series and parallel circuits. ohm’s law i = v / r georg simon ohm (1787-1854) i= current (amperes)...
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Series and Parallel Circuits
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Ohm’s Law
I = V / R
Georg Simon Ohm (1787-1854)
I = Current (Amperes) (amps)
V = Voltage (Volts)
R = Resistance (ohms)
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How you should be thinking about electric circuits:Voltage: a force that pushes the current through the circuit (in this picture it would be equivalent to gravity)
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Resistance: friction that impedes flow of current through the circuit (rocks in the river)
How you should be thinking about electric circuits:
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Current: the actual “substance” that is flowing through the wires of the circuit (electrons!)
How you should be thinking about electric circuits:
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Would This Work?
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Would This Work?
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Would This Work?
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The Central Concept: Closed Circuit
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Simple Circuits Series circuit
All in a row 1 path for electricity 1 light goes out and
the circuit is broken
Parallel circuit Many paths for
electricity 1 light goes out and
the others stay on
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CircuitsCan either be series or parallel.
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SeriesCurrent only takes one path for electrons
Current flows through every part of the circuit
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Lights in a Series
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SeriesIf you add a resistor (like another light):Total resistance goes UP since all the current has must go through each resistor.
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Adding Resistors to Series:Current in the circuit will go DOWN (lights will dim)
If you remove a light bulb or one burns out—all go out!
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Current in Series
Current is the same at all points
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Voltage in Series
Voltage is reduced by each resistance – voltage drop
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Resistance in SeriesAdd up all resistors to get totalTotal resistance will go up because all of the current must go through each resistor.
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Sample Problem #1 Draw a series circuit with two 1.5 V
batteries, 3 resistors, and a current of 0.5 A.
1. What is the total voltage of the circuit?
2. What is the resistance of each resistor?
3. What is the voltage drop across each resistor? Label on your circuit.
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Parallel CircuitsHas at least one point where current divides
More than one path for current to flow
Paths are also known as branches
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Lights in Parallel
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Parallel:If you add a resistor:
Total resistance goes down
Total current goes up when you add another path
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Removing a Light BulbIf you remove a light bulb or one burns out, the others stay on because the circuit is still closed.
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Current in Parallel Current flows into a branching point, the same total current must flow out again
Current depends on resistance in each branch
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Voltage in Parallel
Voltage is the same across each branch – because each branch is on the same wire
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Resistance in ParallelCalculate current in each branch based on resistance in each branch by using Ohm’s Law
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Practice problem #2
Draw a parallel circuit with two resistors (one on each branch) and a 12 V battery.
1. What is the voltage through each resistor?
2. What is the current flowing through each branch?
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Toll Road—Circuit Analogy
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Toll Booth ExplanationAdding toll booths in series
increases resistance and slows the current flow.
Adding toll booths in parallel lowers resistance and increases the current flow.
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Batteries in Series and Parallel:
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In series—The voltage is increased.
In parallel—No change in voltage; these batteries will last longer!
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One More FINAL Thing:
Two Types of Current:DC—Direct Current—produced by solar cells and chemical cells (batteries)
Current only flows in one direction.
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2nd type of current:AC—Alternating CurrentCurrent flows back and forth (alternates)
Found in homesGenerators produce AC current