session 3.3 moringa for improved nutrition
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Moringa – a vegetable tree for improved nutrition, health and income of smallholder farmers - by Andreas W. Ebert and Manuel C. PaladaTRANSCRIPT
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Moringa – a vegetable tree for improved nutrition, health and income of smallholder farmers
Andreas W. Ebert1 & Manuel C. Palada2
1AVRDC – The World Vegetable CenterShanhua, Tainan 74199, Taiwan
2Central Philippines University, Iloilo City, Iloilo, Philippines
World Congress on Agroforestry 201410-14 February 2014, Delhi, India
Trees for Life: Accelerating the impact of Agroforestry
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Leaves
Pods
Flowers
SeedsRoots
Bark
Gum
NutritionMedicin
e
NutritionMedicine
Water purificationMedicine
Oil
MedicineCosmetics
DyesMedicine
MedicineCondiment
StemFuel wood
PulpPaper
Drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera)
MedicineGlue
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Genetic diversity of Moringa spp. (13 species)
Source: Olsen 2001. In: The Miracle Tree
drouhardii Madagascarhildebrandtii Madagascarstenopetala Kenya, Ethiopiaovalifolia Namibia, Angola
concanensis India, Pakistan, Bangladesholeifera India
peregrina Arabia, Red Sea area
arborea Kenya
rivae Kenya, Ethiopiaborziana Kenya, Somaliapygmaea Somalia
longituba Kenya, Ethiopia, Somaliaruspoliana Kenya, Ethiopia, Somalia
Caricaceae
Bottle trees
Slender trees
Tuberous shrubs and trees of northeast Africa
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Moringa species in AVRDC’s collection (64 accessions)
M. oleifera(60 acc.)
M. drouhardii
(1 acc.)
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Moringa species in AVRDC’s collection
M. peregrina
(1 acc.)
M. stenopetala
(1 acc.)
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Moringa oleifera
widely cultivated in tropical lowlands Native to the Indian Subcontinent Fast-growing, perennial softwood vegetable tree Adapted to hot, semi-arid regions (400-500 mm
rainfall) Susceptible to flooding leaves important for fresh market and dry processing
into moringa powder and other products 1000 seed weight: 186.6 - 352.7 g.
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Nutritional composition of moringa
Moringa leaves are eaten fresh, cooked, or stored as fresh powder Drying moringa leaves at 50 oC for 16 h maintained nutrient and
phytochemical levels, except vitamin C Boiling leaves and dried powder enhanced AOA (x 3.5) and
increased bioavailable iron (x 3) (> Fe in mungbean)
Micronutrients
Tomato Moringa Nutrient content of moringa relative to tomato
Β-carotene, mg
0.40 15.28 x 38.2
Vitamin C, mg 19 459 x 24.2
Vitamin E, mg 1.16 25.25 x 21.8
Iron, mg 0.54 10.09 x 18.7
Folates, µg 5 93 x 18.6
Antioxidant activity, TE
323 2858 x 8.8
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Nutritional composition of moringa in comparison with other vegetable crops
Micronu-trients
Tomato
Cabbage
Moringa
Ama-ranth
Slippery cabbage
Sweet potato leaf
β-carotene, mg
0.40 0.00 15.28 9.23 5.11 6.82
Vitamin C, mg
19 22 459 113 82 81
Vitamin E, mg
1.16 0.05 25.25 3.44 4.51 4.69
Iron, mg 0.54 0.30 10.09 5.54 1.40 1.88
Folates, µg 5 ND 93 78 177 39
Antioxidant activity, TE
323 496 2858 394 560 870
Source: AVRDC Nutrition Lab data
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Nutritional highlights of Moringa oleifera
Among 4 moringa species (oleifera, stenopetala, peregrina drouhardii) M. oleifera had the highest concentration of β-carotene, ascorbate (vitamin C), α-tocopherol (vitamin E), and iron and the second highest protein content (after stenopetala).
Antinutrients: oligosaccharides (stachyose, raffinose) not detected in mature moringa leaves; oxalate content lower than in spinach leaves.
Moringa leaves are rich in protein (9.4 g/100 g FW), comprising all essential amino acids in well balanced proportions. Cooking increased protein digestibility of leaves by 20.7%.
Moringa is an ideal crop to combat malnutrition. Dried leaf powder is processed into capsules and used as energy and health supplement. Leaf powder added to soybean and groundnut/peanut paste is used as ready-to-use food (RUF) for treatment of severe acute malnutrition of children and pregnant/nursing mothers.
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Quicker recovery of weight-for-age (underweight) and weight-for-height (wasting)
Rehabilitation of severely malnourished children with moringa in Ouagadougou
Greater improvement in wasting and underweight metrics
Average daily weight gain: 8.9 g/kg/d with moringa vs. 5.7 g/kg/d with standard porridge
Average length of care at inpatient rehabilitation unit: 36 days w/ moringa vs. 57 days w/ standard porridge
No significant difference in height over course of study
Profound change in frequency of diarrhea: 8% w/ moringa vs. 80% w/ standard porridge
Source: Zongo et al. 2013
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Fortified food products and supplements of moringa
Instant Noodle Moringa Capsule Moringa Powder
Coffee Moringa Drink Garlic Bread Taro Chips Tea
Fig. 7. Moringa fortified food products and supplements
Instant Noodle Moringa Capsule Moringa Powder
Coffee Moringa Drink Garlic Bread Taro Chips Tea
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Medicinal uses of moringa
Moringa is rich in glucosinulates and isothiocyanates (ITCs). ITCs inhibit mitosis and stimulate apoptosis, eliminating DNA-damaged, unwanted cells in human tumor cells. Plant material with high glucosinulate content (like moringa) is desirable for cancer therapy.
Moringa contains rhamnose, a deoxyhexose sugar found widely in glycoconjugates of plants and bacteria, not in animals and humans; used for therapeutic interventions.
Dietary or topical administration of moringa as extracts, decoctions, creams, oils, powders, and porridges have antibiotic, antitrypanasomal, hypotensive, antispasmodic, antiulcer, anti-inflammatory, hypo-cholersterolemic, and hypoglycemic activities.
Consumption of moringa leaves enhances lactation and postpartum milk production of mothers with preterm infants.
Moringa powder acts as immune stimulant in HIV/AIDS treatment.
Reduction in skin papillomas was observed following ingestion of moringa seedpod extracts.
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The mechanism of cardio protection involves the prevention of the disruption in cardiac myofibrils, possibly through a reduction of oxidative stress leading to improved cardiac contractile function.
Isoproterenol generates free radicals and stimulates lipid peroxidation, a causative factor for damaging the myocardial tissues.
Thus, it appears that the beneficial action of the indole alkaloid from moringa is mediated through its free radical scavenging property.
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Body treatment solution Body butter Shower creams, shampoos
Bath soap Moringa oilBath foamAnti-aging cream
Cosmetic products with moringa ingredients
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Animal forage; green manure
Agronomic, horticultural and industrial uses
Foliar nutrient for enhancing growth (growth regulator)
Fertilizer (seed cake)
Fungicide (leaves incorporated into soil)
Biogas; blue dye (wood); gum (tree trunk)
Honey clarification (powdered seeds); water purification (seed cake)
Oil for cooking or lubrication; biofuel production
Windbreak or living fence; support for climbers (yams, beans)
Component of agroforestry systems for sustainable vegetable production and intercropping
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Moringa cultivationPlant density(plants/ha
Fresh matter(t/ha/cutting)
Dry matter (t/ha)
Protein(kg/ha)
95,000 19.6 3.33 566
350,000 29.7 5.05 859
900,000 52.6 8.94 1,520
1,000,000 78.0 13.26 2,254Source: Fuglie 2001
Philippines: 159,000 plants/ha; 1500 kg urea per ha; harvest every 4 weeks > 100% return on investment.
Plant density Net benefit (US$)
1,600 plants/ha
1st year 2nd year 3rd year
7,367 11,985 12,017
India, Odisha State; Saha et al. 2012)
Source: Mamaril 2010
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Moringa has good potential to fight hunger and malnutrition, at low cost
Conclusion
Significant increase of income of smallholder farmers
Enhancing environmental services (control of soil and wind erosion; shade; clean water)
Good adaptability – high value for sustainable food production and climate change scenarios.
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First International Symposium on Moringa 19 – 21 November 2015
Manila, Philippines
ThemeMoringa – A Decade of Advances in Research & Development
Topics:• Ethnobotany, Genetics, Biodiversity• Propagation• Climate, Soil and Agronomy• Cropping Systems and Production
Economics• Harvesting, Postharvest and Processing• Nutritional Quality • Medicinal Properties• Livestock Feed• Industrial Uses: Biofuel, Cosmetics, Water
Treatment• Farmer Participatory, Community
Livelihood
MPFI
http://www.moringaling.net http://www.ishs.org/symposium/488.
First Announcement
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www.avrdc.org
The World Vegetable Center @ 40
“Prosperity for the Poor and Health for All”
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Thank you for your attention!