session 7 accessibility : the social dimension of ... · accessibility in india an able bodied...
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ACCESSIBILITY AND SOCIAL INCLUSION IN INDIA
Lalita SENProfessor – Texas Southern University, USA
CODATU XIIDECENTRALIZED COOPERATION FOR URBAN TRANSPORT: EXPERIENCING DIRECT
COOPERATION BETWEEN LOCAL GOVERNMENTS WORLDWIDE5-7 July 2006Lyon (France)
SESSION 7Accessibility : the social dimension of sustainable transport
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Accessibility in IndiaAn able bodied individual without personal transportation is concerned with:
Access to activities at specific locations.Availability of affordable public transportation.Ability to board and disembark (over crowding/ high steps/ running bus etc).Ease in changing vehicle and modes through the trip chain (origin to final destination).The total travel time.Personal safety concerns….whether or not the trip can be made alone by the traveler (i.e. child, woman, elderly etc)
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Continued…….
A disabled person is concerned with additional factors:
Availability of accessible public transportation
Availability of affordable transportation
Availability of “safe” transportation (personal safety)
Availability of an escort for the desired trip (standard expectation)
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Underlying ConcernsEconomic
Design of infrastructuresidewalks, entry/exits of building, road surface, accessible toilets, accessible hotels/ accommodations.
Design of vehiclesaccessible public buses, taxis, trains, subways, scooters, motorbikes, auto rickshaws, cycle rickshaws, ferries, tongas (horse carriages), airplanes
Personal Safety
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Barriers to Accessibility
Urban barriers....• Ingress and egress into public buildings and homes• Design of roadways, footpaths/ side walks• Inaccessible public transportationRural Barriers• Entryways / exits from homes• Public buildings, schools, clinics etc• Lack of paths / all weather roadways• Lack of accessible, affordable and reliable public
transportation
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A State Map of IndiaCensus of India 2001, The office of the registrar general, India
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Statistics on Disability (Census 2001)
Total Disabled Population
21,906,769
Visually Impaired 10,634,881
Speech Impaired 1,640,868
Hearing Impaired 1,261,722
Mobility Impaired 6,105,477
Mentally Impaired 2,263,821
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Size of Illiterate Population (Census 2001
Tot. Disabled Pop.
Visually Impaired
Speech Impaired
Hearing Impaired
Mobility Impaired
Mentally Impaired
Literate 10,801,232 5,301,316 594,431 544,748 948,871 857813
Illiterate 11,605,537 5,333,565 1,046,437 716,974 1,253,854 1,406,008
Urban Illiterate
1,993,910 889,994 192,927 96,241 449,179 365,569
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Distribution of Literate and Illiterate Disabled Males and Females by Rural & Urban Areas
(census 2001)
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Employment Status by Disability Categories in Rural & Urban Areas (Census 2001)
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Disability Categories by Literacy & Gender in Rural & Urban Areas
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Building Accessibility
Urban
Rural
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New Market, Kolkata
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Typical Side Street in Nizamuddin Area, Delhi
source:www.time.com/.../journey/ photoessays/india8.html
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Gate Way to Taj Mahal, 2006
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A Makeshift Ramp, Taj Mahal’s Entry way, 2006
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Makra Kali Bari, Bhutan-India Border, 2005
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Sabarmati Gandhi Ashramwww.thesecondlayer.com/.../ west/gallerywest.html
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School Entrance in Almora, Himachal Pradeshsource: paularodrigo.mydynip.net/.../ subway1
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Computers on the wall outside a village school: Himachal Pradesh
paularodrigo.mydynip.net/.../ subway1
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Safety: Design of Footpaths/ Side Walks, Roadways
Urban
Rural
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Crossing the Road on Marine Drive, Mumbaisource:paularodrigo.mydynip.net/.../ subway1
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Typical Street Pavement, Kolkatasource: www.siprep.org/christian_ service/IndiaJournal.htm
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Suburbs of Delhi, 2006
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Street in Pathanamthitta source:www.ghastlycomic.com/ india2005/india-69.htm
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National Highway 11, Bharatpur, 2006
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People Crossing a River in a Rural Area
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Village of Khoplung, Himalyan Foothills
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Phunsoling, Gateway to Bhutan from India
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The State of Accessible Transportation
Urban
Rural
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Commuter Trains in Mumbaisource:www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Asia/India/Travel
Guide-India.html
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Tonga in Old Delhisource: www.electricedge.com/.../ images/tonga.jpg
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A Scooter Rider Carrying Clothes
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Entrance to the Metro Rail, Kolkata (2003)
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Tram
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Private Bus, Kolkata
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Scooter/ Autorickshaw
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Khurda Road Railway Station, near Kolkata
source:www.trekearth.com/.../ Asia/India/East/page4.htm
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Cycle Rickshawsource: international.sdstate.edu/.../ photo_gallery1.htm
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Ferry Across the Hoogly River, Howrahsource:www.trekearth.com/.../ Asia/India/East/page4.htm
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Transport in the Rural Areas
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Progress Towards Accessibility and Inclusion
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Accessible Toilet in Delhi Hat, 2006
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Ramp onto Diwan-I-Khas, City Palace, Jaipur, 2006
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Curb Cut Near Jantar Mantar, New Delhi, 2006
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New Low Floor Bus Designed for Increased Accessibility, 2006
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The New Delhi Metro, 2006
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Summary & Conclusions
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Inaccessible and Exclusionary Environment
• Lack of accessible entrances/ exits to/ from municipal / public buildings, and homes.
• Apartment buildings lack lifts if four storey or less; homes in rural areas lack smooth surface for mobility within a home to complete daily chores; lack of access even to public schools.
• Disabled Women in rural areas most adversely affected and most likely to be home bound, immobile, and illiterate, and dependent on other members of the household.
• Lack of accessible public transportation in almost all areas, except for major metropolitan areas.
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Solutions• Design new roads and highways to accommodate
accessibility & safety for all
• Design traffic signals and street/ road crossings which are safe, visible, and accessible
• Re-design and resurface footpaths (sidewalks) to allow safe passage for persons with all type of disabilities for both cities and villages
• Design / retrofit accessible entrances to public buildings and promote retrofitting of entryways into private homes especially in rural areas.
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Continued……..
• Design low level mobility devices for use rural women with mobility impairment due to their critical role within the household.
• Design or retrofit all type of vehicles both motorized and non motorized to make them accessible.
• Develop & use universal signs for easy comprehension for even the illiterate person
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Legislative/ Implementation Strategies to Increase Accessibility and Inclusion
• Phase in enforcement of the Persons with Disabilities Act of 1995 at all levels
• Change urban pavement culture to allow more space for accessible space for pedestrians
• Provide financial incentives for implementing increased accessibility and inclusion especially of women in rural areas
• Educate everyone on the use of universal signs traffic and road signs.
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Continued………..• Phase in retrofitting of all public buildings, schools etc.
• Enforce fines and penalties to State and local governments until changes are made
• Create a monitoring board at the national level
• Duplicate such a monitoring board in each state
• Mandate advisory board made up of citizens at local levels (city, town, villages etc) to monitor and address local priorities