september 2, 2015 1 dr. alagiriswamy a a, (m.sc, phd, pdf) asst. professor (sr. grade), dept. of...
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April 19, 2023 1
Dr. Alagiriswamy A A, (M.Sc, PhD, PDF)Asst. Professor (Sr. Grade),
Dept. of Physics, SRM-University,Kattankulathur campus,
Chennai
UNIT III
Lecture 4
ABCs of Biomaterials
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CLASSIFICATION OF BIOMATERIALS
Biomaterials can be divided into three major classes of materials:
Metals
Polymers
Ceramics (including carbons, glass ceramics, and glasses).
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Changing the chemistry at the surface
Inducing roughness/porosity at the surface
Incorporate surface reactive materials (bioresorbable; helps in slow replacement by tissue)
Should not secrete oxidizing agents
Reduce corrosion rate of biomaterials
Biological responses ; requirements
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METALLIC IMPLANT MATERIALS Stainless steel
Cobalt-chromium alloysTitanium alloys
Metallic implants are used for two primary purposes.
To replace a portion of the body such as joints, long bones and skull plates.
Fixation devices are used to stabilize broken bones
Must be corrosion resistant
Good fatigue properties
Other compatible issues
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LECTURE 3 5
Type % C %Cr % Ni %Mn % other elements
301 0.15 16-18 6-8 2.0 1.0Si
304 0.07 17-19 8-11 2.0 1-Si
316, 18-8sMo
0.07 16-18 10-14 2.0 2-3 Mo, 1.0 Si
316L 0.03 16-18 10-14 2.0 2.3 Mo, 0.75Si
430F 0.08 16-18 1.0-1.5 1.5 1.0 Si, 0-6 Mo
CONSTITUENTS OF STEEL
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less chromium content should be utilized (because Cr is a highly reactive metal)
Make use of austenite type steel (less magnetic properties)
Lowered carbon content
Inclusion of molybdenum helps corrosion resistance
Electroplating technique (increases corrosion resistance)
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Other features
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Devices Alloy Type
Jewitt hip nails and plates 316 L
Intramedullary pins 316 L
Mandibular staple bone plates 316L
Heart valves 316
Stapedial Prosthesis 316
Mayfield clips (neurosurgery) 316
Schwartz clips (neurosurgery) 420
Cardiac pacemaker electrodes 304
APPLIC
ATIO
NS O
F
SS S
TE
EL
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COBALT CHROMIUM ALLOYS
Cobalt based alloys are used in one of three forms
•Cast; as prepared •Wrought (fine structure with low carbon contents ; pure forms)
•Forged
Cobalt based alloys are better than stainless steel
devices because of low corrosion resistance
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More detailsCast alloy:• a wax model of the implant is made and ceramic shell is built around the wax model
• When wax is melted away, the ceramic mold has the shape of the implant
• Molten metal alloy is then poured in to the shell, cooling, the shell is removed to obtain metal implant.
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Wrought alloy: possess a uniform microstructure with fine grains.
Wrought Co-Cr –Mo alloy can be further strengthened by cold work.
Forged Alloy: produced from a hot forging process.
Forging of Co-Cr –Mo alloy requires
sophisticated press and complicated tooling.
Factors make it more expensive to fabricate a device
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TITANIUM BASED ALLOYS
The advantage of using titanium based alloys as implant materials are
low density
good mechano-chemical properties
The major disadvantages
o relatively high cost
oreactivity.
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More details• a light metal • Titanium exists in two allotropic forms,
• The low temperature -form has a close-packed hexagonal crystal structure with a c/a ratio of 1.587 at room temperature
• Above 882.50C -titanium having a body centered cubic structure which is stable
• Ti-6 Al-4V alloy is generally used in one of three conditions wrought, forged or cast
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THREE CLASSES OF CERAMICS (according to their reactivity)
completely resorbable
•More reactive (Calcium phosphate) – over a span of times
•Yielding mineralized bone growing from the implant surface
surface reactive
•Bioglass ceramics ; Intermediate behavior
•Soft tissues/cell membranes
nearly inert
•Less reactive (alumina/carbons) even after thousands of hours
•how minimal interfacial bonds with living tissues.
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Pyrolitic carbon;
•Pyrolysis of hyrdocarbon gas (methane) ≤ 15000 degrees
•Low temperature isotropic (LTI) phase
•Good bonding strength to metals (10 Mpa – 35 Mpa)
•Inclusion of Si with C, wear resistance increases drasticallyVitreous carbon (glassy carbon);
•controlled pyrolysis of a polymer such as phenol formaldehyde
resin, rayon and polyacrylonitrile
•Low temperature isotropic phase
•Good biocompatibility, but strength and wear resistance are not good as LTI carbons
Turbostratic carbon (Ultra low temperature isotropic carbons (ULTI))
• Carbon atoms are evaporated from heated carbon source and
condensed into a cool substrate of ceramic, metal or polymer.
•Good biocompatibility
DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF CARBON (NEARLY INERT CERAMICS)
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Alumina (Aluminium oxide)
•high corrosion resistance•wear resistance • Surface finishing•small grain size•biomechanically correct design•exact implantation technique
Alumina ceramic femoral
component
Natural single crystal alumina known as sapphire
High-density alumina ; prepared from purified alumina powder by isostatic pressing and subsequent firing at 1500-17000C.
-alumina has a hcp crystal structure (a=0.4758 nm and c=1.2999nm)
load bearing hip prostheses and dental implants, hip and knee joints, tibial plate, femur shaft, shoulders, vertebra, and ankle joint prostheses
Porous network ; SEM images
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Glass CeramicsTo achieve a controlled surface reactivity that
will induce a direct chemical bond between the implant and the surrounding tissues.
Also known as 45S5 glass. It is composed of SiO2, Na2O, CaO and P2O5.
45 wt.% of SiO2 and 5:1 ratio of CaO to P2O5. Lower Ca/P ratios do not bond to bone.
Bioglass and Ceravital; fine-grained structure with excellent mechanical and thermal properties
The composition of Ceravital is similar to bioglass in Sio2 content but differ in CaO,MgO,Na2O.
Bioglass implants have several advantages like
•high mechanical properties
•surface biocompatible properties.
Bioglass
Ceravital
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Resorbable Ceramics (first resorbable implant material-Plaster of Paris).
•Should not have variable resorption rates
•Should not have poor mechanical properties.
Two types of orthophosphoric acid salt namely -tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and hydroxyapatite (HAP) (classified on the basis of Ca/P ratio).
The apatite- [Ca10 (PO4)6 (OH)2] crystallizes into the hexagonal rhombic system. The unit cell has dimensions of a = 0.9432 mm and c = 0.6881 nm.
The ideal Ca/P ratio of hydroxyapatite is 10/6 and the calculated density is 3.219 g/ml.
The substitution of OH- with F- gives a greater structural stability due to the fact that F- has a closer coordination than the hydroxyl, to the nearest calcium.
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POLYMERSElastomers; able to withstand large deformations
and
return to their original dimensions after releasing the
stretching force.
Plastics; are more rigid materials
Thermoplastic (can be
reused, melted)
Thermosetting (can’t)
Elastomers include, butyl rubber, chlorosulfonated polyethylene, epichlorohydrin,rubber, polyurethane,natural rubber and silicone rubber.
Polymers toxicity
Residual monomers due to incomplete polymerization/catalyst used for polymerization may cause irritations.
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Polymer Specific Properties Biomedical uses
Polyethylene Low cost, easy Possibility excellent electrical insulation properties, excellent chemical resistance, toughness and flexibility even at low temperatures
Tubes for various catheters, hip
joint, knee joint prostheses
Polypropylene Excellent chemical resistance, weak permeability to water vapors good transparency and surface reflection.
Yarn for surgery, sutures
Tetrafluoroethylene Chemical inertness, exceptional weathering and heat resistance, nonadhesive, very low coefficient of friction
Vascular and auditory
prostheses, catheters tubes
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Polyethylene structures The first polyethylene [PE,(-CH2-CH2-)n] was made
by reacting ethylene gas at high pressure in the presence of a peroxide catalyst for starting polymerization; yielding low density polyethylene (LDPE).
By using a Ziegler-Natta catalyst, high-density polyethylene (HDPE) can be produced at low pressure; (first titanium-based catalysts)
The crystallinity usually is 50-70% for low density PE and 70-80% or high density PE
ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) …??????
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ACRYLIC RESINS (organic glass)
The most widely used polyacrylate is poly(methyl methacrylate, PMMA) ; The features of acrylic polymers ;
high toughness/strength,
good biocompatibility properties
brittle in comparison with other polymers
excellent light transparency
high index of refraction.
Causes allergic reactions
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BONE CEMENT MIXING AND INJECTION
PMMA powder + MMA liquid mixed in a ratio of 2:1 in a dough, to cure
Injected in the femur (thigh bone)
The monomer polymerizes and binds together the preexisting polymer particles.
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Hydrogels
Interaction with H2O, but not soluble
PHEMA; absorbs 60 % of Water, machinable when dry
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HYDROGELSInteresting features
(1) The soft, rubbery nature coupled with minimal mechanical/frictional irritation to the surrounding tissues.
(2) Low or zero interfacial tension with surrounding biological fluids and tissues, thereby, minimizing the driving force for protein adsorption and cell adhesion
(3) Hydrogels allow the permeating and diffusion of low
molecular weight metabolities,waste products and salts as do living tissues.April 19, 2023
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LECTURE 5 BIOMATERIALS 25
POLYURETHANES
Polyther-urethanes; block copolymers (variable length blocks that aggregate in phase domains)
Good physical and mechanical characteristics
Are hydrophilic in nature
Good biocompatibility (blood compatibility)
Hydrolytic heart assist devices
Non-cytotoxic therapy
Consists of hard and soft segments
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BIOMATERIALS 26
POLYAMIDES (Nylons)Obtained through condensation of
diamine and diacid derivative.Excellent fiber forming properties due to inter-chain hydrogen bonding and high degree of crystallinity, which increases the strength in the fiber direction.Hydrogen bonds play a major roleAs a catheterHypodermic syringes
Diamino hexane + adipic acid
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Changing the chemistry at the surface
Inducing roughness/porosity at the surface
Incorporate surface reactive materials (bioresorbable; helps in slow replacement by tissue)
Should not secrete oxidizing agents
Reduce corrosion rate of biomaterials
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Biological responses ; requirements
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Biosensors (in vitro/in vivo);
analytical devices which convert biological response into a useful electrical signal
to determine the concentration of substances either directly or indirectly
areas of biochemistry, bioreactor science, physical chemistry, electrochemistry, electronics and software engineering, and others
http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/biology/enztech/
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Principle of biosensors (bio-recognition systems)
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LECTURE 6 BIOMATERIALS 30
biocatalyst (a) converts the substrate to product.
This reaction is determined by the transducer (b)
which converts it to an electrical signal.
The output from the transducer is amplified (c),
processed (d) and displayed (e).
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF BIOSENSOR
distribution of charges
light-induced changes
mass difference
output
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Three so-called 'generations' of biosensors;
First generation; normal product of the reaction diffuses to the transducer and causes the electrical response.
Second generation; involve specific 'mediators' between the reaction and the transducer in order to generate improved response.
Third generation; reaction itself causes the response and no product or mediator diffusion is directly involved.
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Clinical diagnosis and biomedicine
Farm, garden and veterinary analysis
Process control: fermentation control and analysis food and drink
production and analysis
Microbiology: bacterial and viral analysis
Pharmaceutical and drug analysis
Industrial effluent control
Pollution control and monitoring/Mining, industrial and toxic gases
Military applications LECTURE 3 32
Brief applications of biosensor(s)
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By restoring, maintaining, enhancing the tissue, and finally functionalize the organs
Tissue can be grown inside or outside
Finally to exploit the living cells in many ways
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Tissue engineering (also referred to as “regenerative medicine)
To create products that improve tissue function or heal tissue defects. Replace diseased or damaged tissueBecause……
Donor tissues and organs are in short supplyWe want to minimize immune system response by using our own cells or novel ways to protect transplant
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RegenerateIdentify the cues that allow
for regeneration without scarring
Like growing a new limbRepair
Stimulate the tissue at a cell or molecular level, even at level of DNA, to repair itself.
ReplaceA biological substitute is
created in the lab that can be implanted to replace the tissue or organ of interest
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Tissue engineering
The cells themselves Non-soluble factors within the extracellular matrix
(ECM) such as laminins,collagens,and other molecules Soluble factors such as cytokines, hormones,
nutrients, vitamins, and minerals
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cell isolation cell culture scaffold material choice cell scaffold co-culture
studies implantation in animals human trials
Normal strategies
SkinBoneCartilageIntestine
SUCCESSFULLY ENGINEERED TO SOME
EXTENT
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Questions?