september / october 2015 · 2016. 4. 20. · mark k. craig, saic laura delgado lópez, secure world...

1SPACE TIMES•Sep/Oct2014

THE MAGAZINE OF THE AMERICANASTRONAUTICAL SOCIETYISSUE 5–VOLUME 54

SEPTEMBER / OCTOBER 2015

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PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE 3

FEATURES Boarding the Spaceplane 4 The spaceplane concept has long been a staple of dreams of spaceflight, seemingly holding enormous promise to become reality in the twenty-first century. byRogerD.Launius Roadmap for EArth Defense Initiatives 6 A Planetary Defense Program was developed through the READI project to emphasize the need for adequate preparations and ensure the readiness of technologies and methods to guarantee the protection and survival of our planet from cosmic objects. byLauraBettiol,CarlosEntrena,andRémiGourdon(anISUresearchteamproject) Orbital Maneuvers via Linear Motor and Angular Momentum Based Propulsion 11 Launching satellites to space is an expensive proposition. A process by which a low-mass transport spacecraft could be designed and the resulting capability for launching satellites to space is outlined in this article. byPaulB.Huter

NOTES ON A NEW BOOK Return to Flight: Inside NASA’s Space Shuttle Missions in the Wake of the Columbia Disaster 15 ReviewedbyRickW.Sturdevant

TECHNICAL CONFERENCE 39th Annual AAS Guidance & Control Conference 16

ASTRONAUTICS PUBLICATIONS by Michael L. Ciancone 17

2015 WERNHER VON BRAUN MEMORIAL SYMPOSIUM 20

AAS CORPORATE AND INSTITUTIONAL MEMBERS 23

2015-2016 SCHEDULE OF EVENTS 24

SEPTEMBER / OCTOBER 2015

ISSUE 5–VOLUME 54

T H E M A G A Z I N E O F T H E A M E R I C A N A S T R O N A U T I C A L S O C I E T Y

Thisclose-upviewofVeilNebulaunveilswispsofgaswhichareallthatremainofwhatwasonceastar20timesmoremassivethanoursun.Thenebulaliesalongtheedgeofalargebubbleoflow-densitygasthatwasblownintospacebythedyingstarpriortoitsself-detonationabout8,000yearsago.(Source: NASA/ESA/Hubble Heritage Team)

ON THE COVER

6352 Rolling Mill Place, Suite 102Springfield, VA 22152-2370 USA

Tel: 703-866-0020 ♦ Fax: [email protected] ♦ www.astronautical.org

AAS OFFICERSPRESIDENT LynD.Wigbels,RWI International Consulting ServicesEXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT J.WalterFaulconer,SGT, Inc.VICE PRESIDENT–TECHNICAL JimMcAdams,JHU/Applied Physics LaboratoryVICE PRESIDENT–PROGRAMS HarleyA.ThronsonVICE PRESIDENT–PUBLICATIONS DavidB.Spencer,The Pennsylvania State UniversityVICE PRESIDENT–STRATEGIC COMMUNICATIONS AND OUTREACH MadhuritaSengupta,American Institute of Aeronautics and AstronauticsVICE PRESIDENT–MEMBERSHIP TracyLamm,Space Center HoustonVICE PRESIDENT–EDUCATION LanceBush,Challenger Center for Space Science EducationVICE PRESIDENT–FINANCE PaulEckert,Federal Aviation AdministrationVICE PRESIDENT–INTERNATIONAL SusanJ.Irwin,Irwin Communications, Inc.VICE PRESIDENT–PUBLIC POLICY EdwardGoldstein,Aerospace Industries AssociationLEGAL COUNSEL FranceskaO.Schroeder,Fish & Richardson P.C.EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR JamesR.Kirkpatrick,American Astronautical Society

AAS BOARD OF DIRECTORSTERM EXPIRES 2015A.WilliamBeckman,The Boeing CompanyVincentC.Boles,The Aerospace CorporationSandyColeman,Orbital ATKDavidA.King,Dynetics, Inc.CarolS.LaneKimLuu,Air Force Research LaboratoryIanW.Pryke,Independent Consultant-AerospaceFrankA.Slazer,Aerospace Industries AssociationMarciaS.Smith,Space and Technology Policy Group, LLC

TERM EXPIRES 2016StephanieBednarekOrton,SpaceXRonaldJ.Birk,Northrop GrummanThomasF.Burns,National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationPeggyFinarelli,George Mason University/CAPRRobFulton,Valkyrie Strategic Partners, LLCRebeccaL.Griffin,Rebecca Griffin SpaceHalE.Hagemeier,Eagle Ray Inc.MollyKennaMacauley,Resources for the FutureKathyJ.NadoJohnOlson,Sierra Nevada Corporation

TERM EXPIRES 2017GaleAllenRobertH.Bishop,University of South FloridaMarkK.Craig,SAICLauraDelgadoLópez,Secure World FoundationKathleenKarika,Lockheed Martin Space Systems CompanyZigmondV.Leszczynski,VCSFA/MARSSuneelSheikh,ASTER Labs, Inc.PatriciaGraceSmith,Patti Grace Smith ConsultingDaveA.Spencer,Georgia Institute of TechnologyMichelineTabache,European Space AgencyGreggVane,Jet Propulsion Laboratory

SPACE TIMES EDITORIAL STAFFEDITOR,DianeL.Thompson

PHOTOANDGRAPHICSEDITOR,DianeL.ThompsonPRODUCTIONMANAGER,DianeL.Thompson

SPACE TIMES is published bimonthly by theAmericanAstronauticalSociety,aprofessionalnon-profitsociety.SPACE TIMES isfreetomembersoftheAAS.IndividualsubscriptionsmaybeorderedfromtheAASBusinessOffice.©Copyright2015bytheAmericanAstronauticalSociety,Inc.PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.ISSN1933-2793.

PERIODICALSSPACE TIMES,magazineoftheAmericanAstronauticalSociety,bimonthly,Volume54, 2015—$80domestic, $95 foreign (Toorder,contacttheAASat703-866-0020.)The Journal of the Astronautical Sciences,quarterly,printandonline(Toorder,contactSpringerat1-800-777-4643.)

REPRINTSReprintsareavailableforallarticles inSPACE TIMESandallpaperspublishedinThe Journal of the Astronautical Sciences.

SPACE TIMES•September/October2015

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AAS–AdvancingAllSpace

LynD.Wigbels [email protected]

Thisyear’sAAS/AIAAAstrodynamicsSpecialistConference,hostedbyourSpaceFlightMechanicsCommitteeandheldinVail,Colorado,wasaspectacularsuccessandattractedmorepeoplethanhaveattendedanyoftheseeventssincethefirstconferencewasheldatYaleUniversityin1963.Over300paperswereaccepted,withahealthy(andencouraging)numberofstudentsparticipating.I’dliketothankGeoffWawrzyniakandallthosewhohelpedinitsplanningandorganization.AAStechnical conferences have always been recognized for presenting cutting edgeacademic research in astrodynamics and spaceflightmechanics, the latest keydevelopmentsinNASAandinternationalEarthorbitalandspaceexplorationmis-sions,andadvancesinU.S.militaryspaceorbitaltransfertechnology.Thisyear’sconferenceproudlycontinuedandenhancedthissuccessfulrecord.

HaveyouparticipatedyetinaGoogleHangout?Thesehavebeenorganizedbytheactiveandenthusiasticmem-bersofourSpecialEventsCommittee,andthefirstwasheldinSeptemberoflastyear.TheyhaveorganizedsevenHangoutstodate,someincollaborationwiththeAmericanAstronomicalSociety,withthemostrecentfocusedonour“FutureinSpace.”YoucanparticipateeitherasaGooglememberorviaYouTube,andit’sawonderfulwaytoobtaincurrentinformationfromimpressiveexpertswithnocosttoparticipants.Eacheventwillbelistedintheeventssectiononthewebsite,andmemberswillbesentareminderpriortoeachnewHangout.Additionally,wearelookingformemberswhowanttohelpwiththemechanicsofputtingthesetogether.Ifyou’reinterested,pleaseletmeknow.

Aswegotopress,weonceagainarehearingconcernsofaloominggovernmentshutdownoverdisagreementsonfundinglevelsfordefenseandnon-defensebudgetsandpoliticalissuesheightenedbytheupcomingPresidentialelection.AAScontinuestolookforopportunitiestolenditssupportforcriticalinvestmentsintheU.S.spacepro-gram.Recently,AASjoinedtheCoalitionforAerospaceandScience(CAS),anallianceofover15organizationsthatisfocusingonrobustandsustainedfederalfundingforNASAandNOAA.Participatingorganizationsincludeprofessional,scientific,andengineeringsocieties,aerospacecompanies,highereducationassociations,institutionsofhigherlearning,andindependentresearchorganizations.Welookforwardtoworkingwiththemtosupportthecontinuationofournation’sscientific,industrial,andacademicleadershipinthefuture.

Since2016isaPresidentialelectionyear,AAShasjoinedwithseveralotherprofessionalspaceorganizationstoprepareastatementtitled“WhatCandidatesShouldKnowAboutSpace.”Theobjectiveistoclearlystate,inanon-partisanmanner,whyU.S.investmentsinspaceprogramshavebeencriticaltoournationandtheworld.Currentlyinthefinalreviewprocess,thispaperwillbesenttoallthepresidentialcandidatesandwillbeprintedinanupcomingissueofthismagazine.Asabonus,theinformationcompiledinthisletterwillservetoeducateanyonewhomayquestionwhyspaceisimportant.




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4 SPACE TIMES•September/October2015

DuringtheadministrationofPresidentRonaldReagan,seniorgovernmentofficialsbegantodiscussthepossibilityofdevelopingan“OrientExpress,”ahybridairandspaceplanethatcouldcarryordinarypeoplebetweenNewYorkCityandTokyoinaboutonehour.Howisthispossible?Actually,theconceptisquitesimple:Developanaerospaceplanethatcantakeofflikeaconventionaljetlinerfromanordinaryrunway.Flyingsupersonic,itreachesanaltitudeof45,000-50,000feet,wherethepilotsstartscramjetengines,ajettechnologythathasthepotentialtopushjetcrafttohypersonicspeeds.Thespaceplanerisestotheedgeofspaceanddartstotheoppositesideoftheglobe,wheretheprocessisreversed,andthevehiclelandslikeaconventionalairplane.Itneverreachesorbit,buttechnicallyitfliesinspace.Theexperienceissimilartoorbitalflight,exceptfortheshortertime.

Boarding the SpaceplanebyRogerD.Launius

ArtistconceptoftheX-37advancedtechnologyflightdemonstratorre-enteringEarth’satmosphere.TheX-37wasintendedasatestbedfordozensofadvancedstructural,propulsion,andoperationaltechnologiesthatcoulddramaticallylowerthecostoffuturereusablelaunchvehicles.(Source: NASA)



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5SPACE TIMES•September/October2015

Roger D. Launius is associate director for collections and curatorial affairs at the National Air and Space Mu-seum, Smithsonion Institution, Washington, D.C. (Published on-line at http://aboveandbeyondexhibition.com/tour/boarding-the-spaceplane/, June 15, 2015)

Thespaceplaneconcepthaslongbeenastapleofdreamsofspaceflight.Seemingly,itholdsenormouspromiseandcouldbecomerealityinthetwenty-firstcentury.Spaceplanespromisepassengersanopportunitytotravelaroundtheglobewithgreaterspeedandeasethananyjetlinersprovidetoday.Thecostofsuchflightswillbehigh,withoutquestion.Newtechnologieswouldbenecessarytobuildpassenger

spaceplanesandsellticketsforabout$100,000perseat.Doesamarketsufficientlyrobustexisttosupportthiseffort?Marketstudiessuggestthatatleast100,000passengersayearmightflyspaceplanesatthepricenotedhere.Thatisa$10billionperyearbusiness.Itcouldgrowinsizeandbecomelessexpensiveastechnologyprogresses.Themostattractivepartofspaceplanetravelatfirstwillbeitsnovelty.LikeflyingontheConcordebetweenEurope

andNewYorkCity,itcouldnotsustainitselfsolelyasapracticalmeansoftransportation.Instead,braggingrightsforhavingflownathypersonicspeedswouldsustainmuchoftheeffortearlyon–thatandthemostexcitingpartoftheflight,weightlessness.Asthespaceplanetravelsattheedgeoftheatmosphere,passengerswouldexperienceabouttwentyminutesoffree-fall.Floatingwithinthecabin,theycouldpeeroutofportsintotheblacknessofspaceandtheblue-greenEarthbelow.Giventhetechnicaldefinitionoftheterm,theywouldqualifyasastronauts–personsengagedinspaceflight.Passengerserviceofthissortoffersapowerfulincentiveforthefinancingofcommercialspaceventures.Nolonger

dependentongovernmentlargesse,spaceentrepreneursmightbeabletoraisefundsforhumanspaceflightthroughtheprivatesector.Thiscouldbeacriticalstepinopeningthespacefrontiertoordinarypeople,thushelpingtorealizethepromisethatanyonecanfly(withenoughmoney).Wemaybeclosertoaspaceplanethanmostrealizeatpresent.PerhapstheprivatesectoreffortsofSpaceX,Orbital

Sciences,BlueOrigin,SierraNevada,VirginGalactic,SierraNevada,andotherswillbear fruit in thisarena.Thesuccessesthusfararepositivesigns,butIurgecautionintrumpetingthisasTHEanswerforthefuture.Althoughthetrajectoryispositive,thereisstillalongroadtohoebeforeachievinganoperationalsystem.Likewise,theU.S.AirForce’srecentsuccesswithamodifiedX-37Breusableorbitalvehiclesuggeststhatspaceplanesmaysoonbeareality.Interestingly,beyondtechnologyR&DatNASAthespaceagencymaywellhavetolookbeyonditspersonneland

itsvariouscentersforthenexthumanspaceaccesssystem.PresidentObama’sdecisiontorelyonprivatesectoreffortstodevelopnextgenerationhumanspaceaccesscapabilitieswasabold,controversialinitiative.Howeveritturnsout,it representsapath thatharkensback toanearliermodel inwhichNASAhadmoreequalpartnershipswithotherorganizationstoaccomplishitsmandate.Iamheartenedbyrecentdevelopmentsinthisarena.Withsufficientdiligenceandresources,ofcourse,virtuallyanythinghumanscanimagineinspaceflightmaybeachieved.Mightweyetbeabletoboardthespaceplaneinourlifetimes?

MARK YOUR CALENDAR5th International Space Station Research and

Development ConferenceTown and Country Resort & Convention Center

San Diego, California

July 12-14, 2016



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creo


Introduction

Unbeknownsttomostofthepublic,Earthisconstantlybombardedbycosmicobjects.Figure1showsthehugedetectednumberofbolideevents(meteors)thatimpactedEarthinthelast20years,andeventssuchastheTunguskaexplosionin1908andtheChelyabinskmeteorin2013showthedamagethattheseobjectscancause.Evenifextinction-leveleventsarehighlyunlikely,impactsfromsmallerobjectsaremorecommonandhaveahighenoughimpacttorequirethedevelopmentofplanetarydefensetechniques.Itisimportanttoensurethereadinessofbothtechnologiesandmethodsforthisdefense,andtoincreasetheawarenessofpolicymakersandthepublicsothattheprotectionofourplanetandthesurvivaloflifeonEarthisguaranteed.

Roadmap for EArth Defense Initiatives

Figure1:Bolideeventsbetween1994and2013(Source: Planetary Science)

TheRoadmapforEArthDefenseInitiatives(READI)projectwascarriedoutduringtheSpaceStudiesProgram(SSP)oftheInternationalSpaceUniversityheldinAthens,Ohio(USA)fromJunetoAugust2015.ItdevelopsaPlanetaryDefenseProgramtodealwithshort-termwarnings(twoyearsorlessfromdiscoverytoimpact)inordertoemphasizetheneedforadequateprepara-tions.Weselectedacometforourstudybecausetheyareunderrepresentedintheliteratureofplanetarydefense,andtheyrequireadifferenttreatmentthanasteroids.Wedividedtheproblemintofiveelementsthatcoverthemostcriticalpointsofplanetarydefense:detectionandtracking;deflectiontechniques;globalcollaboration;outreachandeducation;andevacuationandrecovery.

The Scenarios

Topresenttheoutcomeofthetechnicalsideoftheprojectinamoreaccessibleandengagingway,wecreatedtwocometary

byLauraBettiol,CarlosEntrena,andRémiGourdon



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impactscenariosthatdifferinthereadinesslevelachievedintheyearsleadingtothediscoveryofthethreat.Wecomparedtheoutcomesofthesetwoscenarios(coined“pessimistic”and“optimistic”)toemphasizetheneedforpreparationpriortodetectionandtopresenttheresultofallourrecommendations.

Thepessimisticscenarioshowswhatwouldhappenifwefoundacometinanimpacttrajectoryattoday’slevelofreadiness.Currentobservationcapabilitieslackskycoverage,soacometfarfromtheSunisfoundbypureluck.Thetechnologiesneededtomitigatethethreatarenotreadyfordeployment,andmostareprohibitedbycurrentinternationallaws.Inthisscenario,policy-makersdonotagreeonthedeploymentofthedeflectionsystemsandacttoolatebecausetheyunderestimatethethreat.Thegen-eralpublicispoorlyinformedaboutsuchthreats,andthislackofunderstandinginfluencesthedecisionsofpolicymakers.Sheltersorevacuationplanstomitigatethedamageoftheimpactarenotreadyforthepopulation,andarecoveryplanisnotconsidered.Asaresult,theimpactcannotbeavoided,andthedamageisimmense.

Ontheotherhand,theoptimisticscenarioshowswhatcanbeachievedinthecaseoffullpreparedness.Thankstoasuccessfuloutreachcampaign,policymakersunderstoodtheimportanceoftheproblem.Allthecountermeasurestomitigatethethreatweredevelopedanddeployedintime,leadingtoasuccessfuldeflection.

Pessimistic Scenario

Intheyearsbefore2030andafterthecancellationofNASA’sAsteroidRedirectMission,littleattentionwasgiventonear-Earthobjects(NEOs);exceptforsomeprivateeffortstowardsasteroidmining,cometswerecompletelyignored.Thepoliticalunwillingnesstoaddressthelow-probability,high-riskthreatssuchascosmicimpactsledtoreducedsupportandfundingtowardsplanetarydefenseprograms.TheestablishmentoftheInternationalAsteroidWarningNetwork(IAWN)andtheSpaceMissionsPlanningAdvisoryGroup(SMPAG)bytheUnitedNations(UN)wasnotfollowedbytheformationofaMitigationActionGroup(MAG)..Anarrowlymissedcollisionwitha320masteroidin2022generatedsomedebatesaboutdeflectionstrategies,butfadedamongthepublicindifferenceaboutNEOs.Deflectiontechnologieswereneverfullydevelopedandvalidated,andplanetaryde-fensewasnotintegratedintotheglobalcultureasoutreachandeducationinitiativesfailedatgatheringsignificantsupport.

OnNewYear’sDay2030,anewobjectofmagnitude21.2wasdetectedintheouterSolarSystemandidentifiedasanewcomet,classifiedasP/2030A1.PreliminarycalculationssuggestedthatanEarthimpactcouldbepossibleintwoyearswithaprob-abilityof0.1%andapotentialimpactregioncoveringalongellipsespanningfromsoutheasternEuropetothesouthernendofAustralia.Noformalwarningwasissuedbythescientists,whounderstoodthatitwastoocomplicatedtopredictacomet’sorbituntilafteritsperihelion.However,thePhDstudentwhofirstfoundthecometstartedtotweetaboutitsdiscovery,sparklingabuzzeffectonsocialmedia.InterestatIAWNgrew,andtheorganizationfinallycalledforadiscussionregardingthecurrentcapabili-tiesofcoordinatingadeflectioncampaign.Yet,skepticismamongpoliticiansandtheabsenceofatestedandaccepteddeflectionsystemresultedinverylittleworkachievedinthefirstweeks.

Onemonthafterdetection,thelackofavailabletimeintelescopespowerfulenoughtoobservethecometlimitedthedataaboutthethreat.Thechanceofimpactincreasedslightly,butisstillnolargerthan1%.Nevertheless,thesuspiciouslyvaguecommuni-cationfrompoliticianscombinedwiththegrowingfearcreatedacontextinwhichconspiracytheoriesandsensationalisticstoriesstartedtospread.

Additionalobservationsinthefollowingtwomonthsfinallyincreasedtheprobabilityofimpacttoover50%.Newdatacon-finedtheimpactsitetoalongandnarrowellipseacrosstheIndianOcean,buttheerraticbehaviorofcometsatperihelionwouldpreventabetterorbitdetermination.TheUNGAaskedforinformationsharing,butplanetarydefenseexpertswereconcernedthatitwastoolateforthelaunchofaneffectivemitigationprogram.Evacuationprogramsandthepotentialinfluxofrefugeeswereconsidered,butwithoutpreexistinginternationaldisasterpreparednessplans,itwasnotclearhowevacuationandrecoveryshouldproceed.Outsidetheimpacttrajectory,governmentsstillremainedfoolishlyoptimisticthatthethreatlevelwoulddecrease,andthusglobalcollaborationswereneverestablished.

Intheyearfollowingdetection,theUNSecurityCouncil(UNSC)calledforaglobaldeflectionplan,butthehighdegreeofmistrustandlowtransparencyacrossnationsresultedsolelyinglobaldisagreement.Thelackofpoliticalleadershipledtopublicunrestandtheformationofpublicadvocacygroupsdemandingmoreinformation.Nationalspaceagenciesstartedrunningdam-ageassessmentsimulationsandgovernmentsbeganreviewingpreexistingevacuationpolicy,tryingtoapplythemtodifferentimpactscenarios.ConsensusintheglobalcommunitywasneverreachedandpushedIndia,asapotentiallyaffectedcountry,intotheimplementationofadeflectionplanwithoutinternationalapproval.InsecretandwiththehelpofNASA,theIndianSpaceResearchOrganization(ISRO)developedanupdatedversionofitsGSLVlauncherinonlysixmonthsbutstillmissedtwoofthethreelaunchopportunities.

ThebilateralactionstrategyincludedlaunchinganuntestedAmericannucleardevice,relyingonthenormofself-preservation



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inanextensiveinterpretationofArticle51fromtheUNCharter.ThenuclearwarheadwaslaunchedinJuly2031fromIndia.Despiteitsdisapprovalforthemission,theUNSCrequestedthatallnationsshowrestraintandnotreacttotheactionsoftheUSAandIndia.Duringthefinalapproachphasetheuntestedtrackingsystemaboardtheinterplanetaryvehiclestruggledtomaintainitscourseduetothehighrelativevelocity.Thetimingofthedetonationwasinaccurate,andtheablationeffectswerelessthanpredicted.TheoutcomesoftheexplosionwouldonlybeknownoncethecometgotbackinlineofsightfromEarthandobserva-tionsatellites.

AfterP/2030A1passedperihelion,observationsrevealedthattheexplosionhadmovedtheimpactsitetocentralEurope,acrosstheFranco-Germanborder.Neithercountrynortheinternationalcommunitywerepreparedforadirectimpact.ThepublicblamedtheIndiansandAmericansforwhatappearedtobeanattackontheireconomicpower.Inalastdesperatedefensivemeasure,theUNSCapprovedtheuseofballisticmissilestodisruptthecometbeforeitenteredEarth’satmosphere.Militaryactivityincreasedtoprepareforevacuationactivities,butpreparationshadnotbeenreleasedpubliclyandpeoplebegantoflee,whileneighboringcountriesstrengthenedtheirborders.

ThemainfragmentimpactedStrasbourg,creatingaseismiceventof6.5ontheRichterscaleandacrater3kmacross,eject-ingtonsofdebrisintotheatmosphere.Nostructuressurvivedwithinadozenkilometersfromtheimpact,andallmajorlifewaskilledupto20kmaway.Firstresponderswereslowtomobilize;globalsupportandemergencyinfrastructureswereinsufficienttosupportallrefugees.Inthefollowingmonths,moneywasrapidlyraisedinsupportofthevictims.However,therecoverytookyearslongerthanexpected,becauseofthelackofappropriateplansandthemisappropriationoffunds.Governmentscontinuedtoblameeachotheranditwouldtakedecadesfortheglobaleconomytoreturntoitspre-impactstate.

Optimistic Scenario

TheacceptanceofcosmicimpactsasseriousthreatstoEarthstartedin2015,withtheinitiationofeducationandoutreachcampaigns.Theseinitiativescreatedacultureofplanetarydefenseawareness,whichmovedpolicymakerstomakeinternation-alarrangementsfordetection,deflection,evacuation,andrecoverysupport.

TheinternationalpolicynormoftheResponsibilitytoDefendEarth(R2DE)wasadoptedbyallspacefaringcountries,leadingtothecreationoftheMitigationActionGroup(MAG)withintheUN.

Increasingenthusiasmforspaceandagrowingprivatesectorcreatedanexponentialimprovementindetectionandtrackingsystems,beginningwiththebettercoordinationofinternationalassetsafter2015,andfollowedbytheadoptionoffullskycover-ageevery24hoursandthedeploymentofanetworkofinfraredspacetelescopeswhichcompletedtheThreatMonitoringNetwork(TMN).

In2022,theincreasingnumberofconfirmedpotentiallyhazardousobjects(PHOs)alonganearhittrajectoryinducedimprove-mentsindeflectiontechniques.GlobalcollaborationdevelopedtheSynchronizedEarthProtectionPlan(SEPP),thecombinationofadirectedenergysystem(DES),athermonuclearinterceptvehicle,andaground-basedmobileballisticmissilesystem.TheDESconsistedoftwoDirectEnergyLaserTerminals(DELT)thatcouldfocusenergyonandablatethesurfaceofacomettodeflectitasfaras7AU.Thethermonuclearsystem,coinedtheHypervelocityCometInterceptVehicle(HCIV),wouldactasacontingencysystem.TheHCIVconsistedofanimpactorwhichcreatedacrateronthetarget,andathermonucleardevice(TND)whichwoulddetonatewithinthecrater,thusmaximizingtheenergytransfer.Multipleground-basedMobileBallisticProtectiveDomes(MBPD)werethethirdcomponentoftheSEPP.TheMBPDusedgroundbasedmissileswithconventionalwarheadsthatcoulddisruptthethreatbeforeitenteredtheatmosphereasalast-ditchdefense.TheSEPPpresentedmanyconcernsaboutitspos-siblemilitaryuse.ItwasdecidedthatSwitzerland,ahistoricallyneutralcountry,wouldleadtheprogramincollaborationwiththeUnitedNationsOfficeforDisasterRiskReduction(UNISDR).

TheUNISDRmadeimpact-disasterpreparednessaninternationalpriority.Evacuation,damageassessment,andrecoveryplan-ningwerecriticalsecondlinesofdefenseagainst impact threats.Transportationand telecommunications infrastructureswereupdatedtoincorporatethedemandsoflarge-scaleevacuations.Theseimprovementsweremadeinparallelwithimpactmodelingthatincreasedtheunderstandingofshortandlong-termdamage.

Fifteenyearsofdiscussionsanddisasterpreparationscreatedaninternationalenvironmentin2030informedaboutcosmicthreatsandcapableoflaunchingeffectivemitigationcampaigns.By2030,humanityboastedacompletePlanetaryDefensePro-gram.

On1January2030theTMNdetectedanobjectofmagnitude21.2neartheecliptic.Pre-discoveryimagesconfirmedtheobjectasanewcomet,nowdesignatedP/2030A1.P/2030A1wasapproximately8.15AUfromtheSuninahighlyellipticaltrajectorythatcouldimpactEarthintwoyearswitha0.1%probability.P/2030A1wasdeterminedtobeaKuiperBeltobjectwithalongorbitalperiodof200years.Therewerenopreviousrecordsofacometwiththesecharacteristics,meaningthatP/2030A1was



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probablyknockedoutofitspreviousorbitbyacollisionwithanotherplanetarybody.TheInternationalAsteroidWarningNet-work(IAWN)wasinformedaboutthedetectiononthesamedayofitsdiscovery.IAWNrelayedthenewstotheUNSC,whoactivatedtheMAG.

Onemonthafterdetection,theorbitwasconstrainedenoughtoraisetheimpactchancefrom0.1%to50%.Unpredictableoutgassingandthepotentialforfragmentationlimitedtheimpactcertaintyuntilthecometpassedperihelion,butthequalityofthemodelsofcometarybehaviorgavetheUNSCtheconfidencetoraiseafullalarm.

UNMemberStateswereinformedofthethreat,andtheMAGprovidedanofficialreporttomediaoutlets.Agenciesremainedtransparent,minimizingthespreadoffalse informationandunnecessarypanic.Thereleaseofaccurate informationmadethepublicawarethatthecometwouldnotbeanextinction-leveleventbutthatglobalpreparationswerenecessary.Thestrengths,pastsuccesses,andtechnologyreadinessoftheSEPPprogramweresharedgloballyandpublicopinionremainedpositivethatthecometwouldbedeflected.

Withtheincreasedimpactthreat,pre-establishedplanetarydefenseactiontreeswereimplementedbyMAG.Aglobalcommu-nityofprofessionalsandamateurscompiledahighlyaccuratetrajectoryforP/2030A1thatinformeddeflectionaswellasevacu-ationandrecoveryefforts.TheUNISDRbegantocoordinateimpactpreparationandrecoverystrategies.TheMAGreceivedthego-aheadtoreadytheSEPPsystems,andfivemonthsafterthedetection,thetwoDELTspacecraftwereactivatedasshowninFigure2.

Figure2:IllustrationoftheDELTarraysengagingP/2030A1(Source: AGI Systems TookKit (STK))

SevenmonthsofcontinuousDELTengagementdemonstratedapositiveshiftinthecomet’strajectory.Theimpactthreathaddecreasedbelow10%butthedeflectioncouldnotbeconfirmeduntiltheperihelionpassage.TheMAGwishedtoproceedwiththeHCIVinadditiontotheDELTengagement,toensurethedeflection.Objectionsarose,butultimatelyMAGandtheUNSCcon-vincedtheopposingstatesthatthethreatwarrantedextrememeasures.FiveHCIVsystemswerepreparedinlaunchsitesaroundtheworld,andthefirstlaunchwindowwasseized.OneofthefourHCIVwaslaunchedtowardsthedeflectionpointneartheSun,whiletheotherfourHCIVremainedasbackup.

Government andprivateorganizations remainedprepared for failureofbothdeflection systems.UNISDRand localorga-



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nizationscreatedcoastalevacuationplansincaseofanoceanimpact,deployableshelterswereplacedinland,andmandatoryevacuationwasimplemented,whichwassharedwiththepublic.Themobilizationofevacuationsupportteamswasheldoffuntiloutcomesofthedeflectionmissionwereclear.

Threemonthsbeforetheinitialcollisiondate,theHCIVssuccessfullyengagedP/2030A1.ObservationsconfirmedthatthecombinationofDELTandHCIVdeflectedthecometasplanned.Theprobabilityofimpactwasreducedtolessthan0.001%,butitremainedpossibleforP/2030A1tobreakupduringperihelion,directingnewfragmentstowardsEarth.TheTMNwouldbeabletoreacquirethecometshortlyafterperihelionandconfirmthedeflection.

TheUNSCbegandiscussingtheuseoftheregionalballisticdomes,incaseanyfragmentsofthecometremained.Theyagreedthattheriskwasacceptable,andMAGwasgivenauthorizationtoarmregionalballisticdomesforalastefforttodisruptanyfragmentsthatthreatenedtheplanet.

NewsoftheongoingsuccessesoftheSEPPmissionsremainedintheheadlinesaroundtheglobe.Theprogressofthedeflec-tionmissionwasmonitoredcarefullybyUNISDR,andthedisasterresponseinfrastructurewaskeptonhighalertuntilthecometpassed.TheTMNobservedP/2030A1shortlyafteritsperihelionandconfirmedthesuccessofthedeflection.ThecometturnedfromadeadlythreatintoabeautifulastronomicalshowasitsremnantsflewbyEarth.

TheP/2030A1missionhadbeenanoverwhelming international success.Throughunprecedentedglobal collaborationandlong-termplanning,thedeflectionofP/2030A1unitedtheworldinacommonvictory.Themissionhadbeenenormousandex-pensive,buttheglobalcommunityemergedfromitmoreunified,sureofhumanity’slong-termsurvival,andmuchbetterpreparedtofacethechallengesofthefuture.

Conclusions and Recommendations

Cosmicimpactsareapresentthreat.Evenifitisanunlikelyevent,acosmicimpactcancauseregionaldevastationtoglobalextinctions,andthisisariskthatcanbeeliminated.

Inthisteamprojectweanalyzedthecurrentstatusofplanetarydefensetechnologiesandtheirpolicyrelatedissues,andwedefinedtwoscenarioswherewediscussedinanarrativewaywhattheconsequenceswouldbeintwooppositesituations.Theoutcomeofthesescenarioswasdictatedbytheinitialconditions,namelythereadinesslevelofthetechnologiesandlawsaswellastheawarenessofthepublicatthediscoveryofthethreat.

Inconclusion,weprovidedasetofrecommendationstoincreasetheawarenessofthepublicandpolicymakersabouttheplan-etarydefenseproblemandtoavoidthenegativeoutcomeexposedinourpessimisticscenario.Wesummarizetheserecommenda-tionshere.AmoreextensiveexplanationcanbefoundintheFinalReportoftheREADIProject.

• Increasedetectioncapabilitiesincludingspace-basedassetsandradarcapabilities.• Developnewpolicynorms,transitioningfromtheResponsibilitytoProtecttotheResponsibilitytoDefendEarth.• Develop,test,andvalidatedeflectiontechnologies(directedenergysystems,thermonucleardevices,andballisticdomes).• Increasethepublic’sunderstandingofplanetarydefense.• Developdisasterpreparednessstrategiesrelatedtocosmicimpacts.

Acknowledgements

The READI project is the product of the work of an international and interdisciplinary team of 34 participants of the Space Studies Program 2015 of the International Space University, held at Ohio University in Athens, Ohio (USA) during the summer of 2015: Alaa Hussein, Anushree Soni, Bora Aliaj, Carlos Entrena, Chanwoo Lee, Doron Shterman, Fernando Gonzalez, Hugh Byrne, Idriss Sisaïd, Jackelynne Silva, James McCreight, Jessica Reinert, Jonathan Faull, Lars Hov-ing, Laura Bettiol, Louis Neophytou, Marianne Girard, Naama Glauber, Nicholas Strzalkowski, Nikola Schmidt, Oshri Rozenheck, Parker Stratton, Rémi Gourdon, Shajiha Meeran, Shangrong Ouyang, Shitao Ji, Shrrirup Nambiar, Susanne Peters, Tihomir Dimitrov, Toby Call, Umang Parikh, Yunjun Yang, Yuxian Jia, Zheng Fang.

Special thanks go to our teaching associate Thomas Wilson, our team project chair Madhu Thangavelu, our mentor and advisor Jim Burke, and the numerous guest lecturers for their guidance and inspiration.

The Final Report and Executive Summary documents for the READI project can be downloaded from the ISU library at http://isulibrary.isunet.edu

All citations are available in the Final Report.



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IntroductionLaunchingsatellitestospaceisanexpensiveproposition,withthemajorityofthecostcomingfromthefactthatweight

isalimitingfactorandthehighertheorbit,thelowerthecapabilityofthelaunchvehicle.Forexample,theUnitedLaunchAlliance (ULA)Atlas 5 500-series rocket is capable of delivering about 18,850 kilograms to low-Earth orbit (LEO).However,thecapabilitytoageo-transferorbit(GTO)isonly8,900kilograms,whichseverelylimitsthesizeandcapabilityofspacecraftlaunchedtogeostationaryorgeosynchronousorbits(GEO).AndspacecraftleavingEarthorbitaltogetherareanothermatterwhenitcomestohowmuchthelaunchvehicleisabletodeliverontoatrans-planetaryinjection.ThemethodproposedinthisarticleutilizesnoadditionalfueltoincreasethemassofaspacecraftdeliveredtoGEOby

upto33.33%.Byemployingsolarpowertoimplementalinearmotorsystemwhichtransfersamassfromoneendofanarmaturetoanother,aswellastheconservationofangularmomentum,atransportspacecraftwillrotatethroughspace,changingitsvelocityand,therefore,itsorbit,includinginclination,toreachadesiredorbit.ThismethodmaybeemployedtomoveasatellitetoGEOoronaninterplanetarymissionandallowsforalargermassspacecrafttobeflownthanwouldbepossibleotherwisebecausetheonlylaunchrequirementistolaunchtoLEO.Thisarticleoutlinestheprocessbywhichsuchatransportspacecraftisdesignedandtheresultingcapability.Thetransport

spacecraftislow-mass,whichmaximizesthemassallowableforthecargospacecrafttobedeliveredtothehigherorbit.However,itmustberememberedthatthisarticleonlypresentstheconceptandaroughoutlineofthedesign.Actualdesignconsiderationswillvarywithareal-worldapplication,andthecapabilitymayvaryfromthatoutlinedinthisarticle.

RotationThekeytotheuseofthisuniquemethodofpropulsionisthroughtheapplicationofshiftingthecenterofmassofthestar

structureasitrotates.Throughtheconservationofangularmomentum,thestructurewillcontinuetorotateaboutthecenterofmass,andasthatcenterofmassshiftsfromoneendofthestarstructuretotheother,thestructurewillbeacceleratedforwardatarateof5m/s2.Thisadditionalaccelerationisavailablewithouttheuseofanyadditionalpropellant.

Linear MotorThecenterofmassofthestarstructureisshiftedbymovingthecargospacecraftfromoneendofthearmtotheother

utilizingtheprinciplesoflinearmotors.Amagneticfieldisgeneratedsurroundingeacharmofthestarstructurebywrappingeachsegmentwithaconductivewire,andthepolarityofthatfieldisalternatedbychangingthedirectionofthecurrentflowingthroughthewire,applyingaforce–whichwillbediscussed–to themagneticstructuresurroundingthecargospacecraft.Linearmotorshavebeenutilizedinhighspeedtransportationapplications,aswellasresearchintohighspeedprojectiles.However,inthiscase,themethodwillonlybeusedtoacceleratethecargospacecraftat5m/s2.Thisaccelerationwill

allowthecargospacecrafttotraversethe20metersfromoneendofthearmaturetotheotherinfourseconds,whichistimedtocoincidewiththerotationrateofthestaratπ/4rad/s.Thisresultsintheentirespacecraftloopingovertheshiftingcenterofmassandfinallyendingup20metersfurtheralonginitstrajectory.

Orbital ChangeThecargospacecraftwillbeuniformlyacceleratedat5m/s2fromoneendofthearmaturetothehalf-waypoint,atwhich

pointitwillbeuniformlydeceleratedat-5m/s2totheotherendofthearmature.Theprocesswillthenberepeatedintheoppositedirection,continuously,untilthedesiredorbitalchangehasbeenachieved.Becauseofthethree-axisnatureofthe

Orbital Maneuvers via Linear Motor and Angular Momentum Based PropulsionbyPaulB.Huter



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starstructure,itispossibletoapplytheaccelerationinanydirection,andthusachieveanorbitalchangeinanydirectionwithoutadditionalpropulsionresources.Thisallowsforchangesinorbitalapogee/perigee,aswellasorbitalinclination.

Initiation of the RotationTherotationofthetransportspacecraftwillbeinitiatedbyacontrolmomentgyro(CMG)placedateachendofthestar

structure.EachoftheseCMGswillhaveamassofapproximately25kilograms,andwill,workinginconjunctionwiththeCMGontheoppositeendofthearm,haveenoughcapabilitytorotatethestarstructureattherequiredπ/4rad/s,whileconsumingaminimumofpowerandnotaddingasignificantamountofmasstotheoveralltransportspacecraft.

Transport SpacecraftDesignThetransportspacecraftwillconsistofasix-pointedstar.Ideally,thelengthofeacharmofthestarwillbeaslongas

possibleinordertomaximizethechangeinpositionofthecargospacecraftcontainedwithin.Forpurposesofthisarticle,astararmof10metersisused,resultinginachangeofpositionof20metersatatime(thedistanceofthetwoarmsthatarerotating).Whenstowed,theentirespacecraftisacubefourmetersonaside.Thisprovidesamplespaceforplacementwithinthe

fivemeterfairingoftheAtlas5500-seriesrocket.Whendeployed,thestarstructurewillhavesixarms,each10.25metersinlengthwithaninnercube3.5metersonasideforatotalcubesizeof24meters.Thespacecraftstarstructurewouldhouseathreemetercargospacecraftwhichwouldbeencasedinaonemillimetermagneticshell,asdiscussed.Asstated,thesedimensionsarerough,andshouldbetakenonlyaspreliminarydesignexampleforthespacecraftstar

structure.

Construction and MassThearmsofthestarstructuremustbeconstructedofarigidmaterialthatwillnotbendorchangeitsshapeoverthefull

lengthofthearm.Thisrequirementiseasedbythefactthateacharmconsistsofseveralconcentricrings,butbecausetheyareultimatelyallconnected,theoverallstructuremusthavetherequiredrigidity.Carbonfiberatathicknessof1millimetermakesasuitablematerialforthispurpose.Forthecenterofthetransportspacecraft,asimpleAl7050structurewouldbeacceptable,withathicknessofonemillimeter.

PowerThe star structure will be covered with lightweight, thin solar panels of the GaAs variety, common to spacecraft

applications.Inthiscase,theentiresurfaceareaof700m2willbecoveredinsolarpanels.Assumingthatatanygiventime50%ofthestarstructureisfacingthesun(atatimewhenthespacecraftisnoteclipsedbytheEarth),atotalareaof350m2ofsolararrayisavailableforpowergeneration.Using a light-weightGaAs solar array structurewith a P0 of 286W/m2 an Id of 0.77 and assuming an average sun

incidenceanglethatdoesnotaffecttheperformanceofthearray,thePDENSITYofthesolarpanelswillbe220.25W/m2.TherewillbenodegradationduringamissionaroundtheEarth,sonoPEOLmustbecalculated.Thetotalpoweroutputofthestarstructurearray,assuminglow-Earthorbitwithhalfofthearraystructureinthesun

atanygiventimeis77,000watts.Thisisthemaximumpower-generationcapabilityofthesolararray.However,forthepurposesofthisarticle,only25,000wattsofpowerwillbeusedforEarthorbitoperations.

System CapabilityExerted ForceTheprimaryspacecraftwillbemovedfromoneendofthestarstructurearmaturetotheotherutilizingtheprinciples

ofalinearmotor.Eacharmofthestarstructurewillbewrappedincurrent-carryingwirewhichwillalternateindirectioninindividualsectionsofthearm,ideallyeachonemeterlong,buttheexactlengthofeachsectionshouldbeoptimizedformaximumeffectonthemagneticstructuresurroundingtheprimaryspacecraftwithinthetube.Theforceactingonthespacecraftisrelatedtothecurrentcarriedbythelengthofwireandthemagneticfieldsurroundingthespacecraft.Theforceisbeingexertedinsuchawaythatthemagneticstructurecarryingtheprimaryspacecraftmovesfromoneend

ofthearmtotheotherasthemagneticfieldisalternatedalongeachsectionofthecurrent-carryingwire.



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CurrentThecurrentcarriedbythewireisafunctionofthepowerappliedtothewireandtheresistanceofthewire.Thelonger

thewire,themoreresistanceitwillhave,andsincethelengthofthewireisadriverinthemagneticforceexerted,itisnecessarytoensurethatanadequatewirelengthischosen,butnotsolongthattheaddedresistanceimpedesthecurrentflowingthroughthewire.Awirewithmorethicknesswillhavelessresistance,butwillhavemoremass,thereforeabalancebetweenwirethicknessandresistancemustbedeterminedinordertomaximizethecurrentpassingthroughthewire.

System CapabilityAnAmericanWireGaugegauge26wirehasadiameterof0.405millimeters.Usinganaluminumwirewitharesistivity,

ρ,of2.82x10-8Ohm-metersandadensityof2700kg/m3,itispossibletouse25,000wattsfromthesolarpanelsand25,000metersofwiretotransportaspacecraftweighing13,350kilogramsthroughthestararmature.Thismeansthatratherthanthe8,900kilogramGTOcapabilityoftheAtlas5500-series,thereisa33.33%increaseincapabilityusingthismethod,directlytoGEO.

Orbital TransferMass TransferThisproposedmethodisidealfortransfersbetweenLEOandGEO,andallowsforthetransferofahighermasssatellite

thanconventional launchmethodsallow.Ithasbeendetermined that thismethodwillallowfor the launchofa13,350kilogramsatellitetoGEO,asopposedtoa8,900kilogramsatellitetoGTOthattheAtlas5500-seriesrocketiscapableoflaunching.Thisrepresentsa33.33%increaseinlaunchdelivery,andthatisnottakingintoaccountanypropulsionsystemtotransferbetweenGTOandGEOwhichfurtherdiminishesthefinalmassinGEO.

Transfer Delta-V and TimeAlaunchfromCapeCanaveralintheUnitedStatestoLEOthatthengoesontoGEOrequiresadelta-vof4.33km/s.

Thatincludestheorbitaltransferfromtheorbitat6,578kilometerstotheorbitat42,164kilometers,aswellastherequiredchangeininclinationfromthe23.6°toanequatorialorbit.Thisdelta-vassumesahigh-poweredrocketthatexecutesnear-instantaneous impulsivemaneuvers.Using thecalculatedaccelerationof5m/s2 for thespacecraft, thisdelta-vwouldbecompletedin14.43minutes.Foracontinuous-thrustmission–whichthissystemismoreakinto,albeitahigher-thrustcontinuous-thrust–thetotal

delta-viscloserto6.0km/s.Withthesame5m/s2acceleration,thetimetocompletethemaneuverwouldbe20minutes.Itcansafelybeassumedthatthetotaldelta-v,andthereforetransfertime,wouldliesomewherebetweenthesetwodata

pointsforthemethodproposedinthisarticle.

Further ExplorationThissystemiscapableofdeliveringlargerspacecrafttodestinationsbeyondEarthorbit.StartingatEarth,itwouldbe

possibletoaccelerateatafasterpaceusinglongerwire,andasthedistancefromthesunincreasedandthepowergeneratedbythesolararraysdiminished,theaccelerationwoulddecrease.AtJupiter,thesystemwouldbecapableofacceleratingan8,900kilogramspacecraftatthesame5m/s2usingfourtimesthewrappingofwire.Thislongeramountofwirewouldaddtotheoverallmassbudget,butthemassofthespacecraftwouldbesmaller,andthewholesystemcouldstillbeaccommodatedbyanAtlas55-seriesrocketinitiallydeliveringthespacecrafttoLEO.

Cost AnalysisAsstated,spaceflightiscostly,andanymethodofreducingthecosttogettoorbitprovidesanenhancementinmankind’s

abilitytobetterunderstandtheuniverse.ThismethodwillallowforagreatermasstobelaunchedfromLEOtoGEOandbeyondEarthorbit,whichwillmakeroomforadditionalspacecraftcapabilityintheformofsensorsandscienceequipment.Butthedesignandconstructionofthetransportspacecraftisgoingtoaddcosttotheoverallmission.Thedesignlaidoutinthisarticleisintentionallyintendedtobeaslowcostaspossible,andthecostofthetransportspacecraftoffsetsthecostofanon-existentlaunchcapabilitytolaunch33.33%moremasstoGEO.Themostexpensivepartofthisdesignisthealuminumwire.Fortheanalysisperformedinthisarticle,thecostofthe

wireisabout$3.3million,withatotalestimatedcostforthetransportspacecraftof$3.5million.Theestimatesarebased



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oninformationavailabletothepublic,anddonotreflectanydiscountsmajoraerospacecompaniesorGovernmententitiesmayenjoywhenpurchasingthematerials.Itisobviousthatthealuminumwireisthemostcostlyaspectofthismethod,but,again,thebenefitsofincreasedmasstoGEOandinterplanetaryspacecraftoutweightheadditionalspacecraftdesigncost.Additionalmodificationstothismethodmayalsoyieldloweroveralldesigncosts.

ConclusionWhilethisarticlehasonlyscratchedthesurfaceonthedesignofthisrevolutionarymethodofspacecraftmaneuvering,it

hasdemonstratedthatthemethodistechnicallyfeasible,andwithinreachfromacoststandpoint.Theadvantagesofhavingover30%more launchcapability toGEOandadditionalcapability forspacecraftmassbeyondEarthorbitwouldhavebenefitstoawiderangeofspace-basedapplications.Withouttheneedtodesignalargerrocketwithmoreliftcapability,thismethodallows for larger,morecapablepayloads tobeplaced intoanyEarthorbitandonto interplanetary transfertrajectoriesusingnothingmorethantheprinciplesofthelinearmotorandsolarpower.Thisarticledoesnotclaimtobeacompletedevelopmentofthemethod,butshouldserveasastartingpointforfutureresearchintothedesignofspacecraftwhichemploythetechnologydiscussed.

Paul B. Huter is a spacecraft systems engineer living and working in Harvest, Alabama. He has worked as an engineer on the Space Shuttle and Constellation Programs. His systems engineering experience is primarily related to requirements development and verification for complex systems.

CALLING ALL WRITERS!Do you have a story to share? Would you like to get your piece published in Space Times?

We are looking for contributors to share their articles with our vast audience of space professionals and enthusiasts, educators and students, and all others interested in the space program, space exploration, science, policy, and relevant topics.

To get involved, please contact Diane Thompson at the AAS office at [email protected] or 703-866-0020.



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NOTES ON A NEW BOOK

Return to Flight: Inside NASA’s Space Shuttle Missions in the Wake of the Columbia DisasterbyDr.JamesF.Peters.CreateSpace Independent PublishingPlatform, 2015. 464 pages. ISBN9781503227330. US $22.95 (paperback,illustrations,notes,glossary).

Disintegration of Columbia duringreentryon1February2003,withthelossofsevenastronauts,markedthesecondmajortragedy in theSpaceShuttle program.AshadhappenedwiththeChallengerdisasterseventeen years earlier, authors soughtto explain the event to lay readers. EvenbeforetheColumbiaAccidentInvestigationBoard released its final report inAugust2003,Mark Cantrell and DonaldVaughnhaddashedoffSixteen Minutes from Home.Two more carefully researched volumes,Comm Check by Michael Cabbage andWilliam Harwood and Columbia: Final Voyage by Philip Chien, appeared in2004 and 2006, respectively. Focused onthe disaster itself, these books gave scantattention to the arduous efforts byNASAengineersandcontractors tominimizetherisk thatanyfutureshuttlemissionwouldsufferafatesimilartoColumbia.

Finally,Return to FlightbyJamesPeterstellsthatstory.Weavinganautobiographicalmemoir into a technical history of debrisanalysis and risk assessments, the formerchair of the team responsible for “safetyof flight” during the next eleven shuttlemissions after STS-107 explains thedaunting trialsand tribulationsheandhiscolleagues faced. He asserts engineersknew from the first shuttle flight in 1981thatfoamoricesheddingfromtheexternaltankcouldoccur,butwithoutmakinganyeffort at quantification, they dismissed asminimaltherisktotheorbiter’ssafety.Flighthistory only increased their confidence inthe orbiter’s ability to withstand impactsfromiceorfoam.That,asPetersexplains,

Return to Flight: Inside NASA’s Space Shuttle Missions in the Wake of the Columbia DisasterReviewedbyRickW.Sturdevant

resulted in “normalization of deviance,whichdulls risk perception and results inunwarranted risk acceptance” (p. 118).Sociologist Diane Vaughn had coinedthe phrase “normalization of deviance”when she analyzed the 1986 Challengerexplosion,anditaptlydefinedapersistentNASAmindset that became a prelude todisasterontheSTS-107mission.

Mindful of the centrality of humansto historical narration, Peters superblydescribes the personalities and talents ofmany people he encountered – or withwhom he worked – to return the shuttlefleet to flight status. He juxtaposes thosedescriptions with details concerningdevelopment and improvement of debrisriskmodels.Theshuttleprogramconductedmore than one billion separate debristransport computer runs before STS-114,the shuttle’s return toflight in July 2005.ReadersgetamemorableaccountofhowaUnitedSpaceAllianceteamledbyRickBarton and a Boeing team led by DarbyCoopercollaboratedwithNASAengineerstofleshoutandrefinethedebrisrelease–transport – impact model for calculatingthreatofdamagetotheorbiter.Discoveryof three additional foam failure modesafter STS-114 prompted The AerospaceCorporationtoformulateitsownmodel–linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM)debrisrelease.

Overtime,beginningwithSTS-114,thecomplexities of the debris threat becameincreasingly apparent to Peters and histeam.Thisonlyheightenedthemultifaceteddrama of attempting to understand theunderlying physics of foam loss, ofimproving“probabilistic”riskassessments,of making vehicle improvements, andof refining debris mitigation efforts.The debris focus shifted among variouslauncherelementsand locationsasflightscontinued. Furthermore, Peters and histeam belatedly realized that the “return

to flight” debris studies did not considerthe probability of reentry debris damage.Protruding gap fillers or thermal blanketsmightcausecatastrophicfailure.Intheend,Peters concludes a safer system resulted,not from any technical change but fromchangesinmanagementculture–“amind-set change in theprogram leadership” (p.392).Themotivationcametomakeeveryshuttleflightsaferthanthepreviousone.

While more suitable for a technicallysophisticated audience, Return to Flightnonetheless offers the expert and layreader alike valuable insights to how theSpace Shuttle program recovered fromtheColumbiadisaster.ItprovidestheonlydetailedexplanationtodateofhowNASAand its contractors managed to “dodgea bullet,” more likely a “cannonball”(p. 220), with STS-114 and to completeanother twenty-one successful orbitalmissionsbeforetheprogramendedinJuly2011.Ithighlightstheneedforparticipantsin future space endeavors to temper theirassumptions on the anvil of quantifiabletest results and tomodifyprocedures anddecision-makingaccordingly.

Rick W. Sturdevant is an AAS Fellow and deputy director of history for Air Force Space Command at Peterson AFB in Colorado Springs, Colorado.



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TECHNICAL CONFERENCE

39th Annual AAS Guidance, Navigation &Control Conference

February 5 – February 10, 2016Sponsored by the American Astronautical Society Rocky Mountain Section

Please see our website at http://aas-rocky-mountain-section.org/ to submit an abstract and obtain additional information about the Conference.

TENTATIVE CONFERENCE AGENDA SUMMARYRegistrationRoomcheck-inatthehotelfrontdeskfrom4:00PMdailyConferenceregistrationfrom6:00to10:00AMandfrom4:00to6:00PMdaily

Friday February 58:30AM–11:30AM ClassifiedAdvancesinGN&C(LMSSC/Waterton,Denver,CO)12:30PM–3:30PM ClassifiedRecentExperiences(LMSSC/Waterton,Denver,CO)6:00PM–9:00PM WineandCheeseReception

Saturday February 66:00AM–9:00AM BuffetBreakfast&PosterViewing7:00AM–10:30AM KeynoteAddress(FrankCepollina)andSessionI:StudentInnovationsinGN&C5:00PM–8:00PM SessionII:TechnicalExhibits

Sunday February 76:00AM–9:00AM BuffetBreakfast&PosterViewing7:00AM–10:30AM SessionsIII(HostedPayloads)andIV(SpaceServicing),PosterFocusTime11:00AM–1:30PM TutorialSession“BeyondtheTextbook”–GNSS(FrankBauer,GSFC)2:00PM–4:00PM SessionsV(AdvancedAccesstoSpace)andVI(MiniaturizationofGN&C)

Monday February 86:00AM–9:00AM BuffetBreakfast&PosterViewing7:00AM–10:00AM SessionsVII(GNSSPrecisionPNT)andVIII(OpticalNavigation)10:30AM–3:30PM Tutorial– Systems Toolkit (STK) for Pre-Mission Analysis (David Vallado & AGI)4:00PM–6:00PM SessionIX:PioneersofGN&CandAstronautics6:00PM–7:30PM SocialNetworkingEvent

Tuesday February 96:00AM–9:00AM BuffetBreakfast&PosterViewing7:00AM– 10:00 AM SessionsX(SmallBodyEncounters)andXI(OrionSpecialSession)10:30AM–3:30PM TutorialSession–LineofSightPointingandStability(TimHenderson,Draper)4:00PM–7:00PM SessionsXII(InSpacePropulsionInnovations)andXIII(AdvancesinGN&C)

Wednesday February 106:00AM– 9:00AM BuffetBreakfast&PosterViewing7:00AM–10:00AM SessionXIV:RecentExperiences10:00AM Adjourn



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A–B Abeyratne,Ruwantissa,Regulation of Commercial Space Transport: The Astrocizing of ICAO.Springer[SpringerBriefsinLawSeries]. Adler,Charles,Wizards, Aliens, and Starships: Physics and Math in Fantasy and Science Fiction.PrincetonUniversityPress. Al-Ekabi,Cenan,BlandinaBaranes,PeterHulsroj,andArneLahcen(Eds.),Yearbook on Space Policy2011/2012: Space in Times

of Financial Crisis.Springer. Anderson,John,andRichardPassman,X-15: The World’s Fastest Plane and the Pilots Who Ushered in the Space Age.ZenithPress

[SmithsonianSeries]. Bainbridge,WilliamSims,The Meaning and Value of Spaceflight: Public Perceptions.Springer. Baker,David,andHelenSharman,Soyuz Owners’ Manual: 1967 Onwards (All Models).HaynesPublishingUK. Barbree,Jay,Neil Armstrong: A Life of Flight.ThomasDunneBooks. Biskup,Agnieszka,The Amazing Story of Space Travel: Max Axiom STEM Adventures.Raintree[libraryeditionpublishedin2013].☼ Bizony,Piers,The Making of Stanley Kubrick’s 2001:ASpaceOdyssey.Taschen. Bizony,Piers,New Space Frontiers: Venturing into Earth Orbit and Beyond.ZenithPress. Bower,Tom,Branson: Behind the Mask.Faber&Faber. Brake,Mark,How to Be a Space Explorer: Your Out-of-This-World Adventure.LonelyPlanetKids.☼ Burgess,Colin,Liberty Bell 7: The Suborbital Mercury Flight of Virgil I. Grissom.SpringerPraxisBooks.C–D–E Carroll,Michael,Living among Giants: Exploring and Settling the Outer Solar System.Springer. Chambers,Catherine,Neil Armstrong.Raintree[ScienceBiographiesSeries].☼ Chen,James,How to Find the Apollo Landing Sites.Springer[ThePatrickMoorePracticalAstronomySeries]. Clegg,Brian,Final Frontier: The Pioneering Science and Technology of Exploring the Universe.St.Martin’sPress. Crotts,Arlin,The New Moon: Water, Exploration, and Future Habitation.CambridgeUniversityPress. Dougherty,Kerrie(Ed.),History of Rocketry and Astronautics, Proceedings of the 44th History Symposium of the International

Academy of Astronautics (IAA), Prague, Czech Republic, 2010.Univelt [Volume41of theAASHistorySeries. IncludesDVDsupplementof2010interviewwithIAAfoundingmemberDr.Leslie(Les)Shepherd].

Dusek,Jiri,andJanPisala,Space Atlas: A Voyage of Discovery for Young Astronauts.SterlingChildren’sBooks.☼ Edison,Erin,Sally Ride.CapstonePress[GreatWomeninHistorySeries].☼ Erickson,Mark,Into the Unknown Together: The DOD, NASA, and Early Spaceflight.MilitaryBookshop. Evans,Ben,The Twenty-First Century in Space.SpringerPraxisBooks.F–G–H Foss,Richard,Food in the Air and Space: The Surprising History of Food and Drink in the Skies.Rowan&LittlefieldPublishers. Gangler,Doug,The Road to Modern Rocketry: Launch Bases, Centers, Museums, Memorials, and Monuments.ChampionBooks,LLC. Geiger,Jeffrey,Camp Cooke and Vandenberg Air Force Base, 1941–1966: From Armor and Infantry Training to Space and Missile

Launches.McFarland. Gerovitch,Slava,Voices of the Soviet Space Program: Cosmonauts, Soldiers, and Engineers Who Took the USSR into Space.Palgrave

Macmillan[PalgraveStudiesintheHistoryofScienceandTechnology]. Gibson,KarenBush,Women in Space: 23 Stories of First Flights, Scientific Missions, and Gravity-Breaking Adventures.Chicago

ReviewPress[WomenofActionSeries]. Hadfield,Chris,You Are Here: Around the World in 92 Minutes: Photographs from the International Space Station.Little,Brown

andCompany. Hitt,David,andHeatherR.Smith,Bold They Rise: The Space Shuttle Early Years, 1972–1986.UniversityofNebraskaPress[Out-

wardOdyssey:APeople’sHistoryofSpaceflightSeries]. Houran,LoriHaskins,A Trip into Space: An Adventure to the International Space Station.AlbertWhitman&Company.☼

ASTRONAUTICS PUBLICATIONS

Astronautics Publications - 2014ThislistcomprisesEnglish-languagebookspublished(originalappearanceornewedition)onvariousaspectsofspaceflightinava-rietyofdisciplinesandrangingfromjuvenileandpopliteraturetotextsintendedforacademiaorpracticingscientistsandengineers.Inadditiontoobvioustopicsofhumanspaceflightandunmannedinterplanetaryexplorations,thislistalsoincludestheoccasionalnon-astronauticstitlethathasaspace“flavor.”Titlesthatarepublishedsolelyinelectronicformatarenotincluded.Booksdenotedby☼areforyoungreaders.—MLC



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I–J–K Israelian,Garik,andBrianMay,Starmus: 50 Years of Man in Space.CarltonBooksLtd[Thisbookisbasedonthe2011Starmus

festivalthatwasheldinTenerife,CanaryIslands,inJune2011]. Jacobsen,Annie,Operation Paperclip: The Secret Intelligence Program that Brought Nazi Scientists to America.Little,Brownand

Company. Johnson,Matthew,andNickStevens,N-1: For the Moon and Mars: A Guide to the Soviet Superbooster.ARAPress. Kaufman,Marc,Mars Up Close: Inside the Curiosity Mission.NationalGeographic. Kleiman,Matthew,The Little Book of Space Law.AmericanBarAssociation. Krige,John,Fifty Years of European Cooperation in Space: Building on Its Past, ESA Shapes the Future.LesEditionsBeauchesne. Kuczera,Heribert,andPeterSacher,Reusable Space Transportation Systems.SpringerPraxisBooks.L–M–N Launius,Roger,andDavidDeVorkin(Eds.),Hubble’s Legacy: Reflections by Those Who Dreamed It, Built It, and Observed the

Universe with It.SmithsonianInstituteScholarlyPress. Lambright,W.Henry,Why Mars: NASA and the Politics of Space Exploration.JohnsHopkinsUniversityPress[NewSeriesin

NASAHistory]. Lassieur,Allison,The Race to the Moon: An Interactive History Adventure.CapstonePress[YouChoose:HistorySeries].☼ Lele,Ajey,Asian Space Race: Rhetoric or Reality?Springer. Lewis,John,Asteroid Mining 101: Wealth for the New Space Economy.WaveCloudCorporation. Liepack,Otfrid(Ed.),History of Rocketry and Astronautics, Proceedings of the 45th History Symposium of the International Academy

of Astronautics (IAA), Cape Town, South Africa, 2011.Univelt[Volume42oftheAASHistorySeries]. Louie,Ai-Ling,Astronaut Kalpana Chawla: Reaching for the Stars.DragoneaglePress.☼ Lunney,Glynn,Highways into Space: A First-Hand Account of the Beginnings of the Human Space Program.Self-published. Macdonald,MalcolmandViorelBadescu(Eds.),The International Handbook of Space Technology.SpringerPraxisBooks. Macy,Sue,Sally Ride: Life on a Mission.Aladdin[AReal-LifeStorySeries]. Mah,Sérgio,JoãoSeixas,andJohnGribbin,Edgar Martins: The Rehearsal of Space and the Poetic Impossibility to Manage the

Infinite.LaFábrica[textinSpanishandEnglish]. Manning,RobandWilliamSimon,Mars Rover Curiosity: An Inside Account From Curiosity’s Chief Engineer.SmithsonianBooks. Manto,CindyDonze,Michoud Assembly Facility.ArcadiaPublishing[ImagesofAmericaSeries]. Matloff,Gregory,LesJohnson,andC.Bangs,Living Off the Land in Space: Green Roads to the Cosmos.Copernicus[paperback

edition,firstpublishedashardcoverin2007,butnotpreviouslynotedsoincludedin2014list]. Miller,Ron,The Art of Space: The History of Space Art, from the Earliest Visions to the Graphics of the Modern Era.ZenithPress. Mitchell,Edgar,withEllenMahoney,Earthrise: My Adventures as an Apollo 14 Astronaut.ChicagoReviewPress. Morris,Neil,Who Traveled to the Moon?Heinemann[PrimarySourceDetectivesSeries].☼ Moltz,James,Crowded Orbits: Conflict and Cooperation in Space.ColumbiaUniversityPress. Money,Stewart,Here Be Dragons: The Rise of SpaceX and the Journey to Mars.ApogeePrime. Najjar,Michael,Michael Najjar:Outer Space.Distanz[TheauthorisinthequeueasapassengeronaVirginGalacticcommercial

flight;bilingualedition]. Nardo,Don,The Blue Marble: How a Photograph Revealed Earth’s Fragile Beauty.CompassPointBooks[CapturedWorldHis-

torySeries].☼ Neal,Valerie,Discovery: Champion of the Space Shuttle Fleet.ZenithPress[SmithsonianSeries]. Neufeld,Michael,Milestones of Space: Eleven Iconic Objects from the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum.ZenithPress

[SmithsonianSeries].O–P–Q Oberth,Hermann,The Rocket into Planetary Space.DeGruyterOldenbourg[English translationofOberth’sseminal title,Die

Rakete zu den Planetenräumen]. Oleary,Beth,andP.J.Capoletti(Eds.),Archeology and Heritage of the Human Movement into Space.Springer[SpaceandSociety

Series]. Omoth,Tyler,Building a Spacecraft (See How It’s Made).CapstonePress.☼ Ordway,Frederick,andRobertGodwin,2001: The Heritage and Legacy of the Space Odyssey.ApogeePrime[incorrectpublication

datenotedonAmazon]. Page,Joseph,II,Vandenberg Air Base.ArcadiaPublishing[ImagesofAmericaSeries]. Pastan,Amy,The Smithsonian Book of Air and Space Trivia.SmithsonianBooks. Phillips,Scott“Shuttleman”withDiannePhillips,Remove Before Flight: Memoir of a Space Shuttle Team Member.TatePublishing. Pyle,Rod,Curiosity: An Inside Look at the Mars Rover Mission and the People Who Made it Happen.PrometheusBooks. Pyle,Rod,Innovation the NASA Way: Harnessing the Power of Your Organization for Breakthrough Success.McGraw-Hill.



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R–S Radomski,Kassandra,The Apollo 13 Mission: Core Events of a Crisis in Space.CapstonePress[WhatWentWrongSeries].☼ Rooney,Anne,Space Record Breakers.CarltonKids.☼ Ross,Jerry,withSusanGunderson,Becoming a Spacewalker: My Journey to the Stars.PurdueUniversityPress. Sage,Daniel,How Outer Space Made America: Geography, Organization and the Cosmic Sublime.AshgatePubCo[listedon

Amazonasanewedition,butnopreviouseditionnoted]. Schrogl,Kai-Uwe,PeterHays,JanaRobinson,DenisMours,andChristinaGiannopapa(Eds.),Handbook of Space Security: Poli-

cies, Applications and Programs.Springer. Scott,DavidMeerman,andRichardJurek,Marketing the Moon: The Selling of the Apollo Lunar Program.TheMITPress. Seedhouse,Erik,Bigelow Aerospace: Colonizing Space One Module at a Time.SpringerPraxisBooks. Seedhouse,Erik,Suborbital: Industry at the Edge of Space.SpringerPraxisBooks. Seedhouse,Erik,Tourists in Space: A Practical Guide.SpringerPraxisBooks[secondedition]. Sherr,Lynn,Sally Ride: America’s First Woman in Space.Simon&Schuster. Silberkraus,StephenHayward,The Space Shuttle Endeavour.ArcadiaPublishing[ImagesofModernAmericaSeries]. Singh,R.K.,Military Application of Space: The Indian Perspectives.VijBooksIndia. Sisson,Stephanie,Star Stuff: Carl Sagan and the Mysteries of the Cosmos.RoaringBrookPress.☼ Smith,Michael,Rockets and Revolution: A Cultural History of Early Spaceflight.UniversityofNebraskaPress. Soluri,Michael,Infinite Worlds: The People and Places of Space Exploration.Simon&Schuster. Sparrow,Giles,Hubble: Legacy Edition.Metro. Sparrow,Giles,ChrisMcNab,andJudithJohn,The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Space & Space Exploration.Metro Stott,Carole,Space Exploration.DorlingKindersley[DKEyewitnessBooks].☼T–U–V Tarikhi,Parviz,The Iranian Space Endeavor: Ambitions and Reality.SpringerPraxisBooks. Thorne,Kip,The Science of Interstellar.W.W.Norton. Throp,Claire,A Visit to a Space Station: Fantasy Science Field Trips.Raintree.☼ Traphagan,John,Extraterrestrial Intelligence, and Human Imagination: SETI at the Intersection of Science, Religion, and Culture.

Springer[SpaceandSocietySeries]. Tribbe,Matthew,No Requiem for the Space Age: The Apollo Moon Landings and Popular Culture.OxfordUniversityPress. Turkina,Olesya,Soviet Space Dogs.FUELPublishing. Uhlig,Thomas,FlorianSellmaier,andMichaelSchmidhuber(Eds.),Spacecraft Operations.Springer. Ulivi,Paolo,withDavidHarland,Robotic Exploration of the Solar System: Part 4: The Modern Era, 2004–2013.SpringerPraxis

Books. Venet,Christopher,andBlandinaBaranes(Eds.),European Identity through Space: Space Activities and Programmes as a Tool to

Reinvigorate the European Identity.Springer[StudiesinSpacePolicySeries]. Vulpetti,Giovanni,Fast Solar Sailing: Astrodynamics of Special Sailcraft Trajectories.Springer[SpaceTechnologyLibrary]. Vulpetti,Giovanni,LesJohnson,andGregoryMatloff,Solar Sails: A Novel Approach to Interplanetary Travel.SpringerPraxis

Books[secondedition].W–X–Y–Z Walters,Brendon,Civil Earth Observations: National Strategy and Plan.NovaSciencePubInc. Weiland,Claus,Aerodynamic Data of Space Vehicles.Springer. Weiland,Claus,Computational Space Flight Mechanics.Springer. Weng,Qihao,Global Urban Monitoring and Assessment through Earth Observation.CRCPress[RemoteSensingApplicationSeries]. West,David,Lots of Things You Want to Know About Astronauts … and Some You Don’t!HachetteChildren’sBooks.☼ Whalen,David,The Rise and Fall of COMSAT: Technology, Business, and Government in Satellite Communications.Palgrave

Macmillan. White,Frank,The Overview Effect: Space Exploration and Human Evolution.AIAA[thirdedition]. Whitfield,Steve(Ed.),Gemini 3: The NASA Mission Reports.ApogeePrime. Yomtov,Nel,The Apollo 11 Moon Landing: July 20, 1969.Heinemann[24-HourHistorySeries].☼

Michael L. Ciancone is a spaceflight safety engineer and the NASA S&MA Lead to the European Service Module (ESM) of the Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV) Program at NASA JSC in Houston, Texas. He is an AAS Fellow, serves as Chair of the AAS History Committee, and is a member of the History Committee of the International Academy of Astronautics (IAA).



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2015 WERNHER VON BRAUN MEMORIAL SYMPOSIUM

Tuesday, October 276:00pm Welcome Reception UniversityCenter,ExhibitHall- sponsored by The University of Alabama in Huntsville

Wednesday, October 287:00am AASCorporateMembersBreakfast(Invitation Only)7:00am Registration Opens / Networking / Continental Breakfast BusinessAdministrationBuilding,Lobby- sponsored by a.i. solutions, Inc.8:00am Welcome to Campus-ChanAuditorium Dr.RobertAltenkirch,President,TheUniversityofAlabamainHuntsville Welcome by AAS WaltFaulconer,ExecutiveVicePresident8:15am Marshall Space Flight Center Update PatrickScheuermann,Director,NASAMarshallSpaceFlightCenter8:30am The Benefits of Space Exploration Moderator:FrankMorring,Jr.,SeniorEditor,Aviation Week & Space Technology

Panelists: -LarryPrice,OrionDeputyProgramManager,LockheedMartinSpaceSystemsCompany -JohnElbon,VicePresidentandGeneralManagerSpaceExploration,BoeingDefense,Space&Security -JulieVanKleeck,VicePresident,SpaceAdvancedPrograms,AerojetRocketdyne -BrianDuffy,PropulsionSystemsDivision,FlightSystemsGroup,OrbitalATK -MattMountain,President,AssociationofUniversitiesforResearchinAstronomy(AURA) -MichelineTabache,Head,WashingtonOffice,EuropeanSpaceAgency

10:15am Break- sponsored by a.i. solutions, Inc.10:30am Space Policy: Where Are We? Moderator:JeffBingham,SeniorAdvisoronSpace,USSenateCommerceCommittee(retired)

Panelists: -BenRoberts,SeniorPolicyAdvisor,Space,OfficeofScienceandTechnologyPolicy(OSTP) -AnnZulkosky,Director,NASAPrograms,WashingtonOperations,LockheedMartinSpaceSystems Company -MarkDawson,LegislativeDirectorforRep.RobertAderholt(R-AL) -NickCummings,MinorityStaffDirector;SubcommitteeonSpace,ScienceandCompetitiveness, SenateCommitteeonCommerce,ScienceandTransportation -DickObermann,ChiefofStaff,HouseCommitteeonScience,SpaceandTechnologyinvited

12:15pm Luncheon - UniversityCenter,ExhibitHall- sponsored by Boeing GuestSpeaker:RobertLightfoot,NASAAssociateAdministrator1:45pm SLS and Orion Progress Report -JohnHoneycutt,ActingManager,SpaceLaunchSystemProgramOffice,NASAMSFC

-BillHill,AssistantDeputyAssociateAdministrator,ExplorationSystemsDevelopment, NASAHeadquarters -PaulMarshall,AssistantProgramManager,OrionProgram,NASAJSC -JenniferKunz,DeputyGroundSystemsDevelopmentandOperationsProgramManager,NASAKSC

2:45pm Science Spotlight: “The Martian” - Science Fiction and Science Fact JimGreen,Director,PlanetaryDivision,ScienceMissionDirectorate,NASAHeadquarters3:15pm Break- sponsored by a.i. solutions, Inc.



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3:30pm Military Space Spotlight LtGenSamuelGreaves,USAF,Commander,SpaceandMissileSystemsCenter,AirForceCommand, LosAngelesAirForceBase4:00pm Sustaining a Healthy Space Transportation Industry Moderator:MikeGriffin,CEO,SchaferCorporation

Panelists: -GeorgeSowers,VicePresident,AdvancedPrograms,UnitedLaunchAlliance -JoshBrost,Manager,BusinessDevelopment,SpaceX -JimSimpson,SeniorVicePresident,StrategyandBusinessDevelopment,AerojetRocketdyne -KentRominger,VicePresident,StrategyandBusinessDevelopment,PropulsionSystemsDivision, OrbitalATK,FlightSystemsGroup -SteveCook,VicePresidentofCorporateDevelopment,Dynetics

6:00pm Reception & Student Poster DisplaysBurrittontheMountain-BaronBluffBuilding- sponsored by United Launch Alliance

Thursday, October 297:00am Registration Opens / Networking / Continental Breakfast

BusinessAdministrationBuilding,Lobby- sponsored by Dynetics8:00pm Opening Speaker N.WayneHale,Jr.,DirectorofHumanSpaceflight,SpecialAerospaceServices,LLC;formerNASASpace ShuttleProgramManager8:30am Payoffs: The Next Five Years

Moderator:JodySinger,Manager,FlightProgramsandPartnerships,NASAMSFCPanelists: -MicheleGates,ProgramDirector,AsteroidRedirectMission,NASAHeadquarters -SteveJurczyk,AssociateAdministrator,SpaceTechnologyMissionDirectorate,NASAHeadquarters -TommySanford,ExecutiveDirector,CommercialSpaceflightFederation -GregJohnson,PresidentandExecutiveDirector,CenterfortheAdvancementofScienceinSpace (CASIS) -CurtNiebur,EuropaMissionProgramScientist,NASAHeadquarters

10:00am Break- sponsored by Dynetics10:15am Mars Spotlight DanDumbacher,ProfessorofEngineeringPractice,SchoolofAeronauticsandAstronauticsEngineering, PurdueUniversity11:00am NASA’s Discovery & New Frontiers Program - New Missions

Moderator:PaulGilbert,DeputyManager,FlightProgramsandProjectsOffice,NASAMSFCPanelists: -MikeRyschkewitsch,Head,SpaceSector,JHU/AppliedPhysicsLaboratory -TBD,NASAGSFC -JimWatzin,Director,MarsExplorationProgram,NASAHeadquarters -DanteLauretta,ProfessorofPlanetaryScienceandCosmochemistry,LunarandPlanetaryLab, UniversityofArizona(PIforOSIRIS-REx) -ScottBolton,AssistantVicePresident,SouthwestResearchInstitute,SpaceScienceandEngineering Division(PIforJuno)

12:30am Luncheon - UniversityCenter,ExhibitHall- sponsored by Lockheed Martin GuestSpeaker:WilliamGerstenmaier,AssociateAdministrator,HumanExplorationandOperationsMission Directorate,NASAHeadquarters Announcement of Student Poster Awards Presentation of Ordway Awards2:30pm Adjourn

27th ANNUAL WERNHER VON BRAUN MEMORIAL CELEBRATION-DavidsonCenterattheU.S.Space&RocketCenter5:30pm Reception7:00pm Dinner - SpecialGuestSpeaker:MikeMassiminoNote: The dinner is a separate event and is not included as part of the symposium registration. For information about thedinner, visit http://spaceclubhsv.org/



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22

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AAS CORPORATE AND INSTITUTIONAL MEMBERS

a.i. solutions, Inc. Aerojet Rocketdyne The Aerospace Corporation Aerospace Industries Association Analytical Graphics, Inc. Applied Defense Solutions, Inc. Arianespace Auburn University Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp. The Boeing Company CASIS Colorado Center for Astrodynamics Research (CCAR) Dynetics, Inc. Edge Space Systems, Inc. Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Honeywell Technology Solutions, Inc. International Space University Jet Propulsion Laboratory JHU / Applied Physics Laboratory KinetX, Inc. Lockheed Martin Corporation Marquette University Moog Inc., Space and Defense Group Northrop Grumman

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24 SPACE TIMES•Sep/Oct2014SPACE TIMES•July/August2013

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2015-2016 Schedule of EventsOctober27-29,2015Wernher von Braun Memorial SymposiumTheUniversityofAlabamainHuntsvilleChanAuditorium,BusinessAdministrationBuildingHuntsville,Alabamawww.astronautical.org

October31,2015AAS Awards Nomination Deadlinewww.astronautical.org

February5-10,2016AAS Guidance and Control ConferenceBeaverRunResortBreckenridge,Coloradowww.aas-rocky-mountain-section.org

February14-18,2016AAS/AIAA Space Flight Mechanics MeetingEmbassySuitesNapaValleyNapa,Californiawww.space-flight.orgABSTRACT DEADLINE: October 19, 2015

March8-10,2016Robert H. Goddard Memorial SymposiumGreenbeltMarriottGreenbelt,Maryland

May24-26,2016International Conference on Tethers in SpaceUniversityofMichiganAnnArbor,Michiganwww.tethersinspace2016.comABSTRACT DEADLINE: November 2, 2015

June12-14,2016Student CanSat CompetitionAbilene,Texas

July12-14,2016International Space Station (ISS)Research and Development ConferenceTownandCountryResort&ConventionCenterSanDiego,CaliforniaABSTRACT DEADLINE: March 2, 2016

www.facebook.com/AmericanAstronauticalSociety www.twitter.com/astrosociety www.youtube.com/user/astrosociety



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