sep13

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.3 NO.9 SEPTEMBER 2013

www.ijitce.co.uk


www.ijitce.co.uk

UK: Managing Editor

International Journal of Innovative Technology and Creative Engineering 1a park lane, Cranford London TW59WA UK E-Mail: [email protected] Phone: +44-773-043-0249

USA: Editor

International Journal of Innovative Technology and Creative Engineering Dr. Arumugam Department of Chemistry University of Georgia GA-30602, USA. Phone: 001-706-206-0812 Fax:001-706-542-2626

India: Editor

International Journal of Innovative Technology & Creative Engineering Dr. Arthanariee. A. M Finance Tracking Center India 17/14 Ganapathy Nagar 2nd Street Ekkattuthangal Chennai -600032 Mobile: 91-7598208700

www.ijitce.co.uk

http://www.ijitce.co.uk/


www.ijitce.co.uk

IJITCE PUBLICATION

International Journal of Innovative Technology & Creative Engineering

Vol.3 No.9

September 2013

www.ijitce.co.uk

http://www.ijitce.co.uk/


www.ijitce.co.uk

From Editor's Desk

Dear Researcher, Greetings! Research article in this issue discusses about Assessment of Public Water Distribution. Let us review research around the world this month; Future factories let workers build a car from home. The

factories of the future will look very different from those today, with not a person in sight. Instead, workers will log

into robot-assisted manufacturing "cells" to make what they want from the comfort of their own home. You won't

even need to be employed by the factory: people on online social networks will be able to log in and set laser cutters

and 3D printers to work, bashing out gadgets to order.

That's the vision of Goran Putnik, an engineer at the University of Minho in Guimarães, Portugal. The "cloud

manufacturing" notion he is pioneering aims to extend telecommuting to those with jobs in factories. It will also take

the "maker" movement, in which people band together to tinker with electronics, and make it professional.

Touchscreen phones know it's you from taps and swipes. The fingerprint recognition feature on the upcoming

iPhone 5s, Touch ID, might be eye-catching, but you still have to log into your device. Identifying someone by the

way they tap and swipe on a touchscreen might be the more natural, unobtrusive future of smartphone

biometrics.Developed by Cheng Bo at the Illinois Institute of Technology and his colleagues, SilentSense does just

that. Using the phone's built-in sensors, it records the unique patterns of pressure, duration and fingertip size and

position each user exhibits when interacting with their phone or tablet.

3D-printed objects outgrow their printers.3D printing may be set to change the world by letting us make all sorts of

bespoke objects, but there's one little problem: the printers can only print items smaller than themselves. Until now,

that is.The approach, called Hyperform, converts the object to be printed into a single long chain made from

interlocking links. An algorithm works out how that chain can be packed together into the smallest cube possible

using a Hilbert curve – a fractal-based pattern that is the most efficient way of squeezing a single line into a small as

space as possible. The resulting cube is small enough to be printed inside a standard printer. Skylar Tibbits at the

Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Self-Assembly Lab and colleague Marcelo Coelho have come up with a

way for standard 3D printers to print out large-scale objects.

It has been an absolute pleasure to present you articles that you wish to read. We look forward to many more new technologies related research articles from you and your friends. We are anxiously awaiting the rich and thorough research papers that have been prepared by our authors for the next issue. Thanks, Editorial Team IJITCE


www.ijitce.co.uk

Editorial Members

Dr. Chee Kyun Ng Ph.D Department of Computer and Communication Systems, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia,UPM Serdang, 43400 Selangor,Malaysia. Dr. Simon SEE Ph.D Chief Technologist and Technical Director at Oracle Corporation, Associate Professor (Adjunct) at Nanyang Technological University Professor (Adjunct) at Shangai Jiaotong University, 27 West Coast Rise #08-12,Singapore 127470 Dr. sc.agr. Horst Juergen SCHWARTZ Ph.D, Humboldt-University of Berlin, Faculty of Agriculture and Horticulture, Asternplatz 2a, D-12203 Berlin, Germany Dr. Marco L. Bianchini Ph.D Italian National Research Council; IBAF-CNR, Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo (RM), Italy Dr. Nijad Kabbara Ph.D Marine Research Centre / Remote Sensing Centre/ National Council for Scientific Research, P. O. Box: 189 Jounieh, Lebanon Dr. Aaron Solomon Ph.D Department of Computer Science, National Chi Nan University, No. 303, University Road, Puli Town, Nantou County 54561, Taiwan Dr. Arthanariee. A. M M.Sc.,M.Phil.,M.S.,Ph.D Director - Bharathidasan School of Computer Applications, Ellispettai, Erode, Tamil Nadu,India Dr. Takaharu KAMEOKA, Ph.D Professor, Laboratory of Food, Environmental & Cultural Informatics Division of Sustainable Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan Mr. M. Sivakumar M.C.A.,ITIL.,PRINCE2.,ISTQB.,OCP.,ICP Project Manager - Software, Applied Materials, 1a park lane, cranford, UK Dr. Bulent Acma Ph.D Anadolu University, Department of Economics, Unit of Southeastern Anatolia Project(GAP), 26470 Eskisehir, TURKEY Dr. Selvanathan Arumugam Ph.D Research Scientist, Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, GA-30602, USA.

Review Board Members

Dr. Paul Koltun

Senior Research ScientistLCA and Industrial Ecology Group,Metallic & Ceramic Materials,CSIRO Process Science & Engineering Private Bag

33, Clayton South MDC 3169,Gate 5 Normanby Rd., Clayton Vic. 3168, Australia

Dr. Zhiming Yang MD., Ph. D.

Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Science,1550 Orleans Street Rm 441, Baltimore MD, 21231,USA

Dr. Jifeng Wang

Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA

Dr. Giuseppe Baldacchini

ENEA - Frascati Research Center, Via Enrico Fermi 45 - P.O. Box 65,00044 Frascati, Roma, ITALY.

Dr. Mutamed Turki Nayef Khatib

Assistant Professor of Telecommunication Engineering,Head of Telecommunication Engineering Department,Palestine Technical University

(Kadoorie), Tul Karm, PALESTINE.

Dr.P.Uma Maheswari

Prof & Head,Depaartment of CSE/IT, INFO Institute of Engineering,Coimbatore.


www.ijitce.co.uk

Dr. T. Christopher, Ph.D.,

Assistant Professor & Head,Department of Computer Science,Government Arts College(Autonomous),Udumalpet, India.

Dr. T. DEVI Ph.D. Engg. (Warwick, UK),

Head,Department of Computer Applications,Bharathiar University,Coimbatore-641 046, India.

Dr. Renato J. orsato

Professor at FGV-EAESP,Getulio Vargas Foundation,São Paulo Business School,Rua Itapeva, 474 (8° andar),01332-000, São Paulo (SP),

Brazil Visiting Scholar at INSEAD,INSEAD Social Innovation Centre,Boulevard de Constance,77305 Fontainebleau - France

Y. Benal Yurtlu

Assist. Prof. Ondokuz Mayis University

Dr.Sumeer Gul

Assistant Professor,Department of Library and Information Science,University of Kashmir,India

Dr. Chutima Boonthum-Denecke, Ph.D

Department of Computer Science,Science & Technology Bldg., Rm 120,Hampton University,Hampton, VA 23688

Dr. Renato J. Orsato

Professor at FGV-EAESP,Getulio Vargas Foundation,São Paulo Business SchoolRua Itapeva, 474 (8° andar),01332-000, São Paulo (SP), Brazil

Dr. Lucy M. Brown, Ph.D.

Texas State University,601 University Drive,School of Journalism and Mass Communication,OM330B,San Marcos, TX 78666

Javad Robati

Crop Production Departement,University of Maragheh,Golshahr,Maragheh,Iran

Vinesh Sukumar (PhD, MBA)

Product Engineering Segment Manager, Imaging Products, Aptina Imaging Inc.

Dr. Binod Kumar PhD(CS), M.Phil.(CS), MIAENG,MIEEE

HOD & Associate Professor, IT Dept, Medi-Caps Inst. of Science & Tech.(MIST),Indore, India

Dr. S. B. Warkad

Associate Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, Priyadarshini College of Engineering, Nagpur, India

Dr. doc. Ing. Rostislav Choteborský, Ph.D.

Katedra materiálu a strojírenské technologie Technická fakulta,Ceská zemedelská univerzita v Praze,Kamýcká 129, Praha 6, 165 21

Dr. Paul Koltun

Senior Research ScientistLCA and Industrial Ecology Group,Metallic & Ceramic Materials,CSIRO Process Science & Engineering Private Bag

33, Clayton South MDC 3169,Gate 5 Normanby Rd., Clayton Vic. 3168

DR.Chutima Boonthum-Denecke, Ph.D

Department of Computer Science,Science & Technology Bldg.,Hampton University,Hampton, VA 23688

Mr. Abhishek Taneja B.sc(Electronics),M.B.E,M.C.A.,M.Phil.,

Assistant Professor in the Department of Computer Science & Applications, at Dronacharya Institute of Management and Technology,

Kurukshetra. (India).

Dr. Ing. Rostislav Chotěborský,ph.d,

Katedra materiálu a strojírenské technologie, Technická fakulta,Česká zemědělská univerzita v Praze,Kamýcká 129, Praha 6, 165 21

Dr. Amala VijayaSelvi Rajan, B.sc,Ph.d,

Faculty – Information Technology Dubai Women’s College – Higher Colleges of Technology,P.O. Box – 16062, Dubai, UAE

Naik Nitin Ashokrao B.sc,M.Sc

Lecturer in Yeshwant Mahavidyalaya Nanded University


www.ijitce.co.uk

Dr.A.Kathirvell, B.E, M.E, Ph.D,MISTE, MIACSIT, MENGG

Professor - Department of Computer Science and Engineering,Tagore Engineering College, Chennai

Dr. H. S. Fadewar B.sc,M.sc,M.Phil.,ph.d,PGDBM,B.Ed.

Associate Professor - Sinhgad Institute of Management & Computer Application, Mumbai-Banglore Westernly Express Way Narhe, Pune - 41

Dr. David Batten

Leader, Algal Pre-Feasibility Study,Transport Technologies and Sustainable Fuels,CSIRO Energy Transformed Flagship Private Bag

1,Aspendale, Vic. 3195,AUSTRALIA

Dr R C Panda

(MTech & PhD(IITM);Ex-Faculty (Curtin Univ Tech, Perth, Australia))Scientist CLRI (CSIR), Adyar, Chennai - 600 020,India

Miss Jing He

PH.D. Candidate of Georgia State University,1450 Willow Lake Dr. NE,Atlanta, GA, 30329

Jeremiah Neubert

Assistant Professor,Mechanical Engineering,University of North Dakota

Hui Shen

Mechanical Engineering Dept,Ohio Northern Univ.

Dr. Xiangfa Wu, Ph.D.

Assistant Professor / Mechanical Engineering,NORTH DAKOTA STATE UNIVERSITY

Seraphin Chally Abou

Professor,Mechanical & Industrial Engineering Depart,MEHS Program, 235 Voss-Kovach Hall,1305 Ordean Court,Duluth, Minnesota 55812-3042

Dr. Qiang Cheng, Ph.D.

Assistant Professor,Computer Science Department Southern Illinois University CarbondaleFaner Hall, Room 2140-Mail Code 45111000 Faner

Drive, Carbondale, IL 62901

Dr. Carlos Barrios, PhD

Assistant Professor of Architecture,School of Architecture and Planning,The Catholic University of America

Y. Benal Yurtlu

Assist. Prof. Ondokuz Mayis University

Dr. Lucy M. Brown, Ph.D.

Texas State University,601 University Drive,School of Journalism and Mass Communication,OM330B,San Marcos, TX 78666

Dr. Paul Koltun

Senior Research ScientistLCA and Industrial Ecology Group,Metallic & Ceramic Materials CSIRO Process Science & Engineering

Dr.Sumeer Gul

Assistant Professor,Department of Library and Information Science,University of Kashmir,India

Dr. Chutima Boonthum-Denecke, Ph.D

Department of Computer Science,Science & Technology Bldg., Rm 120,Hampton University,Hampton, VA 23688

Dr. Renato J. Orsato

Professor at FGV-EAESP,Getulio Vargas Foundation,São Paulo Business School,Rua Itapeva, 474 (8° andar)01332-000, São Paulo (SP), Brazil

Dr. Wael M. G. Ibrahim

Department Head-Electronics Engineering Technology Dept.School of Engineering Technology ECPI College of Technology 5501 Greenwich

Road - Suite 100,Virginia Beach, VA 23462

Dr. Messaoud Jake Bahoura

Associate Professor-Engineering Department and Center for Materials Research Norfolk State University,700 Park avenue,Norfolk, VA 23504


www.ijitce.co.uk

Dr. V. P. Eswaramurthy M.C.A., M.Phil., Ph.D.,

Assistant Professor of Computer Science, Government Arts College(Autonomous), Salem-636 007, India.

Dr. P. Kamakkannan,M.C.A., Ph.D .,


Dr. V. Karthikeyani Ph.D.,


Dr. K. Thangadurai Ph.D.,

Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science, Government Arts College ( Autonomous ), Karur - 639 005,India.

Dr. N. Maheswari Ph.D.,

Assistant Professor, Department of MCA, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM University, Kattangulathur, Kanchipiram Dt - 603 203,

India.

Mr. Md. Musfique Anwar B.Sc(Engg.)

Lecturer, Computer Science & Engineering Department, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Mrs. Smitha Ramachandran M.Sc(CS).,

SAP Analyst, Akzonobel, Slough, United Kingdom.

Dr. V. Vallimayil Ph.D.,

Director, Department of MCA, Vivekanandha Business School For Women, Elayampalayam, Tiruchengode - 637 205, India.

Mr. M. Moorthi M.C.A., M.Phil.,

Assistant Professor, Department of computer Applications, Kongu Arts and Science College, India

Prema Selvaraj Bsc,M.C.A,M.Phil

Assistant Professor,Department of Computer Science,KSR College of Arts and Science, Tiruchengode

Mr. G. Rajendran M.C.A., M.Phil., N.E.T., PGDBM., PGDBF.,

Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science, Government Arts College, Salem, India.

Dr. Pradeep H Pendse B.E.,M.M.S.,Ph.d

Dean - IT,Welingkar Institute of Management Development and Research, Mumbai, India

Muhammad Javed

Centre for Next Generation Localisation, School of Computing, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland

Dr. G. GOBI

Assistant Professor-Department of Physics,Government Arts College,Salem - 636 007

Dr.S.Senthilkumar

Post Doctoral Research Fellow, (Mathematics and Computer Science & Applications),Universiti Sains Malaysia,School of Mathematical

Sciences, Pulau Pinang-11800,[PENANG],MALAYSIA.

Manoj Sharma

Associate Professor Deptt. of ECE, Prannath Parnami Institute of Management & Technology, Hissar, Haryana, India

RAMKUMAR JAGANATHAN

Asst-Professor,Dept of Computer Science, V.L.B Janakiammal college of Arts & Science, Coimbatore,Tamilnadu, India

Dr. S. B. Warkad

Assoc. Professor, Priyadarshini College of Engineering, Nagpur, Maharashtra State, India

Dr. Saurabh Pal

Associate Professor, UNS Institute of Engg. & Tech., VBS Purvanchal University, Jaunpur, India

Manimala

Assistant Professor, Department of Applied Electronics and Instrumentation, St Joseph’s College of Engineering & Technology, Choondacherry

Post, Kottayam Dt. Kerala -686579


www.ijitce.co.uk

Dr. Qazi S. M. Zia-ul-Haque

Control Engineer Synchrotron-light for Experimental Sciences and Applications in the Middle East (SESAME),P. O. Box 7, Allan 19252, Jordan

Dr. A. Subramani, M.C.A.,M.Phil.,Ph.D.

Professor,Department of Computer Applications, K.S.R. College of Engineering, Tiruchengode - 637215

Dr. Seraphin Chally Abou

Professor, Mechanical & Industrial Engineering Depart. MEHS Program, 235 Voss-Kovach Hall, 1305 Ordean Court Duluth, Minnesota 55812-

3042

Dr. K. Kousalya

Professor, Department of CSE,Kongu Engineering College,Perundurai-638 052

Dr. (Mrs.) R. Uma Rani

Asso.Prof., Department of Computer Science, Sri Sarada College For Women, Salem-16, Tamil Nadu, India.

MOHAMMAD YAZDANI-ASRAMI

Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Babol "Noshirvani" University of Technology, Iran.

Dr. Kulasekharan, N, Ph.D

Technical Lead - CFD,GE Appliances and Lighting,

GE India,John F Welch Technology Center, Plot # 122, EPIP, Phase 2,Whitefield Road,Bangalore – 560066, India.

Dr. Manjeet Bansal

Dean (Post Graduate),Department of Civil Engineering ,Punjab Technical University,Giani Zail Singh Campus, Bathinda -151001 (Punjab),INDIA

Dr. Oliver Jukić

Vice Dean for education, Virovitica College, Matije Gupca 78,33000 Virovitica, Croatia

Dr. Lori A. Wolff, Ph.D., J.D.

Professor of Leadership and Counselor Education, The University of Mississippi, Department of Leadership and Counselor Education, 139

Guyton University, MS 38677


www.ijitce.co.uk

Contents

Assessment of Public Water Distribution System of Indore City, India by Kartikey Tiwari, Aman Jatale, Sahil Khandelwal…....................................................................................................................[122]


122 www.ijitce.co.uk

Assessment of Public Water Distribution System of Indore City, India

Kartikey Tiwari#1, Aman Jatale*2, Sahil Khandelwal#3 # Department of Civil Engineering, Sanghvi Institute of Management & Science Behind IIM-Indore, Pigdambar,

453331, Indore, India 1

[email protected] 3

[email protected] 2

aman [email protected]

Abstract - A water distribution system is an

interconnected collection of sources, pipes, and hydraulic

control elements delivering consumers prescribed water

quantities at desired pressures and water qualities. The

present paper deals with the study of Average water

demand in specified areas of Indore City, India, and this is

based on water demand calculations per capita demand.

The observation of the water supply system for three

colonies; Bank colony, Vishwakarma Nagar, and Usha

Nagar from Annapurna tank Indore were studied. Suitable

data were acquired to identify whether the Average water

demand for a single person (which is about 135 L/day) is

fulfilled or not. The subtleties of overall analysis and

conclusion was carried out in imperturbable aspects

design system, supplying velocity, losses in different

forms etc. On evaluation of all the results of deep study

we incurred the conclusion with a measure to enhance the

quality which we have discussed ahead in our paper.

Keywords: Average Water Demand, Design System,

Pressure, Supplying Velocity.

I. INTRODUCTION

After complete treatment of water, it becomes necessary to distribute it to a number of houses, estates, industries and public places by means of a network of distribution system. The distribution system consists of pipes of various sizes, values, meters, pumps etc. The following are the requirements of a good distribution system.

1. It should convey the treated water up to the

consumers with the same degree of purity. 2. The water should reach to every consumer with

the repaired pressure head. 3. Sufficient quantity of treated water should reach

for the domestic and industrial use. 4. It should be economical and easy to maintain

and use. 5. It should be able to transport sufficient quantity

of water during emergency such as firefighting etc. 6. During repair work, it should cause obstruction

to the traffic. 7. It should be safe against any future pollution.

8. The quantity of pipes laid should be good and it should not trust. 9. It should be watertight and the water losses due

to leakage should be minimum as far as possible

II. TYPES OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

For efficient distribution it is required that water should

reach to every consumer with repaired rate of flow.

Depending upon the methods of distribution, the

distribution system is classified as follows:

1. Gravity System

2. Pumping System

3. Dual System on Combined Gravity and

Pumping System.

II.I Gravity System

When some ground sufficiently high above the city area

is available, this can best utilized for the distribution

system in maintaining pressure in water pipes. The

water flows in the mains due to gravitational force. As no

pumping is required, therefore it is the most reliable

system for the distribution of water. The water head

available at the consumer door is just minimum required

and the remaining head is consumed in frictional and

other losses.

Fig.1.Gravity System of Distribution



II.II Pumping System

In this system water is directly pumped in the mains

.The maintenance cost is high. High lift pumps are

required and the operations are continuously watched. If

the power fails, the whole supply of the town will best

popped. Therefore standby diesel pumps should be

kept.

Fig.2.Pumping System of Distribution.

II.III Dual System

This is also known as combined gravity and pumping

system. In the beginning when demand is small the

water is stored in the elevated reservoir, but when

demand increases the rate of pumping, the flow in the

distribution system comes both from the pumping station

as well as elevated reservoir. As in this system water

comes from two sources one, from reservoir and second

from pumping station, it is closed dual system.

Fig.3.Dual System of Distribution

III. LAYOUT OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

There are four different systems of distribution which are

used. Depending upon their layout and direction of

supply, they are classified as follows:

3.1 Dead End or Tree System

3.2 Grid iron System

3.3 Circular or Ring System

3.4 Radial System

3.1 Dead End System

The below figure show is the layout of this system .It is

suitable for irregular developed towns or cities .In this

system one main starts from require reservoir along the

main road .Sub mains are connected to the main in both

the direction as along the roads which meet the main

road .Sub mains, branches and minor distributors are

connected to sub mains. They are cheap in initial cost.

When the pipe breaks down or is closed for repair the

whole locality beyond the point goes without water.

Fig.4.Layout of dead end system

3.2 Grid iron System

This system is also known as reticulated system and is

most convenient for town shaving rectangular layout of

roads. This system is an improvement of dead end

system. All the dead ends are interconnected and water

circulates freely throughout the system. Main line is laid

along the main road. Sub mains are taken in both the

directions along other minor road sand streets. From



these sub mains branches are taken out and are

interconnected as shown in figure.

This system removes all the disadvantages of dead

end system

Fig.5.Layout of grid iron system

3.3 Circular or Ring System

System can be adopted only in well planned locality of

cities. In this system each locality is divided into square

or circular block sand the water mains are laid around all

the four sides of the square or round the circle. This

system requires many values and more pipe length. This

system is suitable for towns and cities having well

planned roads.

Fig.6.Layout of Circular System

3.5 Radial System

This system is not adopted in India, because for this

system the roads should be laid out radial from the

center. This system is the reverse of ring system. The

entire district is divided into various zones and one

reservoir is provided for each zone, which is placed in

the center of zone. By considering the advantages and

disadvantages of all these systems, we have found out

that grid iron system is most suitable for our site.

Therefore we have adopted grid iron system.

Fig.7.Layout of radial system

IV. PRESSURE IN THE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

When the water enters in the distribution main, the water

head continuously is lost due to friction in pipes, at

entrance of reducers due to valves, bends, meters etc.

till it reaches the consumer's tap. The net available head

at the consumer's tap is the head at the entrance of the

water main minus all the losses in the way. The effective

head available at the service connection to a building is

very important, because the height up to which the water

can rise in the building will depend on this available

head only. The greater the head the more will be the

height up to which it will rise. If adequate head is not

available at the connection to the building, the water will

not reach the upper stores (Le. 2nd

, 3rd

, 4th etc.) to

overcome this difficulty the required effective head is

maintained in the street pipe lines. The water should

reach each and consumer therefore it should reach on

the uppermost stories. The pressure which is required to

be maintained in the distribution system depends upon

the following factors:

4.1. The height of highest building up to which Water

should reach without boosting.

4.2. The distance of the locality from the Distribution

reservoir.

4.3. The supply is to be metered or not. Higher pressure

will be required to compensate for, the high Loss of

head in meters.

4.4 How much pressure will be required for fire-

hydrants.



The funds available for the project work. Sometimes the

design pressure is determined

from the firefighting requirements. In some cities and

towns the firefighting squads are equipped with pumping

sets fitted on their vehicles for lifting the water at the site

itself. At such places the design pressure may be

determined by the minimum required by the consumers.

But in most of towns in India the people living at 2nd

, 3rd

or 4th stories face lots of difficulties due to non-supply of

water in their stories. At such places small lifting pumps

may be individually used which directly pump the water

in their water lines. In multistoried structures the

following pressures are considered satisfactory.

Up to 3 stories

2.1 Kg/cm2

From 3 to 6 stories

2.1 to 4.2 Kg/cm2

From 6to10 stories

4.2 to5.27 Kg/cm2

Above10 stories

7 Kg/cm2

While designing pipes of distribution systems the

following points should be kept in mind:

1. The main line should be designed to carry 3 times

the average demand of the city.

2. The service pipes should be able to carry twice the

average demand.

3. The water demand at various points in the city

should be noted.

4. The length sand sizes of each pipe should be

clearly marked on the site plan along with hydrants,

valves, meters, etc.

Diameter of pipe

Velocity

10 cm 0.9 m/s

15 cm 1.21 m/s

25 cm 1.52 m/s

40 cm 1.82 /s

V. DESIGN OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

V.I Manual Design

The layout of the city of town, topography etc. will be

greatly affected, the layout and design of the distribution

system. The existing population expected future

population commercial and industrial present and future

water requirements all have to be considered in the

layout and design of the distribution system. The main

work in the distribution system design is to determine

the sizes of the distribution pipes which will be capable

to carry their paired quantity of water at the desired

pressure.

VI. DESIGN OF PIPE LINE

Till date no direct method are available for the design of

distribution pipes. While doing the design first of all

Diameter of the pipes are assumed the terminal

pressure heads which could be made available. At the

end of each pipe section after allowing for the loss of

pressure head in the pipe section when full peak flow

discharge is flowing are then determined. The

determination of the friction losses in each pipe section

is done. The total discharge flowing through main pipes

is to be determined in advance.

Hazen William Formula is widely used for determine

the velocity through pipes. It states

v = 0.408709 q / dh2

Where

v = flow velocity (m/s)

f = 0.2083 (100/c) 1.852

q 1.852

/ dh 4.8655

Where

f = friction head loss in feet of water per 100

feet of pipe (fth20/100 ft pipe).

c = Hazen-Williams roughness constant

q = volume flow (gal/min)

dh = inside hydraulic diameter (inches)

The Hazen-Williams equation can be

assumed to be relatively accurate for piping

systems with Reynolds Numbers above 105

(turbulent flow).

1 ft (foot) = 0.3048 m

1 in (inch) = 25.4 mm



1 gal (US)/min =6.30888x10-5 m3/s = 0.227

m3/h =0.0631 d m

3(litre)/s = 2.228x10

-3 ft

3/s = 0.1337

ft3/min =0.8327 Imperial gal (UK)/min

VII. CALCULATIONS

Single house getting per day about 400 to 450 Lt in

about 20 min,

Calculation of flow MLD (mega litres per day)

In 20 min→ 450 Lt

In 1 min→

In 1 hr→

Mega litres→

═ .432

Pip

e n

o.

Fro

m

no

de

To n

od

e

Flo

w

MLD

Dia

.

(mm

)

Act

ual

he

ad lo

ss

Len

gth

(m)

Ve

loci

ty

(m/s

)

1 1 2 .43 80 .7 250 .27

2 2 3 1.13 100 1.6 300 .32

3 3 4 2.73 150 1.4 356 .36

4 4 5 4.13 200 1.1

2 450 .38

5 5 6 5.25 250 .91 450 .49

6 6 7 6.61 300 .86 550 .58

7 7 8 7.02 400 .62 558 .65

8 8 9 7.64

4 450 .54 615 .72

9 9 10 8.81 500 .43 680 .79

10 10 11 9.24 620 .21 691 .82

11 11 12 9.45 700 .12 710 .85

12 12 13 9.57 750 .01 715 .92

Calculation for Head loss

f = 0.2083 (100/c) 1.852 q 1.852 / dh 4.8655

c=100

q=.432

dh =80mm

f = 0.2083 (100/100) 1.852 .4321.852 / 80 4.865 f = .7

Calculation for velocity (m/s)

v = 0.408709 q / dh2

v = 0.408709 ×

v =.27 m/s

VIII. ANALYSIS OF HEAD LOSS

IX. CONCLUSION

Average water demand for a single person is about 135

L/day this is based on water demand calculations per

capita demand .But from the observation of the water

supply system for three colonies; Bank colony,

Vishwakarma Nagar, and Usha Nagar from Annapurna

tank Indore. We observed that water supply system is

not capable for providing per capita demand of 135

L/day but only fulfilling about 80 to 85 L/day. This is

because of the losses in the pipe and the pressure

losses. Because of the losses, the velocity of the water

also decreases as we have observed the velocity from

the main supply is 0.92 m/s but when it reaches to

home, it reduces to 0.27 m/s.

REFERENCES

[1] Water supply engineering by S.K.Garg

[2] Introduction to general design of Domestic Water-supply

Systems. (Engineering design of

all domestic water systems intended for operations).

[3] IRC (1980). Public stand post water supplies: a design and

construction manual. International Reference Centre for

Community Water Supply and Sanitation. Technical Paper no 14.

The Hague, Netherlands.

[4] DWAF (1997). Minimum standards and guidelines for

groundwater resource development for the community water

supply and sanitation programme. Department of Water Affairs &

Forestry.

[5] DWAF (2000c). Water supply service levels: A guide for Local

authorities. Department of Water Affairs & Forestry

[6] The Hazen–Williams equation which relates the flow of water in

a pipe with the physical properties of the pipe and the pressure

drop.

sep13

Documents

creative engineering

d printers

month future factories

dprinted objects

d printing

touchscreen phones

university of minho

research article