session 4 job safety analysis risk assessment and control · water pollution protects the manpower...

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Session 4

Job Safety Analysis

Risk Assessment and control

OSH5063EP(PRS3607)

Workplace and Work Equipment Hazard

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Job Safety Analysis

Job safety analysis (or job hazard analysis) is an

accident prevention technique that should be used

in conjunction with the development of

job safety instructions;

safe system of work; and

job safety training.

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The technique of JSA has evolved from the work

study techniques known as method study and work

measurement.

The aim of the method study is to improve methods

of production.

Job Safety Analysis

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The method study technique known as the

SREDIM principle.

Select

Record

Examine

Develop

Install

Maintain

Job Safety Analysis

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Work measurement is utilized to break the job

down into its component parts and by

measuring the quantity of work in each of the

component parts, make human effort more

effective.

Job Safety Analysis

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JSA uses the SREDIM principle but measures

the risk (rather than the work content) in each of

the component parts of the job under review.

From this detailed examination a safe method

for carrying out each stage of the job can be

developed.

Job Safety Analysis

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The basic procedure for JSA is as follows:

1. Select the job to be analyzed. (SELECT)

2. Break the job down into its component parts in an

orderly and chronological sequence of job steps.

(RECORD)

3. Critically observe and examine each component part of

the job to determine the risk of accident. (EXAMINE)

Job Safety Analysis

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4. Develop control measures to eliminate or reduce the risk

of accident. (DEVELOP)

5. Formulate written and safe systems of work and job

safety instructions for the job. (INSTALL)

6. Review safe systems of work and job safe practices at

regular intervals to ensure their utilization. (MAINTAIN)

Job Safety Analysis

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Criteria to be considered when selecting jobs for

analysis will include:

1. Past accident and loss experience;

2. Maximum potential loss;

3. Probability of recurrence;

4. Legal requirements;

5. The newness of the job; and

6. The number of employees at risk.

Job Safety Analysis

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Once the job has been selected, it should be broken

down into its component parts or job steps.

Each job step should be one component part of the

total job.

On average, there will be approximately 15 job

steps; if more than 20, then the job under study

should be subdivided;

If less than 10, then a bigger slice of the job should

be analyzed.

Job Safety Analysis

Example of a job breakdown.pdf

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The concept of risk assessment within a risk

management framework is the combination of:

Risk Identification

Risk Evaluation

Risk Control

Process of Risk Assessment

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Risk Identification

Risk identification may be achieved by a multiplicity

of techniques, including physical inspections,

management and worker discussions, safety audits,

job safety analysis, and Hazop studies. The study of

past accidents can also identify areas of high risk.

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Risk Evaluation

Risk evaluation (or measurement) may be based on

economic, social or legal considerations.

Economic considerations should include financial

impact on the organization.

Social and humanitarian consideration should

include the general wellbeing of employees, the

interaction with the general public concerned.

Legal considerations should include possible

constraints with Health & Safety legislation, COP,

guidance notes and accepted standards.

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Risk Evaluation

The probability and frequency of each occurrence,

and the severity of the outcome – including an

estimation of the maximum potential loss – will be

also need to be incorporated into any meaningful

evaluation.

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Risk Control strategies

Risk control strategies may be classified into

four main areas:

Risk avoidance

Risk retention

Risk transfer

Risk reduction

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Risk avoidance

This strategy involves a conscious decision on the

part of the organization to avoid completely a

particular risk by discontinuing the operation

producing the risk and it presupposes that the risk

has been identified and evaluated.

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Risk retention

The risk is retained in the organization where any

consequent loss is financed by the company.

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Risk transfer

Risk transfer refers to the legal assignment of the

costs of certain potential losses from one party to

another. The most common way of effecting such

transfer is by insurance.

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Risk reduction

The principles of risk reduction rely on the

reduction of risk within the organization by the

implementation of a loss control programme,

whose basic aim is to protect the company’s

assets from wastage caused by accidental loss.

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Loss control

Loss control may be defined as a management system

designed to reduce or eliminate all aspects of accidental

loss that lead to a wastage of the organization’s assets.

Those assets include manpower, materials, machinery,

methods, manufactured goods and money.

Loss control is based mainly on the economic approach

to accident prevention, and loss control management is

essentially the application of sound management

techniques to the identification, evaluation and

economic control of losses within a business.

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Loss control

Bird and Loftus state that loss control management involves the following:

The identification of risk exposure.

The measurement and analysis of exposures.

The determination of exposures that will respond to treatment by existing or available loss control techniques or activities.

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Loss control

The selection of appropriate loss control action based on effectiveness and economic feasibility.

The management of the loss control programme implementation in the most effective manner subject to economic constraints.

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Loss control programme

The component parts of a loss control programme may be considered in terms of protecting one or more of the organization's assets from accidental loss, and will generally include:

injury prevention (safety)

damage control

fire prevention

Security

industrial health and hygiene

Pollution

and business interruption.

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Injury prevention is concerned directly with the protection of the manpower asset within an organization. To a lesser extent, it is indirectly concerned with the protection of the money asset, as a reduction in the number of injuries should result in a reduction in both the insured and the uninsured accident costs.

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Damage control is directly concerned with the protection of assets comprising machinery, materials and manufactured goods from accidental loss before they reach the customer. Indirectly, this leads to the protection of the money asset through the elimination of repetitive damage and associated repair/replacement costs. Also, there may be some indirect protection of the manpower asset if damage causes and injury causes are similar.

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Essentially, damage control is an extension of the injury reporting and prevention programme to encompass also those accidents which result in damage only to plant, property, equipment and materials.

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Fire prevention may be considered to be a special aspect of damage control in that it protects the machinery, materials and manufactured goods assets. It also protects the manpower asset, since fire can cause injury as well as damage and because fire damage is a very costly item, it is indirectly protecting the money asset as well.

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From a practical viewpoint, consideration should be given to aspects of

fire prevention techniques

methods of fire control

firefighting and extinguishment

fire protection including fixed equipment (e.g. sprinklers etc.)

storage and handling of flammable liquids

fire safety of employees,

means of escape

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evacuation drills and procedures

explosion potential

handling, storage and use of explosives

electrical installations

Disaster contingency planning

Statutory requirements and associated COPs, standards

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Security protects the materials, methods, manufactured goods and money assets. Its inclusion in a loss control programme is primarily based on economic considerations, as any breaches of security that result in losses of the organization's assets may not be considered by the organization to be accidental in nature.

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Occupational health and hygiene is concerned with the protection of the manpower asset from the effects of occupational diseases – i.e. long-term accidents and other adverse conditions associated with the industrial environment. Indirectly, this also protects the money asset, as an improvement in health and hygiene within a factory should lead to a reduction in the incidence of occupational diseases, and hence a reduction in the associated costs.

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Pollution control/environmental protection is concerned not only with the environment within the factory, but also the environment outside and around the factory. Control of air, ground and water pollution protects the manpower asset directly and the money asset indirectly. Adverse publicity resulting from an organization causing some form of pollution would initially harm the organization's image, and perhaps harm it economically. Persistent breaches of one or other of the Acts dealing with pollution can ultimately lead to prosecution and fines with further adverse publicity, both at local and national level.

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Business interruption or continuity further extends the loss control strategy to take account of the fact that time is money, and as such, any loss of production or services is detrimental to the overall profitability of the company. It serves to maintain the assets of machinery, materials, manufactured goods and methods indirectly.

A programmes to prevent business interruption can include planned preventive maintenance, condition monitoring, inspection & examination, machinery replacement, availability of key spares, etc.

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Risk Assessment

Once the risks within a company has been identified and complied, the impact of each risk on the organization requires assessment, so that the risks may be put in order of priority in terms of when control action is actually required.

i.e. immediate; short term; medium term; long term

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Risk Assessment

The fundamental equation =

Frequency (how often?) x Consequence (how big?)

In general

Low-frequency, low-consequence risk should be retained.

Low-frequency, high-consequence risk should be transferred.

High-frequency, low-consequence risk should be reduced via effective loss control management.

High frequency, high-consequence risk should be avoided by managing them out of the organization.

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Risk Assessment

e.g. Risk Matrix

Likelihood

Consequences

Catastrophic Major Minor Insignificant

Likely/Frequent Extreme High High Moderate

Probable High High Moderate Low

Possible High Moderate Moderate Low

Remote Moderate Moderate Low Low

Improbable Low Low Low Low

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Risk Assessment

The control of risks within an organization requires careful planning, and its achievement will involve both short-term (temporary) and long-term (permanent) measure:

Eliminate / avoid risk at source

Reduce risk at source

Contain risk by enclosure

Remove employee from risk

Reduce employee’s exposure to risk

Utilize protective equipment

Long term

Shortterm

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Q&A

session 4 job safety analysis risk assessment and control · water pollution protects the manpower...

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