session 3.1. situation analysis step 2 qualitative data analysis in efsa

Advanced EFSA Learning Programme

Session 3.1.

Situation Analysis Step 2Qualitative Data Analysis in EFSA


Learning objectivesAfter this session, participants should be able to: analyse HH food security in crisis situations using

data collected from qualitative approaches (rather than data collected from a classic household survey)

describe various methods and ways of gathering an compiling qualitative data for analysis

explain the importance – and methods – of triangulating information sources to strengthen the reliability of the qualitative data collected

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Where are we?

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EFSA ProcessAdapt conceptual framework & objectivesPrepare analysis plan: indicators, data, sourcesCollect, review secondary dataCollect primary dataConduct situation analysisConduct forecast analysisAnalyse response optionsMake response recommendationsPrepare report


What types of qualitative approaches are used in EFSAs?

various data collection methods used: focus groups transects semi-structured interviews maps calendars

triangulation is keypurposive selection of sites to visit often used although random site selection is also possible


Mortality & Nutrition Data If available to EFSA team, these are

generally from secondary sources Also from semi-structured interviews with

key informants (e.g. health or NGO staff) to identify changes in nutritional status of children, women, etc.…


Food security analysisInfo on access, consumption, coping strategies from:

focus groups interviews with key informants a few HH interviews

Estimates of numbers of people in various categories (food consumption, access, risk) from focus groups; triangulation with other sources to see if results can be cautiously generalized


Example of questions on food consumptionQuestion Answer

1. What are the main foods eaten by majority of families in this community in normal times?

Potatoes, rice, bread, fruits, some meat, sugar

2. How often do they eat these foods in normal times?

Potatoes: dailyBread: three times/week

3. Now, since the crisis, are they eating the same foods? No

4. What have they stopped eating, or what are they eating less? Meat, fruits

5. Are all families eating less? No, the poorest families are eating less

6. What proportion do these poorest families who are eating less represent? Proportional piling may be used to determine proportions

10% of the households

7. Are there other families who are eating adequately, as in normal times? What proportion do these represent?

30% of the households


Example of questions on food access

Questions Answers

How, or from which sources, do families in this community usually get their food?

The majority get it from production & purchaseApproximately half of the food comes from purchase

Is this change due to the crisis?Yes, crops were lostThose who can are buying, the poorest cannot

How is the food situation of those families who ate poorly even before the crisis?

PoorThey have lost their cropsThey do not have money to buy

How many of these families cannot access food? Proportional piling may be used

All


Example of questions on coping strategies

Questions Answers

What are families who have problems getting or consuming food doing to solve those problems?

Sell animals, borrow, eat less frequently

Which of those actions are likely the most dangerous / severe? Eat less frequently

How many families are eating less frequently? 10%

…etc. for the other strategies… …………


1. Ask about the ways people obtain food, trying to reach estimates of proportions

2. Note the estimates in a table3. Ask similarly about coping strategies4. Ask about other characteristics of families at risk5. Compile estimates in a table for the various communities6. Results can be triangulated with other sources (e.g.,

secondary data of extreme poverty) to clarify if they can be cautiously generalized to other areas

Steps to estimate number of people at risk


Compiling Qualitative Data for analysis – in summary tables:

Findings from Secondary Data

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Information Need (as per Analysis

Plan)

Organisation XX /

Report#1

Organisation YY/

Report#2

Organisation ZZ

Report#3

Topic 1Topic 2Topic 3


Compiling Qualitative Data for analysis in summary tables:

Findings from Key Informants

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Plan)

Key Informant#1

Key Informant#2

Key Informant#3



Compiling Qualitative Data for analysis in summary tables:

Findings from Focus or Community Groups

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Plan)

Focus or Community

Group – Site A

Focus or Community

Group – Site B

Focus or Community

Group – Site C



Analyse tables (i.e. “the situation”) & summarize findings

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• Cite your sources• Use good judgement• If sources provide range of

figures: include range in summary


Example of summary tableInformation Need (as per Analysis

Plan)

Community Site A

Community

Site B

Community

Site C

Summary

HHs with poor food consumption and access (i.e., severe food insecurity)

10% 20% 10% 10-20%

HHs using strategies that put their livelihoods at risk

5% 10% 5% 5-10%

Types of HHs at risk

HHs with few childrenHHs with no land

HHs with no livestock

HHs with little land

HHs with little or no landHHs with few livestockHHs with few children


Exercise 3.4. Qualitative Data Analysis in the Region

As a group, discuss your experience with qualitative EFSA data:

How did you collect these data? What process did you use to analyse them? What difference did these data make to your findings/conclusions?

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Wrap-up Almost all EFSAs rely heavily on qualitative data

collection and analysis. Such data help us to understand the “real story”

and priorities of the affected. Transparent and comprehensive efforts to

triangulate findings is key to any attempt to generalize findings.

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session 3.1. situation analysis step 2 qualitative data analysis in efsa

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