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Serials TrainingCatalog Management Team

Contents

Page

I. Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………….2

II. Understanding the Box, Flags, & Statistics….………………...……………………………..4

III. Overview of Serials Recon …………………………………………………………………..6

IV. Problem Resolution ………………………………………………………………………….8A. Searching…………………………………………………………………………………8B. Selecting appropriate copy ………………………………………………………………9C. Holdings…………………………………………………………………………………11D. Miscellaneous Issues/Frequent Problems……………………………………………….13

V. Quality Assurance …………………………………………………………………………..13

VI. Appendix…………………………………………………………………………………….14

VII. Glossary……………………………………………………………………………………..16

Updated 11/26/03

Serials Training Catalog Management Team

I. IntroductionWelcome to the complex and challenging world of serials! After a period of training and practice, you should be able to understand the basics of serial bibliographic records and their attached MFHDs. Here’s a quick definition of a serial: a continuing resource that is issued in a succession of discrete parts, usually bearing numbering and having no predetermined conclusion. Think of journals, newspapers, magazines—all of these are considered serials. Working with serial records can be challenging, especially given the frequent title changes or issuing body changes. Because of these changes we accept two different approaches in cataloging: successive- and latest-entry cataloging. These two approaches are explained more fully below. For now, just realize that with a few important pieces of information you’ll begin to understand the intricacies and complexities of serial records and how they relate to the problem resolution of our Recon project.

Basics of SerialsBefore we move onto the finer points of a serial record, you must first grasp some key concepts relating to serials. First, think generally rather than specifically. That is, the serial record should represent the entire publication rather than one particular issue.

Second, there may be multiple bibliographic records to represent a single serial. This is known as successive-entry cataloging; that is, any major change (e.g., some title changes or changes in issuing body in 1xx fields) results in the creation of a new record. These separate records are linked using MARC tags (780/785). We prefer this type of cataloging to latest-entry cataloging which bases the description on the latest issue and uses one record to include all title changes. Earlier titles are represented in the 247 fields on a latest entry record. You can immediately tell if your record is successive- or latest-entry cataloging by checking the “type of entry” field in the 008. If the record is successive-entry, a zero is used; if it is latest-entry, a one is chosen.

Example of Successive-entry cataloging:000 00907nas 2200265 a 450005 20020623201448.0

008 010402u1943uuuuctuar l0 0eng d 035 __ |a (OCoLC)ocm46647117035 __ |9 XAF7608YL040 __ |a UCW |c UCW |d YUS043 __ |a n-us-ct049 __ |a YUS* |v 1958/1959099 __ |a Ov31 |a W75ab110 1_ |a Willimantic (Conn.)245 10 |a Annual report of City of Willimantic for year ending ...260 __ |a Willimantic, Conn. : |b City of Willimantic, |c 1943-

300 __ |a v. : |b ill. ; |c 23 cm.310 __ |a Annual

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This “0” shows that “successive entry” was selected in the 008.

Note how this linking field is used to show an earlier title.


Third, there will be MARC tags in the records specific to serials. Linking fields such as 780 and 785 are used to show the relationships between earlier- and later-title records. The 310 and 321 tags show the frequency of a serial. See the Appendix for a full listing of tags used in serial records.

Now that you understand a few basic concepts relating to serials, let’s move on to the specifics. Our goals for you include:

Gaining an understanding of the serials recon process Learning to search Orbis for existing serial records Learning to search RLIN and OCLC for serial records to import Identifying the bibliographic and MFHD records associated with each serial title Learning and understanding the MARC tags associated with serial records Understanding the various relationships of serial records through MARC tagging

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II. Understanding the Box, Flags, & StatisticsYour knowledge of problem resolution of monographs will prove to be a solid foundation on which to build. However, many things about the problem resolution of serials cards will be different starting from which boxes to sign out, understanding the serials flags, and keeping serials statistics.

Serials boxes are shelved separately from the Official boxes. Sign boxes out using the serials binder.

Each box is divided into two sections with the sections being separated by a colored index card and a green piece of paper with the word “extension” on it. Cards at the front of the box were processed/converted by the vendor. The remainder of the box is known as the extension. It consists primarily of added-entry cards, guide cards, and the like. The vendor occasionally flagged cards in the extension with Skip flags some of which are RLIN cards (assumed to be converted already) and some are JACKPHY/non-roman.

Be sure to count these skip cards according to location and include them on the statistics sheet under “Flags in Extension Box.”

For every skip flag, file the card in the appropriate box to check holdings at one of the departmental libraries.

If it is a JACKPHY card and it has not been converted then photocopy the card. There are certain situations where OCLC did not convert the card and the flag/problem

simply cannot be resolved at this time. For example, cards with a non-roman script must be converted by someone who can read the language. The following situations require you to photocopy the card(s). Create one folder for each of the situations and file the photocopies in the appropriate folders for future resolution.

Analytics to be converted (those that are not stamped “analyzed” and have complete title and author information)Delta call number ()Film—no statement cardJACKPHY/Non-romanNo location/No call numberNo Statement card and not on shelf (NOS)Philosophy library (unconverted)Statement card only, not converted (some of these cards can be converted if enough information is provided)Undocumented/unresolved locations

Microfilm N class no. (Film N1307) Doc. Rm. Microprint 8 (1, 4, 7, 12, 13, 15) Uncat. File Serials Division—Catalog Department

War Collection

Cards in the extension section were skipped by OCLC. Additionally, there are cards in the front of the box that have not been converted by OCLC. They normally include:

Added entry cards Card is too brief and marked “GPF” Card marked “1966—Discard per CFL”

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Card representing record withdrawn in ORBIS Card stamped “Beinecke Library transfer” Dashed-on (e.g., Bd4.10/33 -- --[Biographical pamphlets, v.33]) Gift card/temp slip Card marked “card for pam. File”

Locations. For the Serials Catalog, cards are flagged according to location (rather than the problem). For example, blue is SML and green is SCIENCE. But some of the flags are the same as the flags used with monographs—e.g., lavender is “not converted.”

No statement cards. As you process the cards for locations other than SML, you will remove those that do

not have holdings in Orbis and do not have a statement card in the box. File these according to the location (e.g., sslegc or fes) in boxes at your desk.

If there is no accompanying statement card for materials shelved in Sterling, check the public catalog downstairs for a statement card. If you are still unable to locate a statement card, check the shelf. If you cannot determine the holdings by checking the shelf, photocopy the card and file it in the folder labeled “No statement card.”

Cards for the American Oriental Society and Babylonian Collection generally do not have an accompanying statement card. Do not bother checking the public catalog downstairs. Simply photocopy the card and file it in the folder labeled “No statement card.”

The Flags The SCIENCE and SOCIAL SCIENCE flags usually indicate that the record in

Voyager does not have holdings (866 in the MFHD). Statement cards for these locations were not included in the Serial catalog; instead, they are at the individual department libraries. Pull these cards out of the box and file in the appropriate box for later holdings conversion. Projects to locate the holdings for KSL and SSL are already underway.

For SML locations there are a number of issues such as Verify copy holdings, verify volume holdings, relink a provisional, etc. (see Problem Resolution Instructions on our team page for more information: http://www.library.yale.edu/catman/serials/serprobres.html)

Keeping Statistics (see the definitions sheet) Count the number of flags located in the front of your box and record that number on

the statistics sheet. Do this for SML, SOC, SCI, and OTHER locations. Do this also for the extension portion of your box. Note that these four categories (SML, SOC, SCI, and OTHER) each include multiple locations – for example, SCI includes Kline, Geology, Engineering, etc.

As you complete a box, be sure to tally that on your statistics sheet. Tally all unresolved flags that are photocopied. Your trainer or reviser will more thoroughly review with you the statistics-keeping

process.

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http://www.library.yale.edu/catman/serials/serprobres.html


III. Overview of the Serials Recon project

Retrospective conversion is typically accomplished by one or a combination of two basic methods: matching and extracting machine-readable records from a resource file or keying records directly into a database. Both of these can be performed locally by library staff or contracted to one of several vendors specializing in such work. At Yale, though we contracted with OCLC for as much of the retrospective conversion process as possible, there is considerable in-house effort. The retrospective conversion process is best described as consisting of five separate phases of activity: 1) preparation of project specifications, 2) pilot conversion and testing, 3) production conversion, 4) database loads, and 5) quality control and problem resolution.

Once the project specifications were submitted, our cards were sent, and the pilot conversion and testing were complete, OCLC began actual conversion of our card catalogs. Conversion was accomplished by (1) adding a copy statement to an existing bibliographic record in Orbis (2) modifying a record existing in the vendor's resource file or (3) creating a new record based upon the cataloging information on the card in hand. The records produced by OCLC were loaded into Orbis on a twice monthly basis.

The fifth and final phase of the project is known as problem resolution. We are currently working in this phase. CMT staff members perform a variety of quality control and problem resolution activities to (1) ensure that the records are in compliance with local and national standards as well as with vendor and other contractual requirements and (2) address problems that are specifically "flagged" for our attention by the vendor as well as those that are inevitable in a retrospective conversion undertaking that is as complex as ours. A given project is considered "done" only when this final phase of activity has been completed.

The serials recon project has been especially complex given the changing nature of serials and the general complexity of Yale’s holdings. In accordance with our project specifications, OCLC provided us with serial records for our existing titles. As previously mentioned, our retrospective conversion policy was designed to accommodate both successive- and latest-entry cataloging. Successive-entry records are generally preferable. Successive-entry cataloging is required, however, only when all the records that are necessary to accommodate Yale’s holdings already exist and those records will accommodate Yale’s holdings without any gaps. In other words, if the requisite successive-entry records are not readily available, latest-entry cataloging records become appropriate and acceptable.

If successive-entry records for all of the titles held by Yale are present in WorldCat, and those records accommodated Yale’s holdings without any gaps in coverage (i.e., there are holdings associated with each successive-entry record), OCLC claimed the successive-entry records for Yale, even if a latest-entry record was also in WorldCat.

If successive-entry records for some but not all of the titles held by Yale are present in WorldCat, OCLC created a latest-entry record based upon the information on Yale’s card. OCLC did not create successive-entry records for the titles not already represented in WorldCat.

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If the only record in WorldCat is a latest-entry record, and that record accommodated Yale’s holdings, OCLC claimed the record for Yale. OCLC did not create successive-entry records based solely upon the information on Yale’s card.

A given serial may have multiple bibliographic records to represent it. Therefore, the following points will be helpful in piecing together separate records: Be sure to check the fixed fields of your serial records, especially publication status, Date 1, and

Date 2. These can provide immediate assistance to you as you piece the records together. Become familiar with the variable tags frequently used in Serial records some of which include:

246 Varying form of title (used for other forms of the title and for minor changes on subsequent issues)

247 Former title (used in latest entry records)310 Current publication frequency321 Former publication frequency362 Dates of publication and/or volume designation 500 DBO (description based on) note515 Numbering peculiarities550 Issuing bodies note (used for changes of issuing body on subsequent issues and

other notes relating to corporate bodies)580 Linking entry complexity note. Used to express complex relationships which

cannot be accurately generated with the display constants associated with linking entry fields. The note is free text and is most often used when a serial splits into two or more titles, or is the result of two or more combined titles.

710 Added entry—corporate body (frequently used for issuing bodies)780 Preceding entry ("Former title")

Citation for the serial immediately preceding the title being cataloged.785 Succeeding title ("Continued by")

Citation for the serial immediately following the title being cataloged.

Check any 78X fields to place the records in order and discover if there are any missing records. The |w subfield within the 78X fields is especially helpful—it contains the lccn and/or oclc number for the record.

IV. Problem ResolutionA. Searching

When processing any flag you should always search to see if there is a record already in Orbis. It is best to perform this search even if the vendor’s flag indicates there is not an existing record in our database. Of course, there will be times when there is no record. In that case you will use OCLC or RLIN to locate a record and import it to our database. The tips below discuss searching ORBIS and these two utilities.

Publication status

c=currently publishedd=publication ceasedu=status unknown

Date 1 Starting DateIf 1981/1982, e.g., then Date 1 is the latest date (e.g., 1982)u may be used if dates are unknown—e.g., 19uu or uuuu

Date 2 Ending Date9999 is used here if the serial is currentu may be used if dates are unknown—e.g., 19uu or uuuu

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Orbis It is often best to search Orbis by call number and title or name. This sometimes

catches provisional records, call number mistakes, etc. Avoid searching very generic titles or names—Orbis will search and search and then

give you 10,000 results. Not very helpful!

Bibliographic Utilities Check OCLC and/or RLIN if a record has not yet been imported. Searching in OCLC

Begin with the sca ti search if the title is fairly specific.Example:Title: Eureka: a record of mechanism, inventions, patents, science and newsSearch string should be sca ti eureka a record of mechanism inventions(it is not necessary to input the full title)

Also try OCLC’s author/title search (and other similar searches) for more generic titles. This search requires the first 4 letters of the author and the first 4 letters of the title separated by a comma.Example:Corporate author: Eureka pipe line company.Title: Balance sheet.Search string would be eure,bala

Frequently used keys and qualifiers

F11 Functions as the “enter” buttonF4 Move to the next page of a recordF5 Move back one page in a recordF9 Move to the next record in the

listgob Go back/ser Qualifier placed at the end of the

search string to limit search to serial records

Click the disconnect button to logoff of OCLC For more OCLC (Passport) search tips go to

http://www.oclc.org/worldcat/searching/referencecard/

Searching in RLIN Be sure to select the serials file before you search (type sel fil ser) Some serials titles may be difficult to search in RLIN because they are too

generic—e.g., Bulletin. So try searching using the corporate name command. Example:Corporate author: International Seminar for DiplomatsTitle: Proceedings.Search string should be fin cp international seminar for diplomats

Commands may also be combined.Example:

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http://www.oclc.org/worldcat/searching/referencecard/


Corporate author: International Seminar for DiplomatsTitle: Proceedings.Search string should be fin cp international seminar for diplomats and tp proceedings

Frequently used keys and commandsfin tp Search command used to search

a titlefin cp Search command used to search

a corporate/conference name# Used to truncate the search string“” Put quotation marks around

phrases that contain and, or, not fin lccn Search by lccn numberfin issn Search by issn

Type “logoff” and press enter to exit RLIN For more RLIN search tips go to http://www.rlg.org/rlinsea.html

B. Selecting Appropriate Copy When selecting a record from one of the bibliographic utilities consider these

questions to determine if it is the most appropriate record:

Is it the same publication? Look at:ISSN 022Title and statement of responsibility

245 |a, |n, |p, |c

Publisher 260 |b or 500Dates of publication 362 and 008 fixed field

datesIssuing body note 11x or 71xSubject headings 6xxLinks (earlier/later) 780/785

Is it for the right physical format? Look at:Fixed fields form coding 008, 006, and 007General Material Designation (GMD)

245 |h

Physical description 300Other physical format note 530—points to existence

of other formatsReproduction note 533Electronic location & access 856

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http://www.rlg.org/rlinsea.html


Do the dates fit? Look at:Dates of coverage Fixed field dates (008)Publication dates 260 |c

Designation(s) 362“Description based on” note 500Other notes 5xx

Is the record AACR2?Fixed field: descriptive cataloging code

008, Desc: a (AACR2)—many Recon records will be pre—AACR2

ISBD punctuation

How authoritative is the record?LCCN Unprefixed—LC Sn- prefixed—CONSER member c-prefixed—National Library of Canada

010

CONSER authentication codes 042

MiscellaneousCall numbers 050, 082, 090Subject headings 6xxEarlier and/or later titles 780/785Related titles Other 76x-78x

linking fields

Pre-AACR2 caveats—there may be truncated titles (left out words about frequency and the statement of responsibility), initialisms were given first before the full form of title, 247 was used for slight title variations.

C. HoldingsInputting the correct holdings of a given serial is a big part of your job. Frequently, this information must be gathered from old statement cards with rather cryptic writing. It will take time to decipher the many symbols found on those cards, and it will take time to learn the appropriate standards used to input the holdings. For more information, go to http://www.library.yale.edu/catman/serials/sermhld.htm. This link is to our team page and provides more specific information about the MFHD and how things should be recorded. Below are some guidelines on adding holdings to the MFHD. See the glossary for full definitions of some of the terms used.

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http://www.library.yale.edu/catman/serials/sermhld.htm


*Note that volume holdings in the 866 are transcribed following the American National Standard (ANSI)/NISO (National Information Standards Organization) Holdings Statements for Bibliographic Items standards (ANSI/NISO Z39.71-1999).

Basic bibliographic units held are recorded in Orbis field 866 Supplementary material held is recorded in Orbis field 867 Indexes held are recorded in Orbis field 868

In general, holdings are recorded in the MFHD in the same manner as they are recorded on the card. When enumeration and chronology have been recorded consistently on the card, enumeration and chronology data are recorded in the holdings record. Enumeration data is recorded first; corresponding chronology is enclosed in parentheses. The various levels of enumeration and chronology are separated with a colon. For example:v.1:no.1(1976:Jan.) v.1:no.2(1976:Feb.)

Record holdings in a positive way if possible—show what we actually hold If you must use Lacks or Have don’t use commas after them unless there is also a

gap in the first level of enumeration. For example:v.1(1976) have no.1,v.3(1976) have no.4

Use the correct enumeration and chronology and their abbreviations. See the “AACR2 Abbreviations (Roman Alphabet)” link on the Cataloging Tools & Resources page for a thorough list of abbreviations for the caption for enumeration.

If both enumeration and chronology data are recorded adjacently, the chronology data is recorded in parentheses. If enumeration is not recorded (e.g., some annual publications), then chronology can be used as enumeration and parentheses are not used

Enumeration and chronology are recorded from general to more specific—that is, begin with the most general enumeration or chronology (ex. volume) and move to the more specific (ex. part). Examples:v.1:pt.21998:May

Indicator and subfield values for serials MFHDs 1st indicator should be 4. This is mandatory. 2nd indicator should be 1. This is mandatory. |8 0 This is the linkage field. The 866 will not display in the OPAC unless

this field is present so it is mandatory. |a Textual holdings are entered here. |x Staff note (does not display in OPAC) |z Public note (displays in OPAC)

Gaps—use commas to show gap breaks (issues we don’t have) and semi-colons to show non-gap breaks (issues that were not published) or to represent a change in designationExamples:

We have volumes 1-4, and 6 (volume 5 published but we do not have)866 4 1 $8 0 $a v.1-v.4,866 4 1 $8 0 $a v.6

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We have volumes 1-4, and 6 (volume 5 was not published)866 4 1 $8 0 $a v.1-v.4;866 4 1 $8 0 $a v.6

Holdings are compressed whenever possible. Data elements may not be compressed if there is a gap in the level(s) to be compressed (i.e., a break or discontinuity in the sequence of enumeration or chronology, or both, of the serial held). The cataloger may decide not to compress in order to bring out issue details. This is more likely to occur with Beinecke and other special collections.

Punctuation Blank space is used in chronology data to separate a month from a day if the

month is not abbreviated.(1988:June 12)NO BLANK SPACE before or after punctuation

Colon (:) denotes change in hierarchy level from higher to lower. v.1:no.1:pt.1

Comma (,) denotes a gap in a range.1942-1945,1953-1955

Diagonal (/) is used as a connector between notations that form a single entity, such as 2 different years that form a single period of coverage or a double volume numberv.1/5(1960/1965)

Equals sign is used in enumeration data to separate alternative numbering schemes.v.2:no.5=no.11(1950)

Hyphen (-) denotes unbroken range. v.1(1953)-v.5(1957)

Parentheses are used to separate enumeration data from chronology data. v.1(1950)

Semicolon (;) denotes nongap break in a range of holdings, i.e., when an item is not published or a change in numbering occurs. v.1-v.4; v.6

Square brackets are used in chronology data to enclose a supplied date, such as a translated Gregorian date. Blank space before and after square brackets. Showa 56-nendo [1981/1982]

There should be a new 866/867/868 field for any gaps or change in enumeration.

D. Miscellaneous Issues/Frequent Problems Record holdings using the appropriate captions—e.g., in the language of the record.

See the 362. From the statement cards, use dates for coverage if present, then use imprint date Old Yale Q call numbers are interfiled with LC Q’s. Some still exist.

V. Quality AssuranceSelect approximately 10% of the cards from the front section per box for quality assurance (QA). (Note: If approximately 90% of the front section of the box is already flagged, skip QA.) By checking these unflagged cards, you will find lots of problems not flagged by OCLC. For example,

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you may find provisional-level records with items that should be relinked or uncompressed holdings.

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Appendix

MARC Tags Frequently Used in Serial Records

007 -- Physical description fixed field (used primarily for microforms and e-serials)008 -- Leader—Fixed field display found in workforms on OCLC or local systems; serials fixed

field is used for all printed serials, microforms, and computer files that are textual; for serial maps, sound recordings, etc. the map, etc. 008 is used with a serial 006

010 -- Library of Congress control number (LCCN) 022 -- International Standard Serial Number (ISSN)

Unique control number assigned by centers of the International Standard Serial Number Network, as opposed to ISBNs which are assigned by commercial publishers.

042 -- CONSER authentication field050 -- Library of Congress call number (not displayed in Bobst library records) 110 -- Main entry -- Corporate body name 111 -- Main entry -- Meeting/conference name 130 -- Main entry -- Uniform title 210 -- Abbreviated title (contains the abbreviation of the title used in abstracting and indexing

services)222 -- Key title (assigned by ISSN centers)240 -- Uniform title (used when there is a corporate body main entry and a uniform title is

needed)245 -- Title statement 246 -- Varying form of title (used for other forms of the title and for minor changes on

subsequent issues)247 -- Former title (used in latest entry records; may be used in the future for integrating

resources)260 -- Publication, distribution information (Imprint) 300 -- Physical description 310 -- Current publication frequency 321 -- Former publication frequency362 -- Dates of publication and/or volume designation 440/490 -- Series statement500 -- General note(s) 510 -- Citation/references note

Field 510 specifies where a serial has been indexed and/or abstracted and, if known, the dates of such coverage.

515 -- Numbering peculiarities (used when considered important)525 -- Supplement note530 -- Additional physical form(s) available note (e.g. CD-ROM, online, etc.) 533 -- Reproduction note (when used, this is the last 5XX note)546 -- Language note550 -- Issuing body note

This field will often detail changes of publisher or issuing body which take place following the description of the earliest issue/volume. If the change is for a commercial publisher though, these changes will be in a simple 500 note.

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555 -- Cumulative index/Finding aids note Contains a statement of volumes and/or dates covered by cumulative indexes for a serial and a statement of their location -- whether issued as part of the serial or issued separately.

580 -- Linking entry complexity note Field 580 is used to express complex relationships which cannot be accurately generated with the display constants associated with linking entry fields. The note is free text, and is most often used when a serial splits into two or more titles, or is the result of two or more combined titles.

6XX -- Subject tracings 700 -- Added entry -- Personal name 710 -- Added entry -- Corporate body name 711 -- Added entry -- Meeting/conference name 730 -- Added entry -- Uniform title 740 -- Added entry—Uncontrolled related/analytical title (used for named resources not

separately cataloged or named portions of the serial)752 -- Hierarchial place name (used in records for newspapers)765/767 -- Links to original language/translation770/772 -- Links to supplements or special issues/parent record775 -- Links to other editions776 -- Additional physical form entry

This field will contain a citation for another record describing the title available in another physical format (e.g. microform, CD-ROM, online, etc.)

780 -- Preceding entry ("Former title") Citation for the serial immediately preceding the title being cataloged.

785 -- Succeeding title ("Continued by") Citation for the serial immediately following the title being cataloged.

787 -- Nonspecific relationship link (used with 580 to provide note)8XX -- Series added entries850 -- Holdings institution (found in CONSER records—no longer maintained)856 -- Electronic location and access (e.g. Internet URL)

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Glossary

Alternative enumeration. Additional, secondary enumeration assigned to some multipart units or serial units. Note: alternative enumeration provides a continuously numbered sequence in addition to hierarchical designations. For example, “v.3:pt.1=fasc.7” reflects a primary enumeration of volumes and parts, and an alternative enumeration of fascicles. Basic bibliographic unit. Primary bibliographic unit for which holdings are being recorded. Note: examples of basic bibliographic units are a book, a multi-volume encyclopedia, a computer file, a map, a score, a set of orchestral parts, and a publication with separately titled constituent parts.

Caption. Word, phrase, or abbreviation indicating the parts into which a multipart unit or serial unit has been divided by the publisher. Note: a caption ordinarily appears on the piece immediately preceding the enumeration, for example, “volume,” “Band,” “Heft,” “part,” “number,” “tome,” “side”, although it may also appear following it (for example, 1. Teil), or surrounding it (for example, ti 17 chan). Chronology. The different types of dates used by the publisher on the work to identify the individual bibliographic unit of a serial (for example, date of coverage, date of publication, date of printing, or date of reprinting). Compress. To condense one or more data elements through consolidation within one or more levels of data to express the same information with fewer characters. Data elements may be compressed only if there is not a gap in the level or levels to be compressed.

Enumeration. The nonchronological scheme used by the publisher on the bibliographic unit to identify the individual bibliographic units of a serial and to show the relationship of a bibliographic unit to the serial as a whole.

First-order designator. The characters identifying the main or primary sequential division of the scheme of enumeration or chronology, or both, associated with a serial work, whether or not this main or primary division is further subdivided.

Gap. A break or discontinuity in the sequence of enumeration or chronology, or both, of the serial held. The term does not refer to a break or discontinuity in the publication pattern of the serial.

Latest-entry cataloging permits such changes (and therefore all holdings) to be recorded in a single bibliographic record. Although successive-entry cataloging was incorporated into the Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules in 1970, neither Yale nor the Library of Congress adopted the practice until approximately 1978.

Monograph. An item that is either complete in one part or complete, or intended to be complete, in a finite number of separate parts.

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Monographic series. A group of separate items that are related to one another by the fact that each item bears, in addition to its own title proper, a collective title that applies to the group as a whole. The individual items may or may not be numbered. An analytical entry is an entry for a part of an item for which a comprehensive entry is also made.

Nongap break. A gap between the recorded enumeration and/or chronology units caused by unpublished units or discontinuity in the publisher’s enumeration or chronology.

Serial. A continuing resource issued in a succession of discrete parts, usually bearing numbering, that has no predetermined conclusion. Examples of serials include journals, magazines, electronic journals, continuing directories, annual reports, newspapers, and monographic series.

Subsequent-order designator. The characters identifying the second and all subsequent levels of sequential division of the scheme of enumeration or chronology, or both, associated with a serial work; that is, the levels of data required to distinguish between bibliographic units carrying identical first-order designators.

Successive-entry cataloging requires that a new (separate) bibliographic record be created each time the title or the issuing body (if it is used as the main entry) of the serial changes. The associated holdings must be recorded accordingly, often across several bibliographic records.

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