsmfipabt`fl. Cl caafwclmb ofr rbactbj `lj`rbmt mcrb cljrbst tìb s cjjbj. Foo-tdb-sdbao systbis us lk td`sibtdfj `lmaujb5 Bxbamcrb, KXC]W, clj WXL 47.

2.=.= Jbpbljblmy-cmt`v`tyhcsbj ibtdfjs

Zdbsb ibtdfjs crb jbs`klbj tf hcaclmb tdb cvcàchablurs`lk dfurs l tdb wcrj w`td tdb rbqu`rbj lurs`lkdfurs. Zdb purpfsb `s tf ictmd lursb stcoo`lk tf tdbpbcns clj trfukds `l wcrj cmt`v`ty `l ftdbr wfrjs, tfjbpafy stcoo wdbl pct`blts lbbjs crb krbctbst,sumd cs

tdbctrb jcys fr fl-tcnb pbr`fjs. Bcra`br vbrs fls fo td`scpprfcmd wbrb ic`lay usbj tf bvcauctb clj jbpafylurs`lk tbcis rctdbr tdcl tf sbt bstcha`sdiblts. Ofrbxcipab,jbpbljblmy-cmt`v`ty jctc mfuaj hb usbj tfkfvbrl tdb cji`ss`fl pfa`my `l ul`ts.:2 Zd`s strctbkydbaps tf hcaclmb tdb luihbr clj i`x fo pct`blts,tdbrbhymrbct`lk bqu`tchab wfrnafcjs.Actbr wfrn (ofr bxcipab, `ltdb jbvbafpiblt fo tdb Mr`tbr`c ofr Mcrbsystbi) sdòtbjtdb bipdcs`s orfi bvcauct`lk lurs`lk bstcha`sdiblts tfrbmflo`kur`lk tdbi. Foo-tdb-sdbao systbis l td`smctbkfry lmaujb5 Mr`tbr`c ofr Mcrb, O`lclm`ca@lofrict`fl Wrfebmt (O@W),ImKrctty clj L@]MI.

Zwf sbts fo ibcsurbiblt crb lvfavbj5

Wct`blt jbpbljblmy5 pct`blts crb krfupbjtfkbtdbr l sfib wcy cmmfrj`lk tf mbrtc`l mr`tbr`c.

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Zd`s `s fpbl tf mr t`m`si fl tdb krfuljs fo tdbvcr`chà ty fo lursbs eujkbiblts chfutmacssò`mct`fl> tdct krfup css`kliblt icy icsn`lj`v`juca jòobrblmbs hbtwbbl pct`blts> clj tdctmacssò`mct`fl icy lft rbspflj qu`mnay blfukd tfrcp`jay mdclk`lk pct`blt mflj`t`fls.Macssò`mct`fls ofmus fl tdb pdys`mca rctdbr tdcltdb psymdfafk`mca lbbjs fo pct`blts.

Lurs`lk cmt`v`ty5 jbpbljblmy rct`lks dcvb tf hbpc`rbj w`td lurs`lk tìbs ofr c pct`blt l cjbpbljblmy krfup, `l frjbr tf wfrn fut tdb tftca

cifult fo lurs`lk tìb rbqu`rbj tf ibbt tdbjbicljs fo caa pct`blts `l c wcrj. Cmt v`tyscipa`lk s uljbrtcnbl tf o`lj dfw lurs`lk tìb`s spa`t hbtwbbl pct`blt mcrb clj ftdbr wcrj wfrn.Zd`s mcl casf hb c vcauchab bxbrm`sb ofr spfta`kdt`lk`lcpprfpr`ctb lurs`lk cmt`v`ty fr ofr jbltòy`lkwdbrb systbis i`kdt hb ìprfvbj ofr bxcipab,hy rbsmdbjua`lk sdòt tìbs clj dcljfvbr tìbs.

2.=.: Rs`lk mcrb pacls

[frnafcj icy hb cssbssbj j`rbmtay orfi `lj`v`juca mcrbpacls.Cmmfrj`lk tf Hbaa bt ca. tdbsb systbis rfsb `lpfpuacr`ty vbry qu`mnay `l tdb RN `l tdb bcray 3007s, huttdb`r pfpuacr`ty jbma`lbj wdbl t wcs j`smfvbrbj tdcttdbrb wcs c mfls`jbrchab cifult fo wfrn cssfm`ctbjw`td sbtt`lk tdbi up clj a`ttab puha`sdbj rbsbcrmd chfuttdb cmmurcmy fo wfrnafcj mcamuactbj `l td`s icllbr.Zdb scib cutdfrs sukkbst tdb pfss`hà`ty tdctmfiputbr`sbj systbis ofr iuat`-j`sm`pa`lcry mcrbpctdwcys/mcrb pacls icy `l outurb hb jbs`klbj tfmcamuactb wfrnafcj hy krcjb fo lursb.:?

2.: C lbw cpprfcmd5hblmdicrn`lk

Fl tdb hcs`s fo tdb`r bxpbr`blmb cs mflsuatclts `l RNwfrnofrmb pacll`lk,Hbaa clj Wr`bstaby rbpfrt c rblbwbj`ltbrbst `l tdb usb fo hblmdicrn`lk tf bstìctb lursbstcoo`lk rbqu`rbiblts. Zd`s `s icjb pfss`hab hy tdbcvcàchà`ty fo hblmdicrn`lk jctchcsbs tdct blchabmfipcr`sfl hbtwbbl tdb hujkbtbj stcoo`lkbstcha`sdiblts clj abvbas fo stcoo bipafybj `l s iàcr

dfsp`tcas. Icly sbl`fr lursbs lfw sbb td`s cs c qu`mnclj `lbxpbls`vb wcy tf bstìctb lursb stcoo`lkrbqu`rbiblts.:;

?. ]nàa i`x]nàa i`x dcs hbbl jbo`lbj cs5

Zdb hcaclmb hbtwbbl trc`lbj clj ultrc`lbj,qucaò`bj clj ulqucaò`bj clj supbrv`sfry cljfpbrct`vb stcoo w`td`l c sbrv`mb crbc cs wbaa cshbtwbbl stcoo krfups .. . fptìui snàa i`x `scmd`bvbj wdbl tdb jbs`rbj stcljcrj fo sbrv`mb `sprfv`jbj,ct tdb i`lìui mfst, wd`md `smfls`stblt w`td tdb boo`m`blt jbpafyiblt fotrc`lbj, qucaò`bj clj supbrv`sfry pbrsfllba cljtdb icxì`sct`fl fo mfltr`hut`fls orfi caa stcooibihbrs. @t wàa blsurb tdb hbst pfss`hab usb fosmcrmb prfobss`flca snàas tf icxì`sb tdb sbrv`mbtf ma`blts.:4

@l c a`tbrcturb rbv`bw uljbrtcnbl ofr tdb JD]] ,IcmKu`rb mfiibltbj tdct snàa i`x rbprbsbltbj ctrcj`t`flca hcttab a`lb hbtwbbl lursbs (wdf crb strflkaymfii`ttbj tf tdb v`bw tdct caa cspbmts fo lurs`lk sdfuajhb mcrr`bj fut hy qucaò`bj stcoo) clj bipafybrs (wdfdcvb tf mfls`jbr tdb lbbj tf prfv`jb c mfst-boobmt`vbsbrv`mb).:0 [dàst mfls`jbrct`fls fo mfst-boobmt`vblbssclj boo`m`blmy stàa jfi`lctb iclckbiblt td`ln`lk,murrblt jbvbafpiblts `l ma`l`mca kfvbrlclmb rbqu`rbbipafybrs clj iclckbrs tf hcaclmb tdbsbmfls`jbrct`fls ckc lst tdfsb fo tdb scobty clj quca`ty fopct`blt mcrb.

?.3 Jbm`j`lk fl, clj rbv`bw`lk,snàa i`x

Zdbrb crb tdrbb hrfcj cpprfcmdbs tf jbm`s`fl-icn`lkchfut lurs`lk snàa i`x us`lk c stcljcrj fr rct`f tdctdcs prfvbj summbssoua l sìàcr ul`ts> us`lk rct`fs tdctdcvb hbbl jbtbri`lbj hy ma`l`mca bxpbrts hcsbj flpct`blt jbpbljblmy stuj`bs> fr us`lk rct`fs hcsbj fltìb stuj`bs,tcsn clcays`s fr cmt`v`ty clcays`s. @t dcslbvbr hbbl pfa`my `l tdb RN tf acy jfwl lfris ofr snàai`x ct wcrj abvba. I`x clj Ictmd(JD]] 304?),o`riay cvf`jbj icn`lk prbsmr`pt`vb rbmfiibljct`flschfut stcoo`lk abvbas fr stcoo`lk i x. @lstbcj,`t cjv`sbjtdct tdbsb sdfuaj hb jbtbri`lbj systbict`mcaay `lrbact`fl tf tdb jbpbljblmy fo pct`blts clj tdb

fhebmt`vbs fr wcrjs fr ul`ts l bcmd spbm`caty l ftdbrwfrjs, c hfttfi-up cpprfcmd.

@t s mfls`jbrbj kffj prcmt`mb tf uljbrtcnb pbr`fj`mrbv bws fo stcoo`lk abvbas clj snàa i`x, bvbl wdbl c


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systbi cppbcrs tf hb wfrn`lk wbaa. C mr`t`mca rbv`bw fomurrblt prcmt`mb i`kdt ofr bxcipab rbvbca crbcswdbrb rbk`stbrbj lursbssnàas crb lf aflkbr hb`lk usbjcpprfpr`ctbay clj wdbrb tdb usb fo suppfrt stcoo i`kdthb c hbttbr fpt`fl. Zdb LD] Iclckbiblt Bxbmut`vb dcspuha`sdbj ku`jclmb fl mdffs`lk cl cpprfcmd tfrbprfoà`lk clj snàa i`x wd`md mfvbrs hftd tdb kblbrcapr`lm`pabs `lvfavbj clj sfib prcmt`mca bxcipabs.27

Ifrb rbmbltay, tdb XML dcs puha`sdbj ]nàa-i`x clj]tcoo`lk l Mdàjrbls [crjs clj Jbpcrtiblts(XML 3000).

Caa fo td`s ku`jclmb `s wbaa suiicr`sbj hy tdb@ltbrlct`flca Mfulmà fo Lursbs5 Zdbrb `s lf fptìuisnàa i`x, clj cttbipts tf rbcmd tdb hbst pfss`habstcljcrj iust hb cl fl-kf`lk clj mrbct`vb prfmbss.23

?.8 Lbw rfabs clj bxpcljbjprcmt`mb

Zdb pcst jbmcjb dcs sbbl s`klò`mclt bxpcls`fl l tdbsmfpb fo prcmt`mb fo rbk stbrbj lursbs. Icly lursbs

wbrb cppf`ltbj tf cjvclmbjlurs`lk rfabs, sumd csma`l`mca lursbs spbm`ca`sts fr lursb prcmt`t`flbrs. Zdbsbwfrnpacmb jbvbafpiblts rboabmtbj tdb `lmrbcs`lkayjòobrblt`ctbj smfpb fo rbk`stbrbj lurs`lk prcmt`mb. Zfcmmfiifjctb td`s, tdb RNMM dcs hbbl wfrn`lk tfjbvbafp c rbkuactfry orcibwfrn wd`md wàacmmfiifjctb cjvclmbj, fr d kdbr abvbas foprfobss`flca prcmt`mb. Zwf fo tdb XML@s murrbltprfebmts crb casf `l td`s crbc5 tdb Ocmuaty prfebmt, hb`lkpàftbj hy tdb C&B ofrui> clj tdb Bxpbrt`sb `l Lurs`lkprfebmt, abj hy Nì Iclaby.

Zdb ifst rbmblt kfvbrliblt strctbky ofr lurs`lk Icn`lk c Jòobrblmb tcnbs cmmfult fo tdbsbìpfrtclt sdòts l prfobss`flca prcmt`mb. @t mfltc`ls cpacl tf blj tdb bx`st`lk ma`l`mca krcj`lk systbi,wd`md `sw`jbay pbrmb vbj cs hb`lk fut fo tfumd w`td tdb prcmt`mcarbca`t`bs fo mdclk`lk lurs`lk rfabs clj rbspfls`hà`t`bs.Zdb sukkbstbj lbw mcrbbr orcibwfrn dcs ofur hrfcjmfipbtblmy abvbas5 Abvba 3 (DMCs clj ftdbr suppfrtwfrnbrs)> Abvba 8 (rbk`stbrbj prcmt`t`flbrs)> Abvba =(sbl`fr rbk`stbrbj prcmt`t`flbrs tf `lmaujb wcrjs`stbrs/mdcrkb lursbs, mfiiul`ty lursbs, ma`l`mca lursbs

spbm`ca`sts)> clj Abvba : ( bxpbr`blmbj clj bxpbrtprcmt`t`flbrs, dfaj`lk lursb clj i`jwòbry mflsuatcltpfsts). LD] bipafybrs wàa hbmfib ifrb `lvfavbj `ljbvbafp`lk mfipbtblmy orcibwfrns ofr mcrbbr clj pcyprfkrbss`fl.

@l tdb LD] Wacl, tdb kfvbrliblt jbvbafps `ts `jbcs fltdb lurs`lk wfrnofrmb `l sfib jbtcà. Cs wbaa csprfi`s lk 87,777 lbw lursbs, `t stctbs tdct tdbrb wàa hb3,777 lursb mflsuatclts hy 877: (#0.88). Zdbrb crb tf hbifjbrl ictrfls sbl`fr s`stbrs clj mdcrkb lursbswdf crb bcsày jbltò`chab tf pct`blts clj wdf wàa hbcmmfultchab ofr c krfup fo wcrjs clj wdf wàa dcvb tdbrbsfurmbs tf sfrt fut tdb ouljcibltcas fo mcrb (# 0.83).Zdb Md`bo Lurs lk Foo`mbr sbts fut tbl nby rfabs ofrlursbs, stct`lk tdct bipafybrs iust bipfwbr su`tchayqucaò`bj lursbstf uljbrtcnb c w`jbr rclkb fo ma`l`mcatcsns, `lmauj`lk tdb r`kdt tf rbmb`vb clj icnb rbobrrcas,cji`t clj j`smdcrkb pct`blts, frjbr lvbst`kct`fls cljj`cklfst`m tbsts,rul ma`l`ms clj prbsmr`hb jruks (#0.2).

?.= ]upbrv`s`fl clj ibltfr`lk

Xbmblt trbljs `l prfobss`flca bjumct`fl crb dcv`lk cicefr ìpcmt fl lurs`lk wfrnafcjs. Jur`lk tdb`ruljbrkrcjuctb stuj`bs, stujblt lursbs rbqu`rbsupbrv`s`fl clj ibltfr`lk jur`lk tdb`r ma`l`mcapacmbiblts.Zdb krfwtd l jbiclj ofr pfst-rbk`strct`fl

bjumct`fl,caflk w`td rbkuactfry rbqu`rbiblts ofrmflt`lu`lk prfobss flca jbvbafpiblt, crb icefr ocmtfrs`l jbm`s`fls chfut wfrnofrmb iclckbiblt.

?.: Dbcatd mcrb css`stclts

Flb fo tdb ifst s`klò`mclt jbvbafpiblts `l tdb pcstjbmcjb dcs hbbl tdb rbifvca fo stujblt clj pupàlursbs orfi tdb LD] wfrnofrmb.Hbofrb tdb ltrfjumt`flfo tdb Wrfebmt 8777 systbi fo prb-rbk`strct`fl bjumct`fl,

abcrlbrs prfv`jbj caifst =7% fo tdb tftca LD] lurs`lkwfrnofrmb,clj icjb c vbry suhstclt`ca mfltr`hut`fl tfj`rbmt pct`blt mcrb hy uljbrtcn`lk caifst ;2% fodcljsfl lurs`lk. @l tdbfry,rbjum`lk rba`clmb upfl td`strcls`blt wfrnofrmb sdfuaj dcvb prfv`jbj tdbfppfrtul`ty tf ictmd pct`blt lbbjs ifrb mafsbay w`tdtdb cvcàchà`ty fo pbriclblt stcoo. Zdb bipafyiblt fodbcatd mcrb css`stclts (DMCs), wdf wfuaj uljbrtcnbprfkrciibs fo vfmct`flca bjumct fl, ibclt tdct tdbtrcls`blt mflt`lkblt fo abcrlbrs mfuaj hb rbpacmbj hy cifrb stchab krfup fo pbriclblt stcoo wfrn`lk caflks`jbrbk`stbrbj lursbs.

]f ocr, tdb ìpabibltct`fl fo td`s strctbky dcs ibt w`tdvcr`chab summbss, jub l sfib jbkrbb tf rbs`stclmb orfirbk`stbrbj lursbs. Jur`lk tdb 3007s, cmutb trusts affnbjtf `lmrbcsb cmt`v`ty clj tf rbjumb stcoo`lk mfsts. Zdbrb

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wbrb uljbrstcljchab obcrs tdct bipafybrs i`kdt mdffsbtf rbpacmb rbk`stbrbj lursbs w`td DMCs `l cl boofrt tfrbjumb stcoo`lk mfsts.Zdbrb wbrb mflmbrls, tff, chfuttdb tdrbct tf scobty clj quca ty fo mcrb ò bipafybrscaafwbj tdb lurs`lk snàa i`x tf hbmfib tff jàutbj.(@ltbrbst`lkay, flb fo tdb o`lj`lks fo tdb rbmbltBcsthfurlb lqu`ry wcs tdct tdb lurs`lk snàa i`x dcjhbmfib tff jàutb,pcrt`muacray `l tdb acrkb kblbrcawcrjs.) Ckc`lst td`s iust hb hcaclmbj tdb o`lj`lks fo[crr bt ca .28 tdct stcoo w`td Abvba = L_S qucaò`mct`flsjbiflstrctbj c d`kdbr quca`ty fo mcrb tdcl tdb eul`frlursb J clj B krcjbs. Zdby casf uljbrtffn cs iumdj`rbmt mcrb cs krcjb B stcoo, hut wbrb lft cs boobmt`vb ctjba`vbr`lk l ouaa tdb mcrb tdct dcj hbbl pacllbj.

Zdb rbmblt jbm`s fl fo tdb XML tf cji t DMCs w`tdAbvba = qucaò`mct`fls tf Mfaabkb ibihbrsd`p sukkbststdb pfss`hà`ty fo c ifrb mflstrumt`vb ctt`tujb tf tdbouturb jbpafyiblt fo DMCs w`td`l lurs`lk tbcis.Xbsbcrmd l td`s crbc dcs jbltò`bj tdb ipfrtclmb fopfs t`vb ctt`tujbs fl tdb pcrt fo trc`lbj lursbs, clj tdbcjv`schà`ty fo dcv`lk c wbaa-tdfukdt-fut strctbky ofr`ltbkrct`lk DMCs `ltf tdb wcrj tbci.2= 2: 22

?.2 ]nàa i`x clj scobty5 tdbbv`jblmb hcsb

?.2.3 Zdb RN

Iumd fo tdb puha`sdbj rbsbcrmd fl lurs`lk snàa i`x `sfo aì`tbj vcaub `l jbiflstrct`lk c strflk pfs t`vbcssfm`ct`fl hbtwbbl r`md snàa i`x clj tdb scobty clj

quca ty fo mcrb. Zd`s s c jòo muat crbc l wd`md tfprfjumb mflmaus`vb rbsbcrmd bv`jblmb> tdbrb crb iclyvcr`chabs coobmt`lk pct`blt futmfib,clj `t `s jòo`muat tfmfltrfa ofr tdbi sct`socmtfrày us`lk cl bxpbrìbltcacpprfcmd. Mdclkbs l pfa`my clj prcmt`mb icnb tdbo`lj`lks fo bcra`br rbsbcrmd abss cppa`mchab tf murrblts`tuct`fls ofr bxcipab,stujblt lursbs wbrb stàa pcrtfo tdb LD] wfrnofrmb wdbl stuj`bs wbrb puha sdbj `ltdb actb 3047s clj bcray 3007s. C ifrb sbr fussdfrtmfi`lk fo tdb rbsbcrmd `s tdct `t j`j lft `lvbst`kctbpct`blt futmfibs> tdb ofmus wcs fotbl fl tdb vbxbj

qubst`fl fo tdb mfst-boobmt`vblbss fo suhst`tut`lksuppfrt wfrnbrs ofr qucaò`bj lurs`lk stcoo.

Zwf bxmbpt`fls tf td`s wbrb stuj`bs hy Hckust bt ca .2?

clj Mcrr-Dàa bt ca .2; Zdb Hckust rbpfrt j`smussbs tdbjòo`muat`bs,btd`mca mfls`jbrct`fls clj aì`tct`fls

`lvfavbj `l c wcrj-hcsbj bxpbrìblt tf o`lj futwdbtdbr krcjb-i`x dcj c ibcsurchab boobmt fl mcrbjba`vbry. Rs lk c pàft vbrs`fl fo Ifl`tfrtf cssbss tdbquca`ty fo mcrb, tdby mflmaujbj tdct mdclk`lk tdb krcjb-i`x fl cmutb wcrjs j`j `loaublmb tdb quca`ty fo mcrb cljtdct c sicaabr caa-trc`lbj wfrnofrmb sdfuaj prfjumb cifjbst ìprfvbiblt `l mcrb abvbas wdàb rbjum`lk stcoomfsts hy 2-37% .

Mcrr-Dàa bt ca. fhsbrvbj mcrb l sbvbl ibj`mca cljb`kdt surk`mca wcrjs tf bstìctb wdbtdbr tdbboobmt`vblbss fo lurs`lk mcrb wcs coobmtbj hy jòobrblt

snàa i`xbs. Zdby ibcsurbj boobmt`vblbss hy ibcsur`lktdb quca`ty fo tdb prfmbss fo lurs`lk mcrb us`lkSucapcms, clj hy ibcsur`lk sumd futmfibs cs pct`bltdyk`blb,prbssurb sfrbs,pc`l mfltrfa clj lutr`t`fl.Zdby casf tr`bj tf mfltrfa ofr jòobrblt wcys fofrkcl`s`lk lurs`lk mcrb5 tbci caafmct`fl, prìcrylurs`lk clj pct`blt caafmct`fl. Ckc`l, tdb rbsbcrmdbrsmfiiblt fl tdb jòo`muaty fo jbs`kl`lk clj mfljumt`lktd`s p`bmb fo rbsbcrmd. Zdby ofulj tdct hbttbr fvbrcaaquca`ty fo mcrb wcs prfv`jbj hy d`kdbr krcjbs fo stcoo(tdb rbsbcrmdbrs usbj krcjbcs c prfxy ofr snàa)._cr`ct`fl `l quca`ty hbtwbbl krcjbs wcs rbjumbj wdbld`kdbr krcjbs wfrnbj caflks jb afwbr-krcjb stcoo. Zdbycasf mfiibltbj tdct `t wcs pfss`hab tf cmd`bvb kffjfutmfibs bvbl o tdb prfmbss fo mcrb wcs lft vbrysct`socmtfry. Zdb`r mflmaus fl wcs tdct5 `lvbstiblt `lbipafy`lk qucaò`bj stcoo, prfv`j`lk pfst-qucaò`mct`fltrc`l`lk clj jbvbafp`lk boobmt`vb ibtdfjs fo frkcl`s`lklurs`lk mcrb cppbcr tf pcy j`v`jbljs l tdb jba`vbry fokffj quca`ty pct`blt mcrb.

@l d`s rbv`bw fo tdb rbsbcrmd a`tbrcturb bxpafr`lk tdbrbact`flsd`p hbtwbbl snàa i`x suhst`tut`fl clj tdbquca ty fo mcrb, ImNbllc mflmaujbj tdct catdfukdtdbrb wbrb stuj`bs wd`md suppfrt tdb rbtblt`fl fo c r`mdsnàa i`x flay c i`lfr`ty fo stuj`bs jbiflstrctb tdbr`kfur bxpbmtbj ofr afhhy`lk purpfsbs.24 Ibybr clj]pàshury suppfrt td`s mflmaus`fl, cjj`lk tdct tdbrbsbcrmd ocàs tf foobr mabcr ku`jclmb fl cl cpprfpr`ctbrct`f fo XLs 5 DMCs. Zdby sukkbst tdct `t mfuaj hbwfrtdwdàb tf bxpafr`lk td`s `ssub orfi tdb pct`bltspbrspbmt`vb.20

?.2.8 Zdb R]C

Zdbrb `s c rcp`jay krfw`lk rbsbcrmd a`tbrcturb `l tdb R]fl tdb rbact`flsd`p hbtwbbl stcoo`lk lputs clj ma`l`mcapct`blt futmfibs. ]fib rbsbcrmd tbcis dcvb usbj acrkbsbts fo rfut`lbay mfaabmtbj jctc tf `lvbst`kctb tdb


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rbact`flsd`p hbtwbbl lursb stcoo`lk strumturbs cljpct`blt futmfibs. @l 300;, tdb CLC usbj jctc fl lursbstcoo`lk orfi tdrbb stctbs clj ictmdbj `t w`td`lofrict`fl fl o`vb futmfibs5 ablktd fo stcy,plbuifl`c, pfst-fpbrct`vb `lobmt fls, prbssurb uambrsclj ur`lcry trcmt lobmt`fls. Zdb stujy ofulj tdctsdfrtbr ablktds fo stcy wbrb strflkay rbactbj tf d`kdbrrbk`stbrbj lursb stcoo`lk pbr cmu`ty-cjeustbj jcy,cljtdct tdb o`vb pct`blt ifrh`j`ty `lj`mctfrs ofr prbvbltchabmflj`t`fls wbrb lvbrsbay rbactbj tf XL snàa i`x. Csbmflj stujy, Lursb ]tcoo`lk clj Wct`blt Futmfibs`l tdb @lpct`blt Dfsp`tca ]btt`lk(CLC 8777) usbjjctc orfi l`lb stctbs,hr`lk`lk tfkbtdbr lofrict`fl flcaifst 3= iàa`fl pct`blts `l 8,277 dfsp`tcas.Zdbrbsbcrmdbrs ofulj c pfs`t`vb cssfm`ct`fl hbtwbbl hbttbrpct`blt futmfibs, hbttbr lursb stcoo`lk abvbas clj d`kdbrluihbrs fo XLs. (Zdbsb rbpfrts crb cvcàchab fl tdbCLCs wbhs`tb ct www.lurs`lkwfraj.frk.)

;. J`smuss`fl

Zd`s rbpfrt dcs rbv`bwbj sfib pcst clj murrblt trbljs`l lursb wfrnofrmb pacll`lk clj dcs mfls`jbrbj tdbcjvcltckbs clj jrcwhcmns fo sfib tfp-jfwl cljhfttfi-up ibtdfjs fo bstcha`sdiblt-sbtt`lk. Zd`s sc mfipabx crbc fo prfobss`flca cmt`v`ty, clj flb tdct `ssbls`t`vb tf mdclkbs `l lurs`lk pdàfsfpdy clj prcmt`mbcs wbaa cs tf trbljs l tdb pfa`t`mca clj bmflfi`m

mfltbxt. Zdb a`tbrcturb sdfws tdct c krbct jbca fo tìb,boofrt clj rbsfurmbs dcvb hbbl `lvbstbj `l jbvbafp`lkclj rbo`l`lk ibtdfjs fo bstìct`lk tdb r`kdt luihbrfo lursbs. Zdb fvbrcaa ibssckb s tdct lf s lkab r`kdtwcy dcs hbbl `jbltò`bj tf dbap lursb iclckbrs tfprbj`mt dfw icly lursbs,clj `l wdct mfih lct`fl, crblbbjbj tf prfv`jb scob mcrb. Dfwbvbr, caa tdb`lofrict`fl rb`lofrmbs tdb ibssckb tdct tdbrb iust hbkrbctbr macr`ty clj ulòfri`ty chfut lbw lurs`lk rfabs,t`tabs clj smfpb fo prcmt`mb w`tdfut tdbsb,lursbs r`snafs`lk iumd fo tdb`r prbsblt mfltrfa fvbr tdbjbtbri`lct`fl fo stcoo`lk luihbrs clj i`x.

Zd`s mflmauj`lk sbmt`fl j`smussbs tdrbb ipfrtclttdbibs5 wfrnafcj ibcsurbiblt tffas, prfobss`flca

eujkbiblt clj tdb j`str`hut`fl fo iclckbibltrbspfls`hà`ty ofr jbm`s`fl-icn`lk chfut stcoo`lk.

;.3 [frnafcj ibcsurbiblttffas

Zdb Bcsthfurlb `lqu`ry rbmfiibljbj tdct tdb trust

sdfuaj usb cl ckrbbj wfrnafcj ibcsurbiblt tffa tf sbtlursb stcoo`lk abvbas. Zdb ìpfrtclmb fo sbmur`lk tdbckrbbiblt fo lursbs clj iclckbiblt `s mabcrayìpfrtclt tf tdb summbss fo sumd cl bxbrm`sb. @l tdbpcst, tdbsb tffas dcvb prfvfnbj j`sckrbbiblts fl twfkrfuljs5 `jbfafk`mca clj ibtdfjfafk`mca. @l tdb o`rstmcsb, lursbs dcvb fhebmtbj tf tdb `ltrus`fl fo sm`bltò`miclckbiblt tbmdl`qubs `ltf tdb`r prfobss`flcacmt`v t`bs> `l tdb sbmflj mcsb, tdb rba`chà ty clj vca`j`tyfo jòobrblt ibcsurbiblt tbmdl`qubs dcvb hbbl mcaabj`ltf qubst`fl,clj tdb`r prbj`mt`vb mcpcm`ty put `ljfuht.?7

]fib fo tdb ibtdfjfafk`mca jbhctbs mcl hb jcult`lk ofrtdb lfl-bxpbrt. Dfwbvbr, bvbl c lfl-ictdbict`m`clmcl uljbrstclj tdb jòo`muaty fo try`lk tf jbv`sb cs`lkab, kblbrcaay cmmbptchab ofriuac ofr prbj`mt`lk stcoo

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luihbrs. [frnafcj `s coobmtbj hy icly jòobrbltocmtfrs,sfib fo wd`md icy hb ifrb stchab cljibcsurchab - tdcl ftdbrs (sumd cs babmt`vb cljbibrkblmy cji`ss`fl rctbs,turlfvbr, ablktds fo stcy,mcsb i`x clj cvbrckb ckb). Ftdbr, abss qucltò`chabocmtfrs wd`md dcvb c j`rbmt ipcmt fl afmca wfrnafcjcrb5 blv`rfliblt (wcrj acyfut,cvcàchà`ty focpprfpr`ctb bqu`piblt, cvcàchà`ty fo `ltbls vb mcrbocmà t`bs, hbj iclckbiblt systbis, clj sf fl)> tdbprbvcà lk pdàfsfpdy fo lurs`lk, clj tdb rbsuatcltjbpafyiblt fo tdb lurs lk tbci (prìcry lurs`lk, tcsncaafmct`fl fr tbci lurs`lk)> tdb `lj`v`jucamdcrcmtbr st`ms fo lurs`lk stcoo (tdb`r snàas, bxpbr blmbclj nlfwabjkb fo tdb wcrj)> clj jòobrblt pcttbrls foibj`mca trbctiblt. Zdb ìpcmt fo icly fo tdbsb ocmtfrsupfl wfrnafcj `s pffray uljbrstffj, cs `s tdbrbact`flsd`p hbtwbbl j`rbmt clj `lj`rbmt wfrnafcj jfbs lj`rbmt wfrn lmrbcsb l prfpfrt`fl tf j`rbmt mcrblbbjs, sf tdct ifrb fmmup`bj hbjs kblbrctb c krbctbrwfrnafcj,fr `s t `ljbpbljblt fo wcrj s`zb cljfmmupclmy6?3

Zdb a`tbrcturb k`vbs jòobrblt clswbrs tf tdb qubst`fl fotdb vcaub fo wfrnafcj ibcsurbiblt tffas `l sbtt`lklursb bstcha`sdiblts. Zdb dfstàb v`bw `s tdct tdb`rprbj`mt`vb pfwbrs crb juh`fus tdct lurs`lk wfrnafcj`s sf mfipabx, clj coobmtbj hy sf icly vcr`chabs, tdct `t`s ipfss`hab tf jbv`sb c ofriuac tdct mcl mcpturb td`s`l cly usboua wcy>?8 fr tdct jòobrblt systbis prfjumbjòobrblt bstìctbs wdbl usbj hy tdb scib lursbsprbsbltbj w`td tdb scib ifjba s`tuct`fl.?= C vbrymfiifl mr`t`m`si pcrt`muacray l tdb bcray 3007swdbl hfttfi-up wfrnafcj ibcsurbiblt systbis wbrbhb`lk pàftbj `l tdb LD] wcs tdct cmt`v`ty clcaysbsclj jbpbljblmy mcamuact`fls tffn tff iumd tìb, clj

nbpt lursbs cwcy orfi j`rbmt pct`blt mcrb. (@t `spfss`hab tdct bxpbr`blmb tfjcy i`kdt hb jòobrblt, lfwtdct icly ifrb lursbs crb mfiputbr a`tbrctb cljmfiputbr`sbj systbis dcvb hbmfib ifrb strbcia`lbj.)C ofurtd mr`t`m`si `s tdct caa tdb sf-mcaabj sm`bltò`mibcsurbiblt tffas rbqu`rb tdb lput fo lursbsprfobss`flca eujkbiblt, clj mcllft macì tf hb blt`rbayfhebmt`vb.?: @l ocmt, icly foo-tdb-sdbao wfrnafcjibcsurbiblt systbis rbay bxpa`m`tay fl tdb eujkbibltsfo `lj`v`juca lursbs chfut pct`blt lbbjs clj tdb tì`lkclj pcrcibtbrs fo lurs`lk cmt`v`t`bs td`s `s pcrtay wdy

tdby crb fpbl tf mr`t`m`sis fo ulrba`chà ty.C ifrb pfs`t`vb v`bw `s tdct ibcsurbiblt tffas crb cvcauchab c`j tf iclckbiblt jbm`s`fl-icn`lk chfutstcoo`lk, clj tdct wfrn sdfuaj mflt`lub tf ìprfvb

tdbi ourtdbr.?2

Zdb rbpfrt dcs carbcjy jrcwl cttblt`fltf tdb bxpbr`blmbs fo sct`so`bj usbrs (sbmt`fl 3.2). [dctsdfuaj lft hb fvbraffnbj `s tdct, `l prcmt`mb, iclyiclckbrs crb us`lk wfrnafcj ibcsurbiblt tffas ofrrbtrfspbmt`vbay ifl`tfr`lk sbrv`mbs rctdbr tdclofrbmcst`lk stcoo`lk lbbjs. Zd`s mcl hb c usboua wcy fomdbmn`lk clj jbltòy`lk `lstclmbs wdbrb tdbrb s ci`sictmd fo stcoo`lk clj cssbssbj wfrnafcj,fr wdbltdb usb fo ckblmy clj hcln stcoo wcs lft eustò bj. @otd`s sfrt fo `lofrict`fl `s a`lnbj tf tdb rbpfrt`lk focjvbrsb bvblts, `t foobrs flb wcy fo bvcauct`lk tdb a`lnshbtwbbl stcoo`lk clj pct`blt scobty.

Zdbrb `s c jbcrtd fo puha`sdbj tbmdl`mca bvcauct`fls focvcàchab wfrnafcj iclckbiblt systbis ula`nb tdbsbr`bs fo rbpfrts mfii ss`flbj hy tdb Jbpcrtiblt orfi`ts tbmdl`mca stcoo `l tdb 3047s. Zdb 3008 Krbbldcakdmfipàct`fl `s lfw hcjay fut fo jctb.]fib systbisdcvb hbbl w`tdjrcwl orfi tdb icrnbt catfkbtdbr>ftdbrs dcvb hbbl `lmfrpfrctbj `ltf `ltbkrctbjcppa`mct`fl pcmnckbs. Fo tdb obw tdct crb stàa fpbrct`lk,icly crb lf aflkbr suppfrtbj hy tdb fr`k`lca vbljfr,clj dcvb dcj tdb`r lcib mdclkbj.?? _bljfrs wàa suppaytdb lcibs fo tdb`r usbrs tf pftblt`ca mustfibrs, sf tdcttdby mcl `lvbst`kctb tdb prcmt`mca cjvcltckbs cljjrcwhcmns fo c pcrt`muacr systbi. Dfwbvbr, tdbrbcppbcrs tf hb c acmn fo bcsày cmmbss hab `lofrict`fl ofrclyflb `ltbrbstbj `l td`s crbc.

;.8 Wrfobss`flca eujkbiblt

@l 300?, Humdcl bt ca. rbpfrtbj tdct ?2% fo LD] trustsrba`bj fl prfobss`flca eujkbiblt tf jbtbri`lb tdb`rstcoo`lk abvbas, w`td flay 3:% us`lk pct`blt jbpbljblmy

ibcsurbiblts clj c ourtdbr 3:% us`lk cmt`v`tyclcays`s.?; C rbmblt (ulpuha`sdbj) XML survby fo trusts`l tdb Lfrtd [bst Xbk`fl ofulj tdct 83% fo tdbi usbjprfobss`flca eujkbiblt `l tdb jbtbri`lct`fl fobstcha`sdiblts clj snàa i`x ct strctbk`m jbm`s`fl-icn`lk abvba.Zdb rbst usbj c i`xturb fo pcmnckbs sumdcs KXC]W, fr hblmdicrn`lk fr cuj`t jctc,fr lf tffa ctcaa. Flb tbaa`lk stctbiblt wcs tdct lursbs obat tdct, tfmcrry mrbj`hà`ty w`td trust iclckbiblt, tdby lbbjbjtf usb ftdbr mr`tbr`c `l suppfrt fo prfobss`flca

eujkbiblt.?4

Icly lursb iclckbrs crb mflo`jblt tdct tdb`rprfobss`flca eujkbiblt prfv`jbs c rba`chab hcs`s ofrjbm`s`fls chfut wcrj bstcha`sdiblts clj snàa i`x.Zdby crkub tdct wcrj s`stbrs clj sbl`fr lursbs crb


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ocià`cr w`td afmca pcttbrls fo pct`blt tdrfukdput,jbpbljblmy abvbas, wcrj acyfut clj clt`m`pctbj lurs`lkcmt`v`ty. Zdby uljbrstclj tdb rbqu`rbiblts fo ibj`mcaclj surk`mca tbcis,clj tdb strblktds clj wbcnlbssbsfo tdb`r `l-dfusb lurs`lk stcoo. ]fib sbl`fr iclckbrsmfls`jbr tdct tdby sdfuaj hb chab tf bxbrm`sb tdb`rprfobss`flca eujkbiblt `l bibrkblmy s`tuct`fls hy, ofrbxcipab,rbstr`mt`lk lbw cji`ss`fls tf wcrjs frjbpcrtiblts wdbrb (`l tdb fp`l`fl fo tdb sbl`fr lursb)tdb cvcàchab abvba clj snàa i`x fo lursbs i`kdtmfiprfi`sb pct`blt scobty. Zd`s `s cl ipfrtclt ssubfo prfobss`flca cutdfr`ty,`lvfav`lk tdb rbact`flsd`p folursbs w`td ftdbr ma`l`mca clj kblbrca iclckbrs.

@t `s w`jbay cmmbptbj tdct wfrnafcj ibcsurbiblt tffascrb oacwbj> pbrdcps, tdbrbofrb, `t wfuaj hb rbca st`m tfbxpbmt tdct ibtdfjs wd`md rbay blt`rbay fl lursbs

eujkbiblt icy hb ocaa`hab. @l dbr rbvbca`lk stujy fojbm`s`fl-icn`lk l td`s crbc, Wrfmtbr jbsmr`hbs tdbsuhtab wcys `l wd`md frkcl`sct`flca mflstrc`lts mclj`stfrt prfobss`flca eujkbiblt fvbr tìb. ]db fhsbrvbjtdct wcrj s`stbrs hbmcib usbj tf wfrn`lk w`td `l-dfusb stcoo`lk abvbas tdct wbrb hbafw tdb ckrbbjbstcha`sdiblts. Mflsbqubltay, tdby pacllbj rftcs fltdb hcs`s fo sbao-ìpfsbj lfris chfut i`lìuistcoo`lk abvbas> ckblmy fr hcln stcoo wbrb mfiiflayusbj tf nbbp stcoo`lk up tf tdbsb (afw) abvbas, rctdbrtdcl hb`lk usbj cpprfpr`ctbay tf mfipblsctb ofrulofrbsbbl sdfrtocaas l stcoo`lk abvbas (ofr bxcipab,jubtf stcoo s`mnlbss).?0

Xfhust systbis crb rbqu`rbj tf kucrj ckc`lst td`s sfrt fojròt `l prfobss`flca eujkbiblt. [dbl jbvbafp`lk d`smflsuatct`vb ibtdfj, Zbaofrj uljbrstffj tdbìpfrtclmb fo tdb prfmbssbs fo rbv`bw clj lbkft`ct`flhbtwbbl iclckbrs ct wcrj abvba clj chfvb tf cmt cs cmdbmn fl cly bxmbss`vb bstìctbs fo stcoo`lk luihbrs.D`s systbi wcs mr`t`m`sbj ct tdb tìb ofr lft dcv`lk cl

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