session9 theory
TRANSCRIPT
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rpm command is used to manage and install software packages.
This command performs installation, removal and verification of
software package.
Each package is actually an rpm packages.
rpm consists of an archive of software file and information to
install.
Each archive is resides as a single file with a name that ends with
.rpm
Using rpm command
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rpm command is used either for installing or uninstalling package.
Syntax:rpm [parameter] package name [options]
parameter:
-i - Installs package.
-U - Updates package.
-e - Remove a package.
-qi - Displays information for an installed
package.
-ql - Displays file list for installed package
-qpi - Displays information from an rpm package file.(used for uninstalled packages)
-qpl - Displays file list from an rpm package file. (used for
uninstalled packages)
Using rpm command
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Options:
--force - Forces installation despite conflicts
--nodeps - Install or remove without doing anydependency checks.
--aid - Automatic dependency to install a
package. (While available of package
rpmdb-redhat aid option will work
Using rpm command
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To view an IP-address
Two methods available in linux to view the ip address
ifconfig :
-shows the ip address of the active interfaces with hardware
address.
ip-it can show ip address of a particular interface by taking the
interface name as argument
Example:
ifconfig eth0
ip a :
- simply shows the ip address of all interface.
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ifup / ifdown command
Ifup:
-ifup command is used to activate the interfaces.
Syntax:
ifup
Ifdown:
-ifdown command is used to deactivate the interface
Syntax:
ifdown
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In linux ip address can be assigned by the following methods.
netconfig:- to assign permanent ip address to the interface
Ifconfig:
- to assign temporary ip address to the interface.
Syntax:
ifconfig subnetmask
broadcast
ip a a :- to assign additional ip address temporarily
Syntax:
ip a a dev
Assigning ip address
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ping command
It is used to detect whether a system is up and running.
Syntax:
ping [options]
orping [options]
Options:
a - audible ping
b - to ping the broadcast address
c - stop sending packets after count.
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Standard Boot loader
There are two standard boot loader are used in Linux
GRUB
GRand Unified Boot loader
LILO
LInux LOader
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GRUB
GRUB Grand Unified Boot Loader
is a multi boot loader that operates similar to LILO and default
boot loader for Redhat Linux.
Using GRUB user can select operating systems to run from a menuinterface displayed when a system boot up
Supports MD5 password protection, a boot menu editing mode
and a shell like command line interface available at boot time.
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LILO
LILO means Linux loader
LILO is a program written to boot sector of a disk that loads the
OS and starts execution.
It is an older version of boot loader of Red Hat Linux.
LILO loads the Kernel based on its actual sector location on the
disk , rather than its file name
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/etc/lilo.conf - Configuration file
lilo -v - To install or update the lilo
boot loader.
lilo -t - Test the configuration before
installation.
lilo -u- To restore the MBR backup.
Grubby - bootloader-probe : to show
the a current boot loader.
LILO
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/boot/grub/grub.conf
This is configuration file for grub boot loader.
grub-install /dev/hda
To install the grub boot loader in hda device.
grubbybootloader-probe
To show the current boot loader .
GRUB installation
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Kernel initializationAs systems boots, kernel get initialized and the following functions
are occurred.
Device detection: kernel will compile the device drivers and locate it
to the corresponding devices.
Mounts root file system: After the device detection the kernel willmount the root file system as read only.
Load initial process: The very first process (init) is then loaded
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Initial process
Init :
It is the superior of all processes.
As soon as init process is loaded the control is passed from
kernel to this process.
/etc/inittab:
File which contains the information on how init should setup
the system in every run level, as well as the run level to use a
default.
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Run levels
init 0 : Shutdown the system or halt
init 1 : Single-user mode.
init 2 : Multi-user mode with out networking support.
init 3 : Multi-user mode with networking support.
init 4 : Unused.
init 5 : Graphical user interface.
init 6 : Reboot the system.