Factors Influencing the Adoption of Improved Rubber Agroforestry System by Rubber Smallholder Farmers in Indonesia

Dudi Iskandar, Bruce Manley, Laxman Joshi, Betha Lusiana

Agency for The Assessment and Application of Technology, University of Canterbury, New ZealandWorld Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Bogor, Indonesia

World Congress on Agoforestry 2014, New Delhi, India

I. Background

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Indonesia has the world’s largest area of rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) plantations (3.5 million ha) and is the world’s second largest natural rubber producing country (2.7 million tons in 2007)

• Indonesia’s rubber plantations are

mainly dominated by smallholder farmers (<5 ha) which make up for 86% of the 3.5 million hectares of rubber’s area

• 7 million farmers in Kalimantan and Sumatera depend on rubber for their livelihood

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• 64% rubber area still under traditional mixed system using unselected rubber seedlings (jungle rubber), with low latex productivity but provision of multiple products and services.

Multifunction of Rubber Agroforest

Intensive moultur

1065-1310 kg/ha/yearJungle Rubber

590 kg/ha/year

(Penot; 1995)

Intensive Monoculture

1065-1310 kg/ha/year

Jungle rubber VS Monoculture

Rubber Agroforestry System

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Jungle rubberUnselected seedlingUnmanagedTrees/fruitsEnvironmental servicesLow productivity

Rubber Agroforestry High yield seedlings Semi intensiveTrees/fruitsHigh productivity

Rubber monocultureHigh yield seedlingIntensiveRubber onlyHigh productivityHigh capital & Labour

Background (continued)

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• Intensive monoculture rubber with high yielding rubber clones offers higher latex productivity but requires high capital and labour input.

• Improved Rubber Agroforestry System (RAS) developed and promoted by the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) incorporates clonal rubber in traditional agroforestry setting improves latex productivity while maintaining benefits of traditional system.

Rubber Agroforestry System

Objective

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RAS technology is becoming popular among smallholder rubber farmers, but its adoption is still slow and limited; farmers

cite multiple reasons for this.

The objective of the study is to identify the factors that influencing the adoption of improved rubber agroforestry system by Rubber Smallholder Farmers in two provinces in Indonesia.

Locations of Study

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Respondents & Data Collections

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• 8 Villages (223 rubber farmers)• Smallholder Farmers (Adopters

and Non adopters)• Questionnaires survey • Field observation

Data Analysis

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• model :

6. Results

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Jambi West KalimantanFactors β Sig. Exp(B) β Sig. Exp(B)

Incentives 3.709*** 0.0001 40.817 3.453** 0.003 31.601

Income - - - 0.081** 0.015 1.084

Demonstration plots 2.275** 0.001 9.725 - - -

Land - - - -0.449** 0.008 0.638

Constant -3.021*** 0.0001 0.049 0.718 0.395 2.051

-2Log-likelihood 102.87 52.96

Model chi-square (Level of significance)

65.33 (P<0.0001) 30.3 (P<0.0003)

Level of correct prediction

82% 89%

Factors in adoption

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Incentives; Government support

The rubber farmers have limitations in capital and establishment of clonal rubber needs higher costs, therefore they depend on incentives from the government.

Factors in adoption

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Income

The positive and significant signs for income indicated the higher the level of income the more the likelihood of rubber farmers applying clonal rubber. Introduction of improved technology such as clonal rubber is important for rubber smallholders’ farmers

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Demonstration Plots• the adoption of clonal rubber is higher

for farmers who had observed successful demonstration plots.

• farmers are influenced by exhibitions of demonstration plots

• the more farmers observe and are involved in demonstration plots, the greater their chance of adopting clonal rubber because they acquire more knowledge and more confidence to adopt clonal rubber.

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Land (Scarcity of land)

• a decreased land area increased their

eagerness to adopt clonal rubber in order to increase land productivity.

• Adoption of clonal rubber for higher yield on a small parcel of land was one of the alternatives to increase rubber yield

• to increase their income from the limited area of land.

Conclusions & Recommendations

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The logit analyses show the significant factors that influencing the adoption of clonal rubber are availability of incentives, demonstration plots, higher income and scarcity of land.

This study suggests that the farmers with incentives and higher incomes will be more capable of buying clonal seedlings, fertiliser and pesticides therefore more opportunity to adopt clonal rubber.

Adoption and application of clonal rubber for higher yield on a small parcel of land was one of the alternatives to increase rubber yield and to increase their income from the limited area of land.

The Government needs to provide more incentives, access to credit, access to information and assistance, to produce more reliable, affordable and high quality of planting materials.

Demonstration plots have to be established, easy to access by farmers and good demonstration may increase farmers chance of adopting improved rubber agroforestry.

1. Rubber farmers in the study areas 2. Researchers and staffs at World Agroforestry (ICRAF) Indonesia3. Field assistants 4. Village and sub district leaders in the study areas

Sponsorships :

Acknowledgment

I2. Recomendations

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Terima kasih – Thank youShukria