Department of Politics, Wake Forest University

POLITICS 114B: COMPARATIVE GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS

Fall 2000 Dr. David CoatesTribble Hall A304 Office: Tribble C308M-W-F 11.00-11.50 Office Hour: Mon. & Weds 2-30-4.00

E mail: Coatesd@wfu.eduPhone: 758 3544

Course Description and Objectives

The course has been designed as an introduction to the political functioning and social underpinning of major democratic political systems. It has been designed to leave you better equipped to understand how democratic politics operate both in political systems with a long tradition of democratic practices and in political systems in which democracy is relatively new. It has also been designed to introduce you to the wider comparative discussion of why democracy flourishes in certain parts of the world system and not in others, and to draw your attention to the social, economic and cultural conditions underpinning successful and stable democratic politics.

The course is divided into four main sections, during which we will examine in turn the idea of the democratic state, the democratic state in western Europe, some major non-European democracies, and a series of societies in which democratic politics are still either absent or problematic. By the end of section 1, you should have a clearer sense of the meaning of democracy and of its social and economic pre-requisites. By the end of section 2 you should be clearer on how established democracies operate in the UK, Germany, France and Sweden, and how democratic institutions are developing in post-Soviet Russia. By the end of section 3 we will have discussed democratic procedures in Japan and India, in Brazil and in Mexico. Section 4 is given over to a survey of countries touched by forces that are potentially corrosive of democratic development: specifically religious fundamentalism (Iran and Egypt), imperialism (Nigeria and South Africa) and communism (China); and our concern there will be to explore the degree to which democratic institutions can hope to flourish in such a climate, and in what form. The course concludes with a set of reflections – built on the cases we have examined – on how and why democracies emerge and are consolidated.

Since this is an introductory course, we will only be able to study individual countries in a brief and preliminary way, and will have to leave unexplored the political dynamics of the large number of non-democratic political systems still operating in the contemporary

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world system. In this sense you should treat Politics 114B as both a complete course in its own right and as a ‘taster’ course - as an invitation to study other political science courses later in your degree, where its unfinished business can be pursued more fully and in greater depth.

Course Format and Organization

The course will be delivered through a series of 50 minute classes – three a week – each built around a discussion of a limited set of readings. Those readings will be drawn either from one/more of the set texts for this course or from books/articles available on two-hour loan in the reserve section of the library. The set texts are;

David Potter et al (eds), Democratization (Cambridge UK, Polity Press, 1997)Annual Editions, Comparative Politics 00/01 (Guildford, Dushkin/McGraw Hill, 2000)

and eitherM. Palmer, Comparative Politics (Itasca, F.E.Peacock, 1997)

orM. Kesselman, J. Krieger & W. Joseph, (eds), Introduction to Comparative Politics (Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 2nd edition, 2000)

The Palmer and Kesselman texts are both superb, and largely interchangeable. They differ only in the marginal countries they cover. Palmer has Egypt, Kesselman has Iran. So please simply buy one of them. When you need the other, it ill be available in the reserve section of the library.

The course has a distinct shape. Its substructure (concerned with questions of democracy in general) will be delivered in Sessions 2-6, 17-18, 29 and 35-37. In those eleven sessions I will lecture to you. Its core sessions (8-16, 19-28, 30-34) will be used either as case study sessions or for assessment exercises. Each of the case study sessions will begin with a brief student presentation, the requirements for which are described below. In both the lecture sessions and those introduced by student presenters, there will be plenty of time left for class discussion and for group and individual work exercises.

Course Requirements

Everyone will be expected to attend all classes, and to arrive at each class having already completed the appropriate set reading, ready to participate in discussions and work exercises. If this isn’t possible for any particular class, please e mail me to explain why.

Everyone will be expected to prepare an introductory statement for one of the case study sessions. Since there are only 20 such sessions, that presentation will normally be a joint one, designed and agreed before hand with your fellow presenter. The joint presentation should last no more than ten minutes. It should be accompanied by a handout. It should be built around a report on at least one of the supplementary readings given on the

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additional book list to this course. Its purpose should be to lay the ground for a fruitful class discussion.

Assessment

The course will be assessed in a number of ways. Multiple-choice/short answer quizzes will be held at the end of sections 1 and 3, and a mid term exam held on the subject matter of Section 2. In addition, everyone will be asked to complete a short research paper (10-12 pages in length, on a topic to be agreed individually) and to take a two-question course-wide final examination at the end of the Semester.

Examples of the quizzes will be distributed well in advance, to enable you to prepare. The question paper for both the mid-term assessment and the final examination will be distributed a week in advance, again in order to give you time to prepare your best answers. Both the mid-term and the final examination will then be taken in class, under normal examination rules. In all the quizzes and examinations on this course, you will be expected simply to be familiar with the material set as basic reading. The readings suggested on the supplementary reading list are provided only to help your research paper, and to act as a source for your one class presentation. You are not expected to read those parts (the vast majority indeed) of the suggested supplementary readings that are not directly germane either to your research paper or to your class presentation.

Scores on the quizzes will make up 15% of the final grade, and scores on the mid-term exam will make up 20% of the final grade. The score on the research paper will make up 25% of the final grade, on the final examination 30% of the final grade, and on attendance and participation 10% of the final grade.

Quizzes and examinations cannot be rescheduled, so please make sure that you attend. Late submission of the research paper will be penalized at 5% of the grade per day late, unless legitimate extenuating reasons are provided. These reasons will normally be limited to illness and dire family/personal circumstances, none of which I hope ever occur in your case.

David CoatesAugust 2000

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Session 1: Administration and Introduction (8.30.2000)

Section I: THE IDEA OF THE DEMOCRATIC STATE

Session 2: Comparing States (9.4.2000)Session 3: Defining Democracy (9.6.2000)Session 4: Measuring Democracy (9.8.2000)Session 5: Patterning Democracy (9.11.2000)Session 6: Underpinning Democracy (9.13.2000)Session 7: Quiz (9.15.2000)

Section II: THE DEMOCRATIC STATE IN WESTERN EUROPE

Session 8: UK (1) Executive and Legislature (9.18.2000)Session 9: UK (2) Parties, Voters and Interests (9.20.2000)Session 10: Germany (1) Executive and Legislature (9.22.2000)Session 11: Germany (2) Parties, Voters and Interests (9.25.2000)Session 12: France (9.27.2000)Session 13: Sweden (9.29.2000)Session 14: Russia (1) The Rise and Fall of Communism (10.2.2000)Departmental ConferenceSession 15: Russia (2) The early character of Russian Democracy (10.9.2000)Presidential DebateSession 16: Mid Term Examination (10.13.2000)Session 17: The Origins of European Democracy (10.16.2000)Session 18: The Consolidation of European Democracy (10.18.2000)Fall break

Part III: MAJOR NON-EUROPEAN DEMOCRACIES

Session 19: Japan (1) Executive and Legislature (10.23.2000)Session 20: Japan (2) Parties, Voters and Interests (10.25.2000)Session 21: India (1) Executive and Legislature (10.27.2000)Session 22: India (2) Parties, Voters and Interests ((10.30.2000)Session 23: Brazil (1) Executive and Legislature (11.1.2000)Session 24: Planning the Research Paper (date to be arranged)Session 25: Brazil (2) Parties, Voters and Interests (11.6.2000)Session 26: Mexico (1) Executive and Legislature (11.8.2000)Session 27: Mexico (2) Parties, Voters and Interests (11.10.2000)Session 28: Short Answer Paper (11.13.2000)

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Part IV: DEMOCRATIC CHALLENGES

Session 29: Islam and Democracy (11.15.2000)Session 30: Iran after the Revolution (11.17.2000)Session 31: Islam and Democracy in Egypt (11.20.2000)ThanksgivingSession 32: The Military and Democracy in Nigeria (11. 27.2000)Session 33: The Establishment of Democracy in South Africa (11.29.2000)Session 34: Democracy and Communism in China (12.1.2000)

Part V: CONCLUSION AND REVIEW

Research Paper due by 5.00 pm. On Monday December 4th 2000Session 35: Patterning Revisited (12.4.2000)Session 36: Underpinning Revisited (12.6.2000)Session 37: Review (12.8.2000)

Final Examination

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SET READINGS

Session 1: Administration and Introduction (8.30.2000)

Section I: THE IDEA OF THE DEMOCRATIC STATE

Session 2: Comparing States (9.4.2000)

As we begin, this lecture will suggest some important conceptual distinctions, analytical procedures and theoretical reference points for the intellectual journey ahead

Set reading: Either M. Palmer, Comparative Politics pp. 1-46 or M. Kesselman et al, Introduction to Comparative Politics, pp. 1-25

Session 3: Defining Democracy (9.6.2000)

In this first working session we want to establish a typology of political regimes and place ‘democracy’ in that typology, survey the range of definitions of ‘democracy’ available to us, and settle on our own working definition of ‘democracy’ for the purposes of this course.

Set reading: D. Potter et al (eds), Democratization, pp. 3-10; L. Diamond, ‘Defining and developing democracy’, pp. 1-19 of his Developing Democracy: Towards Consolidation; and D. Held, ‘Introduction’ to his Models of Democracy

Session 4: Measuring Democracy (9.8.2000)

Now we need to establish analytical tools by which to probe beneath the surface of democratic politics, to locate the realities behind the claims. We will do this by establishing some questions to ask (to enable us to audit democracies) and by agreeing a procedure through which to situate the ‘political’ in the ‘economic’ and the ‘social’.

Set reading: D. Collier and S. Levitsky, ‘Democracy with Adjectives’, World Politics 49, April 1997, pp. 430-51; and either D. Beetham, ‘Key principles and indices for a democratic audit’, pp. 25-43 of his Defining and Measuring Democracy, or pp. 3-21 of S. Weir and D. Beetham, Political Power and Democratic Control in Britain.

Session 5: Patterning Democracy (9.11.2000)

We need to chart the arrival of modern democracies, noting the patterning of creation and consolidation over time. We need some sense of why that patterning occurs, and our own

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preliminary assessment of whether we are now in a period of democratic consolidation or democratic retreat.

Set reading: S. Huntington, ‘Democracy’s Third Wave’, pp. 3-25 of L. Diamond and M. Plattner, The Global Resurgence of Democracy; and L. Diamond, “Is the Third Wave over, pp. 214-222 of the set text Comparative Politics 00/01

Session 6: Underpinning Democracy (9.13.2000)

This is the session on explanatory frameworks. We need to leave it clearer in our own minds about the relative importance of economic growth, the character of civil society, class forces and political variables in the consolidation and working of democracies.

Set reading: D. Potter et al (eds), Democratization, pp. 10-31;

Session 7: QUIZ (9.15.2000)

Section II: THE DEMOCRATIC STATE IN WESTERN EUROPE

Session 8: UK (1) Executive and Legislature (9.18.2000)

Look in this session about the impact of history on UK political institutions, and in particular the significance of the UK’s lack of a written constitution. Focus in on the powers of the Prime Minister, and the relative impotence of the House of Commons as a controlling chamber, and explain both. We might look too, if we have time, at the reform of the House of Lords, and the other elements in New Labor’s current package of constitutional reforms.

Set reading: Either M. Palmer, Comparative Politics pp. 51-72 or M. Kesselman et al, Introduction to Comparative Politics, pp. 28-63. If you have time also read Article 2 of the set text Comparative Politics 00/01

Session 9: UK (2) Parties, Voters and Interests (9.20.2000)

This is the session to audit UK democracy. Look at the workings of the electoral system, in relation to the first 6 questions developed in Session 4; and then do the same exercise (using questions 19-32) on UK interest groups.

Set reading: Either M. Palmer, Comparative Politics pp.72-89 or M. Kesselman et al, Introduction to Comparative Politics, pp. 63-76. If you have time also read Article 1 of the set text Comparative Politics 00/01

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Session 10: Germany (1) Executive and Legislature (9.22.2000)

Explain the fragility of German democracy prior to 1945 and its resilience since. Look at the character of West German federalism and the nature of its Basic Law, and trace the resulting relationships between the federal executive and legislature, and between federal and regional governments. Focus your work on the Federal Republic for most of the post-war period, and now on the united Germany.

Set reading: Either M. Palmer, Comparative Politics pp. 137-154 or M. Kesselman et al, Introduction to Comparative Politics, pp. 134-147, 157-167

Session 11: Germany (2) Parties, Voters and Interests (9.25.2000)

Look at the nature of the German electoral system, and at the basis of support for the major political parties. Examine the workings of the German economic ‘model’. Explore the extent to which party support and the model are now under challenge from unification and globalization.

Set reading: Either M. Palmer, Comparative Politics pp. 154-175 or M. Kesselman et al, Introduction to Comparative Politics, pp. 148-157, 167-186. If you have time also read Articles 8 and 9 of the set text Comparative Politics 00/01

Session 12: France (9.27.2000)

Explore the institutional arrangements of the fifth French Republic, concentrating on the mixture of powers between President and Prime Minister. Familiarize yourself with French voting patterns, the French party system, French traditions of strong political leadership, and the current agenda of French politics

Set reading: Either M. Palmer, Comparative Politics pp. 93-132 or M. Kesselman et al, Introduction to Comparative Politics, pp. 104-131. If you have time also read Articles 10 and 11 of the set text Comparative Politics 00/01

Session 13: Sweden (9.29.2000)

Familiarize yourself with the Swedish political structure and history, and then focus in the way democracy is underpinned in Sweden by a particular social settlement. Locate the key features of that underlying Swedish ‘welfare model’ and explain its present condition and likely fate.

Set reading: pp. 433-476 of M. Donald Hancock, Politics in Western Europe; and the J. Pontusson chapters on Sweden that constitute pp. 451-512 of M. Kesselman and J. Krieger (eds), European Politics in Transition

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Session 14: Russia (1) The Rise and Fall of Communism (10.2.2000)

Explore briefly why Russia failed to consolidate democracy in 1917; and then establish the character of Russian political institutions during the communist period. Establish why communist collapsed in Russia (and keep China in mind as you do so, since the Chinese are currently attempting to resolve similar problems without communist collapse).

Set reading: Either M. Palmer, Comparative Politics pp. 224-235 or M. Kesselman et al, Introduction to Comparative Politics, pp. 426-439

Departmental Conference

Session 15: Russia (2) The early character of Russian Democracy (10.9.2000)

Familiarize yourself with the character and workings of the new democratic institutions created in post-Soviet Russia. Analyze the economic and social forces now operating inside Russia, and ask to what degree those forces are likely to consolidate or undermine Russian democracy.

Set reading: Either M. Palmer, Comparative Politics pp. 235-264 or M. Kesselman et al, Introduction to Comparative Politics, pp. 440-481. If you have time also read Articles 38-40 of the set text Comparative Politics 00/01

Presidential Debate

Session 16: MID-TERM EXAMINATION (10.13.2000)

Session 17: The Origins of European Democracy (10.16.2000)

Here we will reflect upon the reasons for the consolidation of democracy in Western Europe, exploring in particular the complex relationship between industrialization and democracy. We will note timings of democratic change, and the social forces triggering that change.

Set reading: D. Potter et al (eds), Democratization, pp. 46-70

Session 18: The Consolidation of European Democracy (10.18.2000)

Picking up themes from Session 17, we will examine the post-war reconstruction of democracy in Western Europe, locate the internal and external forces at work in that

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reconstruction, and then look south, to explain the fresh development of democracy in southern Europe in the 1970s.

Set reading: D. Potter et al (eds), Democratization, pp. 95-117

Fall break

Part III: MAJOR NON-EUROPEAN DEMOCRACIES

Session 19: Japan (1) Executive and Legislature (10.23.2000)

Explore the creation of modern Japanese democracy after 1945, and trace its antecedents in the political settlements that followed the Meiji restoration. Establish the relative powers of the Prime Minister and the Diet, and locate the role of the bureaucracy.

Set reading: Either M. Palmer, Comparative Politics pp. 179-195 or M. Kesselman et al, Introduction to Comparative Politics, pp. 188-201, 211-222

Session 20: Japan (2) Parties, Voters and Interests (10.25.2000)

Analyze the character and power-base of the LDP, and explain the relative weakness of the Japanese Centre-Left. Explore the interplay between the political dominance of one party and Japan’s spectacular post-war economic growth. Examine Japanese politics after 1992 when the economy unexpectedly stalled.

Set reading: Either M. Palmer, Comparative Politics pp. 195-217 or M. Kesselman et al, Introduction to Comparative Politics, pp. 202-210, 222-238. If you have time also read Articles 17 and 18 of the set text Comparative Politics 00/01

Session 21: India (1) Executive and Legislature (10.27.2000)

Examine the character of the political structures created in India after independence, and locate UK and US parallels and influence. Establish the relative powers of the President, Prime Minister, Legislature, Supreme Court and state governments. Explore the question raised by Manor in the set reading: how and why did liberal democratic institutions emerge in a predominantly rural society and under-developed economy?

Set reading: Either M. Palmer, Comparative Politics pp. 313-337 or M. Kesselman et al, Introduction to Comparative Politics, pp. 242-256, 264-273; plus J. Manor, ‘How and why liberal and representative politics emerged in India’, Political Studies 1990

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Session 22: India (2) Parties, Voters and Interests ((10.30.2000)

Examine the voting and party system in post-war India, concentrating initially on the role and importance of the Congress Party. Locate the social divisions of contemporary India, explore how they are expressed politically, and decide how stable democracy in India is likely to be in the face of that social agenda.

Set reading: Either M. Palmer, Comparative Politics pp. 337-355 or M. Kesselman et al, Introduction to Comparative Politics, pp. 256-264,273-285. If you have time also read Article 47 of the set text Comparative Politics 00/01

Session 23: Planning the Research Paper (11.1.2000) We will hold individual planning sessions on your chosen research paper

Session 24: Brazil (1) Executive and Legislature (11.3.2000)

Examine the interplay of democracy and dictatorship in twentieth century Brazil. Establish why democracy was restored after 1985. Familiarize yourself with the distribution of powers and functions within Brazil’s new democratic institutions, and explore the contemporary relationship between those institutions and the holders of private power in Brazil.

Set reading: Either M. Palmer, Comparative Politics (first edition) pp.481-505 or M. Kesselman et al, Introduction to Comparative Politics, pp. 322-336, 348-356. The first edition of Palmer is on reserve in the Library

Session 25: Brazil (2) Parties, Voters and Interests (11.6.2000)

Establish the key political parties and social forces in contemporary Brazil. Analyze the continuing presence of the Brazilian army, and the scale of the problems now confronting democratically-elected governments in Brazil. Make a judgement about the likely stability of Brazilian democracy

Set reading: Either M. Palmer, Comparative Politics (first edition) pp. 505-528 or M. Kesselman et al, Introduction to Comparative Politics, pp. 336-347, 356-372. If you have time also read Article 42 of the set text Comparative Politics 00/01. The first edition of Palmer is on reserve in the Library

Session 26: Mexico (1) Executive and Legislature (11.8.2000)

Familiarize yorself with the history of the Mexican Revolution, and the emergence of the PRI. Focus on the powers of the Pr5esidency and the nature of ‘clientist’ and ‘corporatist’ politics during the years of PRI’s political dominance. Assess the quality of Mexican democracy in that period.

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Set reading: Either M. Palmer, Comparative Politics pp. 359-375 or M. Kesselman et al, Introduction to Comparative Politics, pp. 402-412

Session 27: Mexico (2) Parties, Voters and Interests (11.10.2000)

Use this session to explore the contemporary challenge to PRI. Establish the character of contemporary Mexican economy and society. List the agenda of contemporary Mexican politics; and trace the political struggle currently eroding PRI’s hold on power.

Set reading: Either M. Palmer, Comparative Politics pp. 376-399 or M. Kesselman et al, Introduction to Comparative Politics, pp. 408-422. If you have time also read Article 43 of the set text Comparative Politics 00/01

Session 28: SHORT ANSWER PAPER (11.13.2000)

Part IV: DEMOCRATIC CHALLENGES

Session 29: Islam and Democracy (11.15.2000)

Here we want to explore the issue of the ‘cultural underpinnings’ to democracy, and in the process raise the question of the relationship between democratic political forms and western capitalism. To do this, you should explore the nature of Islamic political thought, and decide if bodies of religious ideas can block/trigger the emergence and consolidation of democratic political systems.

Set reading: D. Potter et al (eds), Democratization, pp. 321-366. If you have time also read Articles 53 and 54 of the set text Comparative Politics 00/01

Session 30: Iran after the Revolution (11.17.2000)

Explore the causes and nature of the Iranian Revolution of 1979, and discover why Islamic political forces eventually prevailed. Establish the character of the Islamic Republic, locate the distribution of power within it, and report on the current struggles between conservative and liberal elements in the Iranian political class

Set reading: M. Kesselman et al, Introduction to Comparative Politics, pp. 608-653. If you have time also read Article 49 of the set text Comparative Politics 00/01

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Session 31: Islam and Democracy in Egypt (11.20.2000)

This is a moment to examine Islamic political forces as oppositional elements within a type of limited democracy. To do so, locate the character of the Egyptian political system, the problems it faces, the sources of support for Islamic opposition, and the likely fate of Egyptian democracy in the years to come.

Set reading: M. Palmer, Comparative Politics pp. 401-440

Thanksgiving

Session 32: The Military and Democracy in Nigeria (11. 27.2000)

Trace the legacy of colonialism on Nigerian post-independence politics. Explain the pattern of democracy and dictatorship since independence. Clarify the nature of Nigeria’s new democratic institutions. List the range of issues with which those institutions are now having to deal. Ponder the stability of democracy in Nigeria.

Set reading: Either M. Palmer, Comparative Politics pp.441-474 or M. Kesselman et al, Introduction to Comparative Politics, pp. 546-605

Session 33: The Establishment of Democracy in South Africa (11.29.2000)

Trace the fall of the apartheid regime in South Africa, and the nature of the democratic institutions created in its wake. Discuss the character of the ANC, the role of Mandella, and the strategies adopted to effect a ‘peaceful’ transfer of power. List the issues now confronting the New South Africa; and ponder the stability of its democratic form of government.

Set reading: D. Potter et al (eds), Democratization, pp. 294-320. If you have time also read Article 44 of the set text Comparative Politics 00/01

Session 34: Democracy and Communism in China (12.1.2000)

Describe the workings of political institutions in Communist China, and explain the Communists’ resistance to the introduction of western-style democratic institutions. Assess the forces pushing for democratization, and discuss the relationship between economic policy and political power in modern China.

Set reading: Either M. Palmer, Comparative Politics pp. 269-307 or M. Kesselman et al, Introduction to Comparative Politics, pp. 493-541. If you have time also read Articles 45 and 46 of the set text Comparative Politics 00/01

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Part V: CONCLUSION AND REVIEW

RESEARCH PAPER due by 5.00 pm. On Monday December 4 th 2000

Session 35: Patterning Revisited (12.4.2000)

Now we return to the issues raised in Part 1, and discuss them in the light of what we have subsequently learned. Are we at the end of a Third Wave of democratization, or at the beginning of a fourth; and what will decide which wave still prevails?

Set reading: L. Diamond, “A fourth wave?, pp. 261-278 of his Developing Democracy: Towards Consolidation; and S. Huntington, ‘Whither?’, pp. 280-316 of his The Third Wave

Session 36: Underpinning Revisited (12.6.2000)

A moment to ask – what ‘fixes’ democracies in place? How can that ‘fix’ be generated?

Set reading: D. Potter et al (eds), Democratization, pp. 517-536

Session 37: Review (12.8.2000) A session to pull themes together and to prepare for the examination

FINAL EXAMINATION

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POLITICS 114B: COMPARATIVE GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS

SUPPLEMENTARY READING

This reading list is provided for two purposes only. When it is your turn to make a class presentation, please read (and report on) at least one of the supplementary readings suggested for that particular class. When working on your research paper, please begin by working through the set of supplementary readings most germane to your chosen topic.

Otherwise, please disregard these readings. You are not expected to have drawn on them for any of the quizzes or examinations set for this course.

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General Internet SourcesThere are a number of useful web sites that you might consult for up-to-date information on particular countries. Many of these are listed at the front of the set text Comparative Politics 00/01. Others include

http://www.eiu.comhttp://www.odci.gov (go to ‘The World Factbook’)http://www.psr.keele.ac.uk (go to ‘area studies’ and then individual countries)http://www.sosig.ac.ukhttp://www.ipu.org

General Journalistic SourcesTry one of the following. New York Times, Economist, The Nation, Financial TimesLook in the journal Current History in the periodicals section of the Library

Session 3: Defining Democracy Dip into one of the many texts by R.Dahl such as Polyarchy, or Democracy and Its Critics, or On Democracy. Read more of D. Held Models of Democracy or A Arblaster Democracy. Go to the Freedom House web site (http://www.freedomhouse.org) and read their annual survey

Session 4: Measuring Democracy Go back to that website and read the section on ‘survey methodology’. Go to A. Inkeles On Measuring Democracy: its consequences and concomitants, and read pp. 3-20 or 47-68. Go to Dahl’s On Democracy and read pp. 196-9; to the chapters on democratic models at the start of A Lipjphart’s Democracies; or to D. Reuschemeyer et al, Capitalist Development and Democracy, pp. 303-8. Session 5: Patterning Democracy The fuller exposition of the Diamond argument can be found in pp. 24-63 of his Developing Democracy: Towards Consolidation. The fuller Huntington argument is in his The Third Wave, pp. 13-46, 280-316. See also Freedom House’s Democracy’s Century: A survey of global political change in the Twentieth Century (Available on the web at http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/century.html)

Session 6: Underpinning DemocracySee any/all of the following. Dahl, Polyarchy, pp. 202-8; A. Inkeles, On Measuring Democracy, pp. 125-156; the introduction to L. Diamond et al, Consolidating the Third Wave Democracies; R.B. Collier, Paths Towards Democracy, pp. 1-33, 166-198; S. M. Lipset, ‘The social requisites of democracy revisited’, American Sociological Review, vol. 59, 1994, pp. 1-22; or Barrington Moore, The Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy, pp. 413-432

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Session 8: UK (1) Executive and LegislatureSee some/all of the following. D. Kaveanagh British Politics: Continuities and Change (third edition), pp. 43-68 (consitution), 247-79 (prime minister) or 281-306 (parliament). Or B. Jones et al (eds), Politics UK (third edition), pp. 209-228 (constitution), 295-316 (prime minister) or 244-289 (parliament). For a full democratic audit, see S. Weir and D. Beetham, Political Power and Democratic Control in Britain

Session 9: UK (2) Parties, Voters and InterestsSee some/all of the following. D. Kaveanagh British Politics: Continuities and Change (third edition) pp. 117-140 (voting), 143-179 (parties), 181-205 (interest groups) or 207-222 (the media). Or B. Jones et al (eds), Politics UK (third edition), pp. 123-146 (voting), 93-104, 183-207 (parties), 167-182 (interest groups) or 147-166 (the media)

Session 10: Germany (1) Executive and LegislatureSee some/all of the following. D. Hancock et al, Politics in Western Europe, pp. 215-247 (context) or 247-263 (governing insitutions); G. Smith et al, Developments in German Politics 2, pp. 14-34 (governing institutions), pp. 76-95 (federalism) or 96-116 (the Federal Constitutional Court); D. Conradt, The German Polity, pp. 1-75 (context) or 182-217 (parliament and the executive); or W. Patterson and D. Southern, Governing Germany, pp. 18-53 (context) or 53-110 (executive and legislature).

Session 11: Germany (2) Parties, Voters and Interests)See some/all of the following. D. Hancock et al, Politics in Western Europe,pp. 294-292; G. Smith et al, Developments in German Politics 2, pp.35-75 (voting and party system), 194-210 (challenges to the German model) or 211-232 (on the challenges posed by unification); D. Conradt, The German Polity, pp. 115-179; or W. Patterson and D. Southern, pp. 172-224. The fate of the German model is also discussed in C. Lane, ‘Globaliszation and the German model: erosion or survival’, British Journal of Sociology, vol. 51(2), 2000

Session 12: France)See some/all of D. Hancock et al., Politics in Western Europe, pp. 117-208; Part III of F. Wilson, European Politics Today; or chapter 2 of R. Tiersky, Europe Today. Then look at P. Morris, French Politics Today or A. Cole, French Politics and Society; or the more advanced R. Elgie and S. Griggs (eds), French Politics: Debates and Controversies which should guide you on to the relevant journal articles on the aspect of French politics that particularly interests you.

Session 13: Sweden The big issue surrounding Swedish politics is the fate of its welfare model. There is an enormous literature on that. You might begin with R. Meidner, ‘Why did the Swedish model fail?’ pp. 211-228 of R. Miliband and L. Panitch (eds), The Socialist Register 1993; the chapter on ‘Swedish capitalism in Transition’ by Jonas Pontusson, pp. 55-70 of C. Crouch and W. Streeck, Political Economy of Modern Capitalism; or, for a quite

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different view, A Lindbeck, ‘Consequences of the advanced welfare state’, World Economy vol. 11(1), 1980 pp. 19-38

Session 14: Russia (1) The Rise and Fall of CommunismThe best general guide to the Soviet experience is M. McAuley’s brief history, Soviet Politics 1917-91. In addition, you might go to some/all of the following (or draw on the extremely extensive collection of books on Soviet Russian on level 8 of the library): G. Ponton, The Soviet Era, pp. 17-75; A. Nove, Stalinism and After; J. Hough and M. Fainsod, How the Soviet Union is Governed; or L. Schapiro, The Government and Politics of the Soviet Union. For original materials, see R. Sakwa, The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union 1917-1991

Session 15: Russia (2) The early character of Russian Democracy Start with pp. 421-442 of the set text edited by D. Potter, Democratization. Then turn to pp. 35-128 of S. White (ed), Developments in Russian Politics 4; or to the chapter on ‘Russia’s Rough Ride’ by M. McFaul, pp. 64-94 of Part 2 of L. Diamond’s Consolidating the Third Wave Democracies

Session 17/18: The Origins/Consolidation of European DemocracyFor both of these sessions, see some/all of G. Therborn, ‘The rule of capital and the rise of democracy’, New Left Review 103; R. Collier, Paths Towards Democracy, pp. 33-77; or D. Reuschemeyer et al, Capitalist Development and Democracy, pp. 78-121.

Session 19: Japan (1) Executive and Legislature See some/all of T. Ishida and E .S. Krauss, Democracy in Japan, pp. 67-88, 113-137; C. Johnson, Who Governs?, pp. 115-140; or G. Allinson, ‘The structure and transformation of conservative rule’, pp. 123-144 of A. Gordon (ed), Postwar Japan as History

Session 20: Japan (2) Parties, Voters and InterestsSee some/all of T. Ishida and E .S. Krauss, Democracy in Japan, pp. 89-112, 171-199; B. Eccleston, State and Society in Post-war Japan, pp. 123-161; or T Pempel’s ‘Japan in the 1990s: fragmented politics and economic turmoil’, pp. 136-168 of his Regime Shifts

Session 21: India (1) Executive and Legislature See G. Baxter et al, Government and Politics in South Asia, pp. 77-101, 136-146; S Charlton, Comparing Asian Politics, pp. 19-39, 83-103, 147-152, 164-183; or R. Hardgrave, India, pp….

Session 22: India (2) Parties, Voters and Interests Begin by reading chapter 8 (as far as p.208) of the set text edited by D. Potter, Democratization; then read G. Baxter et al, Government and Politics in South Asia, pp. 101-135 or R. Hardgrave, India, pp….. For the BJP, see T.B.Hansen and C. Jaffrelot, The BJP and the Compulsions of Politics in India. James Manor has written on Indian ‘Parties and the party system’ in pp. 62-99 of A. Kohli (ed), India’s Democracy and pp. 92-124 of P. Chatterjee (ed), States and Politics in India. Pages 125-208 of the Chatterjee collection has a useful essay by David Butler and others on ‘India Decides: Elections

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1952-1995’. Later election results can be obtained from the general web site references given earlier

Session 24: Brazil (1) Executive and Legislature Begin by reading pp. 152-173 of the set text edited by D. Potter, Democratization; then T. Skidmore, ‘Brazil’s slow road to democratization 1974-85’, pp.5-42 of A Stepan (ed) Democratizing Brazil; B. Ames, ‘Institutions and Democracy in Brazil’, pp. 130-175 of H. Handelmann and M. Tessler, Democracy and its Limits; or S Mainwaring, ‘Multipartism, robust federalism and Presidentialism in Brazil’, in S. Mainwaring and M.S.Shugart, Presidentialism and Democracy in Latin America

Session 25: Brazil (2) Parties, Voters and InterestsBegin by reading pp. 174-194 of the set text edited by D. Potter, Democratization; then the chapter by Bolivar Lamounier ‘Brazil: Inequality against Democracy’, pp. 111-158 in the first edition of L. Diamond et al, (eds), Democracy in Developing Countries: Latin America. Supplement that with the updated version (pp. 131-190) in the second edition of the same collection

Session 26: Mexico (1) Executive and LegislatureSee chapters 5-7 of R. Camp Politics in Mexico; the chapters on Mexico by D.C.Levy in the two editions of L. Diamond et al, (eds), Democracy in Developing Countries: Latin America; and, for material on Presidentialism, see J. Weldon, ‘The political sources of Presidencialismo in Mexico’, pp. 225-258 of S. Mainwaring and M.S.Shugart, Presidentialism and Democracy in Latin America

Session 27: Mexico (2) Parties, Voters and Interests For general background on Mexico, see pp. 226-262 of T. Skidmore and P. Smith, Modern Latin America or pp. 343-369 of H. Wiarda and H.F. Kline (eds), Latin American Politics and Development. For a more radical view, see J. Cockcroft ‘Mexico, pp. 71-100 of his Neighbors in Turmoil, or his far fuller and quite wonderful Mexico’s Hope. Works that emphasize institutional variables rather than social ones include H. Handelman, ‘Waiting for democracy in Mexico’, pp. 218-241 of H. Handelmann and M. Tessler, Democracy and its Limits; and pp 1-24 of J. Dominguez and A Poire, Towards Mexico’s Democratization. Social variables are given greater weight in Nora Hamilton’s essay on the Mexican economic crisis, pp. 148-197 of N. Hamilton and T. Harding, Modern Mexico: State, Economy and Social Conflict

Session 29: Islam and DemocracyTo learn more about Islamic thought, read any/all of pp. 466-489 of Ninian Smart, The World Religions; pp. 212-234 of F. Rahman, Islam; or pp. 157-163 of W.M.Watt, Islamic Philosophy and Theology. For the politics of Islam in the modern period, see either Y. Choueiri, ‘The political discourse of contemporary Islamic movements;, pp. 19-34 of A.S.Sidahmed and A.Ehteshami (eds), Islamic Fundamentalism or chapters 3 and 6, pp. 33-50 and 71-82 of J. Beinin and J. Stork (eds), Political Islam. In addition read S. Huntington, ‘The Clash of Civilizations’, Foreign Affairs, Summer 1993; or his later and fuller treatment, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order.

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Session 30: Iran after the Revolution Begin with D. Hiro, Iran under the Ayatollahs or pp. 128-174 of P. Daneshvar, Revolution in Iran. Then try A. Ehteshami, ‘Islamic Governance in Post-Khomeini Iran’, pp. 163-178 of A.S.Sidahmed and A.Ehteshami (eds), Islamic Fundamentalism or chapter 9 of J. Beinin and J. Stork (eds), Political Islam.

Session 31: Islam and Democracy in EgyptBegin with pp.1-21 of C. Tripp and R. Owen, Egypt under Mubarek or pp. 78-121 of R. Hinnebusch, Egyptian Politics under Sadat. Then try M. Azzam, ‘Egypt: The Islamists and the State under Mubarek’, pp. 109-122 of A.S.Sidahmed and A.Ehteshami (eds), Islamic Fundamentalism or chapter 7 of J. Beinin and J. Stork (eds), Political Islam.

Session 32: The Military and Democracy in NigeriaSee some/all of the following: J. Peters, The Nigerian Military and the State; E. Osaghae, Crippled Giant: Nigeria since Independence; pp. 180-208 of W. Tordoff, Government and Politics in Africa; or pp. 651-675 of J. Dunn (ed), West African States: Failure and Promise

Session 33: The Establishment of Democracy in South AfricaBegin with the collection of articles on reserve gathered under the title ‘New South Africa’, and the articles gathered in Part III of L. Diamond (ed), Consolidating the Third Wave Democracies. Then consult A Guelke, South Africa in Transition: the Misunderstood Miracle or J. Spence, After Mandela: the 1999 South African Election. This topic, more than any other, requires updating from web sources, newspapers and (when you can) the journal Current History. It is also worth consulting Keesing’s Contemporary Archives

Session 34: Democracy and Communism in ChinaBegin with pp. 81-120 of F. Christiansen and S Rai, Chinese Politics and Society. This topic too requires updating from web sources, newspapers, Keesing’s Contemporary Archives and (when you can) the journal Current History.

Session 35: Patterning Revisited Begin with pp. 174-194 of the set text edited by D.Potter, Democratization; then one/more of S. Huntington, ‘Democracy for the long haul’, pp. 3-13 of L. Diamond et al, Consolidating the Third Wave Democracies; S. Mainwaring, ‘Democratic survivability in Latin America’, pp. 11-68 of H. Handelman and M. Kessler, Democracy and its Limits; pp. 9-35, 233-259 of P. Cammack, Capitalism and Democracy in the Third World; or pp. 291-3-2 of D. Reuschemeyer et al, Capitalist Development and Democracy

Session 36: Underpinning Revisited See Chapters 2 and 15 of L. Diamond et al, Consolidating the Third Wave Democracies; and pp. 271-290 of D. Held, Prospects for Democracy

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