session w2.27 energy, occupant satisfaction and your

Session W2.27

© 2015 NEMIC

Session W2.27

Energy, Occupant Satisfaction and Your Facilities Budget: Can They Coexist?

Davor NovoselChief Technology OfficerNational Energy Management Institute Committee

Session W2.27

© 2015 NEMIC

Overview

Why manage energy?

Meeting energy goals

“New” paradigm: high performing building environments

Start with TAB to meet energy goals

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Why Manage Energy?

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© 2015 NEMIC

Why Manage Energy?

Energy is in the news daily

Consumer experiences with volatile fuel costs

Focus of public policy

Focus of conservation movement

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Why Manage Energy?

19%

22%

31%28%

5

Commercial BuildingsResidential Buildings

IndustrialTransportation

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Why Manage Energy?

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2003 Survey of U.S. Commercial Buildings Stock (CBECS)

0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200

Education

Food Sales

Food Service

Healthcare Inpatient

Healthcare Outpatient

Lodging

Retail (Other Than Mall)

Office

Public Assembly

Public Order and Safety

Religious Worship

Service

Warehouse and Storage

Other

Major Fuel Consumption (trillion Btu) by End Use for Non-Mall Buildings

Heating

Cooling

Ventilation

Water Heating

Lighting

Cooking

Refrigeration

Office Equipment

Computers

Other

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© 2015 NEMIC

Why Manage Energy?

Energy Targets

Federal government:Executive Order 13423

Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA)

EnergyStar

State Energy Program (SEP)

State and local governments

Private incentives:LEED, Green Globes, etc.

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© 2015 NEMIC

Why Manage Energy?

Owner Perspective

Energy Cost .. $2.50/ft²

Lease …..…. $25.00/ft²

Energy cost about 8 to 12% of net lease

Tenant Perspective

Energy Cost ……….. $2.50/ft²

Employee Cost .. $250.00/ft²

Energy cost less than 1% of operating budget

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Improve Energy Efficiency = Reduce Cost by 30%

Operating profit increases by 33%!

Impact on operating budget lost in rounding error

Session W2.27

© 2015 NEMIC

Meeting Energy Goals

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© 2015 NEMIC


IssuesMeasure of large scale energy improvements are not clearly definedMeans how to measure are unclear

Quantifying energy use of a building is difficult because

Utility bills only provide consumption but not actual building energy efficiencyEnergy consumption is influenced by uncontrollable parameters (occupancy, usage patterns, type, weather) that may vary widely from year to yearNo general agreement on how to assess building performanceEasy to use, comprehensive building performance metrics are absent

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© 2015 NEMIC


Currently accepted measure of the energy performance of a building:

EUI = Gross Square Footage

Annual Energy Consumption

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Energy Utilization Index (EUI)

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© 2015 NEMIC


Building energy performance normative data:

Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS)

Energy Star® Portfolio Manager

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ASH

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13

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rgy

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mp

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n, k

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DOE/EIA CBECS Trend with 95% CI (June 2006)

25

50

75

100

125

1975 80 85 90 95 2000 05 10 15 20Year

Federal Facilities (2012) = 101 kBtu/ft²-yr

AIA BEPS (1976)EO 13423

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EO 13514: net-zeroenergy by 2030

2012 goal

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Ene

rgy

Use

Ind

ex (

19

75

= 1

00

)

1975 80 85 90 95 2000 05 10 15 20Year

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90

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40

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16

14%

11%

16%

8%

4%

4%

?

CBECS Trend (June 2006)

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0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

2003 Survey of U.S. Commercial Buildings Stock (CBECS):• 4,859,000 buildings• 71.658 billion ft²• Median building size

~ 5,000 ft²• Median age = 50 yrs

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© 2015 NEMIC

Skin: 25-50 years

Structure: 50-300 years


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Building = Shearing Layers of Change

Site: “eternal”

Services: 15-20 years

Space Plan: 5-7 years

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© 2015 NEMIC


1 7 14 21 28 35 42 50

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Structure

Services

Space Plan

Structure: 50 years



Building Age

Cap

ital

Co

stTraditional View of Building Costs

Cumulative Total over 50 Years

Building Life Cycle Costs

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© 2015 NEMIC


To meet meaningful energy goals we must focus on existing buildings because

… in 50 years most of the buildings constructed today will still be standing.

Net-zero energy goals will have no broad impact until significant building stock has been replaced.

Existing buildings offer the largest energy savings potential

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Session W2.27

© 2015 NEMIC

“New” Paradigm: High Performing Building Environments

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Session W2.27

© 2015 NEMIC

A New Paradigm

Fundamental building objectives:

Safe, secure and healthy environment for occupants

Facilitate performance and productivity of occupants, facility managers, and owners

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Session W2.27

© 2015 NEMIC

A New Paradigm

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Ene

rgy

Use

Ind

ex (

19

75

= 1

00

)

1975 80 85 90 95 2000 05 10 15 20Year

ASH

RA

E St

d 9

0-7

5

ASH

RA

E St

d 9

0A

-19

80

ASH

RA

E St

d9

0.1

-19

89

ASH

RA

E St

d9

0.1

-19

99

ASH

RA

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d 9

0.1

-20

04

ASH

RA

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0.1

-20

07

ASH

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-20

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ASH

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-20

13

90

100

70

80

40

60

30

50

20

10

ASH

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d9

0.1

-20

16

14%

11%

16%

8%

4%

4%

?

CBECS Trend (June 2006)

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A New Paradigm

While we increased the energy efficiency of new buildings by 100%, shouldn’t we have increased the productivity of the indoor environments proportionally?

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© 2015 NEMIC


23Year

100

1975 80 85 90 95 2000 05 10 15 20

ASH

RA

E St

d 9

0-7

5

ASH

RA

E St

d 9

0A

-19

80

ASH

RA

E St

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0.1

-19

89

ASH

RA

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0.1

-19

99

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90

70

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40

60

30

50

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10 ASH

RA

E St

d9

0.1

-20

16

110

150

130

140

120

Productivity of indoor environments

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A New Paradigm

Building Energy Performance Metrics

Energy Utilization Index (EUI)

Net-zero energy

Time dependent valuation (California Title 24)

Non-energy Building Performance Metrics

Human responses to indoor environments

Occupant performance

Economic performance

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Is there a relationship between the two sets of metrics?

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© 2015 NEMIC

A New Paradigm

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Social Factors• Secular trends• Social factors in mini-

environments

Personal Factors• Intrinsic• Adaptive• Psychological

environmental• Risk perception

Physical Factors• Sources• Building systems• Exposures

Motivating Factors• Economic• Other motivators

Human Responses• Objective• Perceptive• Affective

Human Factors

Occupant Performance

Productivity

Cost Factors• First costs• O&M costs• Other costs

Response FunctionsForcing Functions

Extended rational model for evaluation of human response, occupant performance and productivity

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© 2015 NEMIC

A New Paradigm

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Occupant acceptability (OA) attribute is independent of the function of the building and can be correlated with exposure metrics of the indoor environment

OA can be measured and correlated to specific building environmental parameters (temperature, humidity, lighting, odors, draft, acoustics, etc.)

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© 2015 NEMIC

A New Paradigm

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Acceptability index value (AIV):

AIV =

Occupant Acceptance (%) of a Specific Environmental Parameter

EUI

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© 2015 NEMIC

A New Paradigm

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AIV can be developed for every environmental parameter:

Temperature

Humidity

Lighting

Odors

Draft

Acoustics

Others

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A New Paradigm

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Summary of Characteristics of Investigated Buildings

Bldg ID Location

Const.

Com-

pletion

Date

LEED™

Rating

No.

Floors

System Type EUI (Btu/GSF/yr) Occupancy Overall

Accept-

ability

(%)

Primary System Supply Air

Distribution

Reported Verified No. Density

(GSF/P)

1-6 PA 2004 Gold 4Steam/

Packaged RTUsVAV/UFAD 36,076 49,919 240 789 717

1-8 CA 2003 Gold 2Hot/ chilled

water AHUsVAV/CAD 40,507 40,717 75 697 470

1-9 MO 2004 Platinum 2

Steam/ Hot/

chilled water

AHUs

CAV/UFAD NA 61,171 170 641 950

6-3 NE 2004 Gold 3Hot/ chilled

water AHUsVAV/UFAD NA 79,118 100 680 1343

6-4 MO 2005 Platinum 4Hot/ chilled

water AHUsVAV/UFAD 40,506 45,716 300 400 779

FCH- 1 OR 2006 Gold 5Hot/ chilled

water AHUs

VAV/UFAD

(50% of floor

area)

53,386 180 1482 953

FCH- 4 FL 2003Not

Rated15

Hot/ chilled

water AHUsVAV/CAD 54,347 NA NA 597

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© 2015 NEMIC

A New Paradigm

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Thermal Acceptability of Investigated Buildings

Bldg. IDVerified EUI

(Btu/GSF/yr)

Personal Satisfaction with Thermal Comfort

(Percentage of Respondents who reported “most of time” or

“always”)

Thermal Acceptability Index (Btu/GSF/yr/%)

Temperature Rel. Humidity Temperature Rel. Humidity

1-6 49,919 46 54 1085 924

1-8 40,717 76 85 536 479

1-9 61,171 44 75 1390 816

6-3 79,118 50 59 1582 1114

6-4 45,715 59 76 775 602

FCH-1 53,386 30 - 1780 -

FCH-4 54,347 67 - 811 -

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A New Paradigm

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0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

1-6 1-8 1-9 6-3 6-4 FCH-1 FCH-4

Tem

pe

ratu

re A

IV

Building ID

Temperature Acceptability of Investigated Buildings

Proposed Specific AIV Goal

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A New Paradigm

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0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600

1,800

2,000

1-6 1-8 1-9 6-3 6-4 FCH-1 FCH-4

AIV

Building ID

Overall Acceptability

Thermal AIV

Acoustics AIV

ProposedOverall AIV Goal

Specific AIV Goal

Overall, Thermal and Acoustics Acceptability of Investigated Buildings

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© 2015 NEMIC


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Many pieces of equipment that need to operate in unison

No design is the same Usage changes over time Equipment degradation over time Control system degradation

Imagine your building as an orchestra …

Your building requires periodic fine tuning (TAB)!

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© 2015 NEMIC


When to do TAB?

Commissioning?

Start-up?

Tenant change?

Annually?

Change-over?

When budget allows?

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© 2015 NEMIC


1 7 14 21 28 35 42 50

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Structure

Services

Space Plan

Structure: 50 years



Building Age

Cap

ital

Co

stTraditional View of Building Costs

Cumulative Total over 50 Years

Building Life Cycle Costs

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© 2015 NEMIC


Staged Approach to Building Upgrades

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Base Load New Base Load

HVAC

Re-commissioning

Lighting Upgrades

SupplementalLoad Reductions

Air DistributionUpgrades

Upgrades

TAB

TAB

TABTAB

TAB

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Why do TAB? How often? By whom?

Independent TAB contractor

Mechanical contractor

Commissioning contractor


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Who has the least conflict of interest and can act as your representative?!

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© 2015 NEMIC

Start with TAB to Meet Energy Goals .7

How to Specify TAB?

Masterformat 2004 Division 23 - Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC)

Section 23 0593: Testing, Adjusting, and Balancing for HVAC; last updated May 2010

Section 23 0800: Commissioning of HVACDefines scope, objectives, procedures, Contractor's responsibilities.

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Session W2.27

© 2015 NEMIC

Summary

Why manage energy?

How big is energy savings opportunity?

Meeting energy goals

“New” paradigm: energy performance in context of human performance

Start with TAB to meet energy goals

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Session W2.27

© 2015 NEMIC

Contact Information

Davor Novosel

Chief Technology Officer

National Energy Management Institute Committee

8403 Arlington Boulevard, Suite 100

Fairfax, VA 22031

[email protected]

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session w2.27 energy, occupant satisfaction and your

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