SERNAWATI SIWASIWAN

Class : ANIM : 20100540016

English Education Department

SENTENCE

What is sentence ?

sentence is a group of words that tells a complete thought. It always tells who or what and what is or what happens.

Here are Three Important Rules to Remember When Writing a Sentence.

- A sentence must make complete sense.

- A sentence must have a subject and a predicate.

- The first word of the sentence must begin with a capital letter.

Subject + Predicate = Sentence

Simple Rule

Sentences Have Two Parts Subject

Often a noun or pronoun.Indicates who is speaking, who is spoken to, or who or what is spoken about.

Predicate Verb (action or “to be” form).Tells what the subject is doing or what the subject is.

PP 3-5

Simple Subject and Predicate

The simple subject is the main word or words in the complete subject.

The simple predicate is the main word in the predicate. It is always a verb.

My dog’s name

Diana

The little monkey

is Boby.

is reading a book.

eat banana.

Simple subject

Simple subject

Simple subject

Simple predicate

Simple predicate

Simple predicate

Compound Subjects• You can combine two sentences with

the same predicate.• Join the subjects with and to make a

compound subject.Example:

Mela and Dita go to school

Dita goes to school.Mela goes to school.

Compound Predicates• You can combine two sentences with

the same subject.• Join the predicate with and to make

a compound predicate.Example:

Azka likes watching TV

Azka likes reading book

Azka likes reading book and watching TV

What is Complete Predicate?

What is Complete Subject?

simple predicate + its modifiers = complete predicate.

simple subject + its modifiers = complete subject.

My dog’s name

Diana

The little monkey

is Boby.

is reading a book.

eat banana.

Complete subject

Complete predicate

Simple sentencesCompound sentencesComplex sentences

Compound-complex sentences

Sentence Formations

PP 3-19

Simple SentenceA simple sentence, also called an independent clause, contains a subject and a verb, and it expresses a complete thought.

Example: - Some students like to study in the mornings.- Juan and Arturo play football every afternoon.- Alicia goes to the library and studies every day.

Compound Sentences

A compound sentence contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinator. The coordinators are as follows: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so ( FANBOYS).

Example:- The company had an excellent year, so they gave

everyone a bonus.- I went shopping, and my wife went to her classes.

Complex SentencesA complex sentence has an independent clause joined by one or

more dependent clauses. The two clauses are connected by a subordinator (which, who, although, if, since, because, after when, etc).

Example  :- The teacher returned the homework after she noticed the error.- The students are studying because they have a test tomorrow.- After they finished studying, Juan and Maria went to the

movies. 

Compound-complex sentences

Compound - complex sentences contain at least one dependent clause and more than one independent clause. The clauses are connected by both conjunctions and subordinators.

Examples: - John, who briefly visited last month, won

the prize, and he took a short vacation.- Jack forgot his friend's birthday, so he sent

him a card when he finally remembered.

Types of sentences

An exclamatory sentence expresses a strong feeling. It ends with an exclamation mark.

An imperative sentence gives a command or makes a request. It ends with a period.

An interrogative sentence asks a question. It ends with a question mark.

A declarative sentence makes a statement. It ends with a period.

Declarative Sentences

A declarative sentence makes a statement. It ends with a period.

Example:

Yesterday I left school early.

Dina is studying.

Interrogative Sentences

An interrogative sentence asks a question. It ends with a question mark.

Example:

Did you go to the movies yesterday?

What did the teacher say to you yesterday?

An interrogative sentence usually begins with a word that asks a question. Some common asking words are: who, what, when, where, why, how (5W+H) Because they must end with a question mark ( ? ). An Interrogative sentences are sometimes called Asking sentences or Questions.

Example:

What is your name?Where are you going?Who is your father?

When did you go to Bali?Why you study English?

How are you?

Imperative Sentences

This kind of sentence commands or tells someone to do something. Imperative sentences always begin with a capital letter and end with a period. When writing some Imperative sentences, it is often polite to begin with the word please. Imperative sentences are sometimes called Command sentences.

Example:

Leave that cat alone.

Bring me ice cream.

Get me some water.

Exclamatory Sentences

An exclamatory sentence expresses a strong feeling. It ends with an exclamation mark.

Example:

I love you so much!

What a beatiful sea!

Negative Sentences

A negative sentence (or statement) states that something is not true or incorrect.

Tense Negative Element + Contracted Forms Examples

Present simpleDo + not = don’t

Does + not = doesn’tI do not play

She does not play

Past simple Did + not = didn’t I did not play

Present progressive

Am + not (*no amn’t)Is + not = isn’t

Are + not =aren’t I am not playing

Past progressive

Was + not =wasn’tWere + not =weren’t

I wasn’t playingThey weren’t playing

Present perfect Has + not = hasn’t

Have + not = haven’tShe hasn’t playedI haven’t played

Present perfect progressive

Has + not + been = hasn’t been

Have + not + been = haven’t been

She hasn’t been playing

I haven’t been playing

Tense Negative Element + Contracted Forms Examples

Past perfect Had + not =hadn’t I hadn’t played

Past perfect progressive

Had + not + been = hadn’t been

She hadn’t been playing

Future simple Will + not =won’t He won’t play

Future perfectWill + not + have = won’t

haveHe will not have

played

Conditional Would + not =wouldn’t I would not play

Cinditional perfect

Would + not + haveI wouldn’t have

played

ModalsCan + not = can’t or cannot

Should + not = shouldn’tI can’t play

We shouldn’t play

Passive and ActiveActive Form

In active sentences, the thing doing the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing receiving the action is the object. Most sentences are active.

Example:

The professor teaches the students

John washes the dishes

THING DOING ACTION + VERB + THING RECEIVING ACTION

Subject doing action

verb Object receiving

action

Subject doing action

verb Object receiving

action

Passive Form

In passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing doing the action is optionally included near the end of the sentence.

You can use the passive form if:

• you think that the thing receiving the action is more important or should be emphasized.• you do not know who is doing the action.• you do not want to mention who is doing the action.

Example:

The students are taught by the professor.

The dishes are washed by John.

THING RECEIVING ACTION + BE + PAST PARTICIPLE OF VERB + BY + THING DOING ACTION

Subject receiving action

Passive verb Doing action

Subject receiving action Passive verb Doing action

ADVICE A. must, ought, should

Example:• You must read this book.

• You should grow your own vegetables.

• You ought to plan some trees.

This type is reported by advice + object.• He advice me to plan some trees.

B. You had better + bare infinitive

Example:• You’d better not wait any longer.

C. If I were you I shoud/would

Example:• If I were you I’d buy a car.

This type is reported by advice + object.• He advised me to buy a car.

D. Why don’t you....?

Example:• Why don’t you take a holiday?

• Why don’t you learn English?

When this is advice it is reported by advise + object.

• He advise me to take a holiday.

• He advise me to learn English.

REQUEST Can/Could/May/Might + I/We

1. can/could/may/might I/We + have + noun/pronoun

Example:a) Can I have a sweet?

“can” is the most informal.

b) Could I have a cup of tea?

“could + I/We” is the most generally use.c) May I have a copy of the letter?

“may/might + I/We” are more formal than could.These requests are usually reported by ask + for +

object.Example: The little boy asked (me) for a sweet.

He asked for a copy of the letter.

2. Can/could/may/might I/We + verb

Example:a) May/could I see Mr. Jones?

b) Could I speak to the secretary?

This type of request is reported by ask + to.Example:• I asked to see Mr. Jones.

• I asked to speak to the secretary.

3. Could/might I/We request can be preceded by do you think/I wonder(ed)/was wondering if.

Example:a) I was wondering if I could have tomorrow off?

b) Do you think I could speak to the secretary?

Could/will/would + you

1) Could you

“ could you please show me the way?”

2) Will/would you

“ will/would you please show me the way?”

3) You’ll....won’t you? ( is persuasive type of request mainly among friends)

“ you’ll write to me, won’t you?”

4) Would you mind + gerund

“ would you mind moving your car?”

5) Would you like to...?

“would you like to take the seat?”

6) I should/would be very grateful if you would

“I should be very grateful if you would take the

seat.”

7) Would you be kind enough

“Would you be kind enough to keep me informed?”

8) I wish you would

“I wish you would give me English book”

RESOURCES• http://www.eslbee.com/sentences.htm• http://www.lessonsnips.com/docs/pdf/allaboutsen

treview.pdf• http://www.myenglishlessons.net/powerpoints/se

ntences.pdf• http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/340685

/four_kinds_of_sentences_declarative.html?cat=4• http://www.whitesmoke.com/negative-sentences• http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/activepassi

ve.html• Thomson, A.J. & Martinet, A.V. (1985). A

practical English Gramar. London: Oxford University Press.