session two: lutheranism takes root (1600 ~ 1800)
TRANSCRIPT
LUTHERANISM
Session Two:Lutheranism Takes Root
(1600 ~ 1800)
Schedule Overview
1. Moving to the New World (1600 ~ 1700)
2.Lutheranism Takes Root (1600 ~ 1800)
3. Becoming “American” (1800 ~ 1900)4. Remaining “Ethnic” (1800 ~ 1900)5. Lutherans Unite (1900 – 1962)6. Lutherans Divide (1962 – 1988)7. The ELCA: A Brief History (1988 – Today)
Last Week in Review
Discussed two primary questionsWhat defines a Lutheran?Who is one?
Discussed legacy of Martin Luther’s theology and its impact on Lutheranism in AmericaExperiential & RealisticPietist & Orthodoxy Movements
Discussed what brought people to the New World
Last Week in Review
Questions, comments or smart remarks
regarding last week’s class?
This Week
A Closer Look at Four Early Lutheran
Settlements1. The Dutch in the New
Netherlands2. The Swedes in New
Sweden3. The Danes in the
Virgin Islands (not shown)
4. The Germans/Austrians in Georgia
A CLOSER LOOK
The New Netherlands
The “OLD” Netherlands
• About the “Old Netherlands”– Was never a center for
Lutheranism in Europe– The first “free” Lutheran
churches – independent of national government – were developed in the Netherlands• Developed their own
church administration• Instituted a pattern of
worship (borrowed from the Reformed tradition)
The NEW Netherlands
• Dutch West India Company charter (1621) stipulated that only the Reformed religion would be given official recognition in the NEW Netherlands– Officially, the same
situation as in the “old Netherlands”
– Policies were more enforced in public than in private
The NEW Netherlands
• In the New Netherlands, enforcement eventually became more strict– Baptisms ONLY
allowed in Reformed tradition
– No instances of public worship (or even HOUSE churches!) allowed except in Reformed tradition
The New Netherlands
• 1649, Lutheran laypeople organize themselves into a congregation stretching from Manhattan to Albany– Not solely Dutch– Germans, Danes,
Frisians and Norwegians included
• “HELP!!! We need a pastor!”– Took 8 years to get one
The New Netherlands
• John Ernst Gutwasser– Ordained in Amsterdam
April 10, 1657– Sent to New
Amsterdam, 1657
• Change in New Amsterdam Tolerance Policy
• Good-bye, Pastor Gutwasser!
The New Netherlands
• British take over control of the colony in 1664– Colony changes names to New YORK– Lutherans allowed to worship in public and
have their own Lutheran pastor
• Congregation expands happily– Erects a new building– Call a pastor to preach and baptize
• Pastor Jacob Fabritius, newly arrived Pastor of the Lutheran Church of New Amsterdam in 1669.
• Congregation grows and divides into two
YORK
Not a real photograph!
New YorkSt. Matthew Lutheran
ChurchManhattan
First Lutheran ChurchAlbany
New York
Pastor Jacob Fabritius served the congregation well for many years, but had some vices that led to his demise…
– Strong drink– Flamboyant red clothing– Equally colorful
vocabulary
He moved on to New Sweden where he served well.
#@&^*!!!!
New York
• Bernhard Arensius (1671- d. 1691)• Vacant (1691-1702)• Anders Rudman (1701-1702)
– Came from New Sweden
• Justus Falckner (1703- d. 1723)– Ordained at Gloria Dei Lutheran Church in Philadelphia in
1703. Great example of Lutherans coming together for a united purpose: in this case, Swedes were using Latin to set aside a German national to serve Scandinavians, Poles, Germans and others in Dutch!
ENSUING PASTORATES
New York
Dutch?
German?
English?
LANGUAGE CONCERNS
New York
WHAT WENT WELL• Cooperation among
leaders of a common confession – even among different nationalities – can be beneficial
• Worship Style• Lay-Leadership
Development• Multi-cultural
environment
WHAT DIDN’T• Quick pastorates followed
by long pastorates developed a unique power structure– Laity and clergy struggle to
know their place
• Took a long time to “cut the cord” with their home country
• Lay-Leadership at time was OVERdeveloped leading to “pretenders”
New York
Questions, comments or smart remarks?
A CLOSER LOOK
New Sweden
New Sweden
• Colony comprised of southwest Pennsylvania, western New Jersey and northern Delaware
• Colony formed by Sweden in 1638– LUTHERANS were in charge
of government and church!
– Sweden still held control, however
New Sweden
• First Pastor of New Sweden
• Strict instructions for ministry
• Mission work with the Natives
Johan Campanius
New Sweden
• Dutch assume rule of colony in 1655– Different religious toleration policy than
in New Amsterdam
• English assume rule of colony in 1664–Much more tolerant than Dutch– Flood of Anglicans (Church of England)
into colony
New Sweden
WELCOME, PASTORS ANDERS RUDMAN, ERIC BJORK AND
JONAS AUREN!
Gloria Dei Church
Eric Bjork Holy Trinity Church
New Sweden
WHAT WENT WELL• Saw their presence as
missionary in nature• Adapted to the culture
WHAT DIDN’T• Financial support was
low– Still came from Sweden
• Pastors were lazy and/or reluctant to be here– “Did their time” then
left for a “real” job
• Refused to let go of the Swedish language
New Sweden
• Very few new immigrants came from Sweden–More from England, Germany, Finland and the
Netherlands
• Refusal to offer services in English led to many transfer to the Church of England
• King of Sweden withdrew all support from the American mission in 1789. By 1846, all seven congregations joined the Episcopal Church.
WHAT HAPPENED NEXT?
New York
Questions, comments or smart remarks?
A CLOSER LOOK
Danish Virgin Islands
DANISH VIRGIN ISLANDS
The Danish West Indian and Guinea Company helped to secure St. Thomas for Denmark in the
mid-1660s.
DANISH VIRGIN ISLANDS
Pastor Kjeld Jensen Slagelse founds second oldest
Lutheran congregation in the western hemisphere in 1666 - Frederick Lutheran Church in
Charlotte Amalie, St. Thomas
DANISH VIRGIN ISLANDS
DIFFICULT BEGINNINGS
• Meager supplies, disease and death = BAD
• Governor George Jorgen Iverson• A Danish Church for Danes…but
what about the Africans?
DANISH VIRGIN ISLANDS
• A mission to the African Slaves– The German Moravians– Early Failures– Later Successes
• Development of Schools– Instruction– Language– The Way to Freedom
DANISH VIRGIN ISLANDS
Governor Peter von Scholten proclaimed emancipation on July
3, 1848.
DANISH VIRGIN ISLANDS
WHAT WENT WELL• Mandatory worship
brought in money• Adapted to new
languages• Adapted to new
cultures & needs• Focused on contextual
education
WHAT DIDN’T
?
New York
Questions, comments or smart remarks?
A CLOSER LOOK
Salzburgers in Georgia
THE SALZBURGERS
DO YOU REMEMBER?
The Treaty of AugsburgThirty Years’ War
The Peace of Westphalia
THE SALZBURGERS
Count Leopold Anton
Eleutherius von Firmian, Archbishop of
Salzburg(1727-1744)
THE SALZBURGERS
THE SALZBURGERS
THE SALZBURGERS
Their Downfall:
SLAVERY
THE SALZBURGERS
WHAT WENT WELL• Stuck to what they
knew was important– Worship– School/Education– Orphanage/Outreach
WHAT DIDN’T• Stuck to their identity• Adapted too much to
Southern culture (esp. in regards to slavery issue)
• Pastoral leadership led to conflict
• Intentional Lutheran Community project failed
NEXT WEEK
Becoming “American”(1800 ~ 1900)