sensory receptors handouts

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Sensory Receptors Handouts Trainor Sensory Receptors Specialized to respond to changes in their environment (stimuli) Activation results in graded potentials that trigger nerve impulses Sensation (awareness of stimulus) and perception (interpretation of the meaning of the stimulus) occur in the brain Classified based on: Stimulus type Location Structural complexity Classification by Stimulus Type Mechanoreceptors—respond to touch, pressure, vibration, stretch, and itch Chemoreceptors—respond to chemicals (e.g., smell, taste, changes in blood chemistry) Thermoreceptors—sensitive to changes in temperature Photoreceptors—respond to light energy (e.g., retina) Nociceptors—sensitive to paincausing stimuli (e.g. extreme heat or cold, excessive pressure, inflammatory chemicals) Classification by Location Exteroceptors Respond to stimuli arising outside the body Receptors in the skin for touch, pressure, pain, and temperature Most special sense organs Interoceptors (visceroceptors) Respond to stimuli arising in internal viscera and blood vessels Sensitive to chemical changes, tissue stretch, and temperature changes Proprioceptors Respond to stretch in skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments, and connective tissue coverings of bones and muscles Inform the brain of one’s movements Classification by Structural Complexity Complex receptors (special sense organs) Vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, and taste Simple receptors for general senses: Tactile sensations (touch, pressure, stretch, vibration), temperature, pain, and muscle sense Unencapsulated (free) or encapsulated dendritic endings

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Page 1: Sensory Receptors Handouts

Sensory Receptors Handouts ‐ Trainor  Sensory Receptors • Specialized to respond to changes in their environment (stimuli) • Activation results in graded potentials that trigger nerve impulses • Sensation (awareness of stimulus) and perception (interpretation of the meaning of the stimulus) occur in the brain • Classified based on: 

• Stimulus type • Location • Structural  

complexity             Classification by Stimulus Type •Mechanoreceptors—respond to touch, pressure, vibration, stretch, and itch •Chemoreceptors—respond to chemicals (e.g., smell, taste, changes in blood chemistry) •Thermoreceptors—sensitive to changes in temperature •Photoreceptors—respond to light energy (e.g., retina) •Nociceptors—sensitive to pain‐causing stimuli (e.g. extreme heat or cold, excessive pressure, inflammatory chemicals)  Classification by Location • Exteroceptors 

• Respond to stimuli arising outside the body • Receptors in the skin for touch, pressure, pain, and temperature • Most special sense organs 

• Interoceptors (visceroceptors) • Respond to stimuli arising in internal viscera and blood vessels • Sensitive to chemical changes, tissue stretch, and temperature changes 

• Proprioceptors • Respond to stretch in skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments, and connective tissue coverings of 

bones and muscles • Inform the brain of one’s movements 

 Classification by Structural Complexity • Complex receptors (special sense organs) 

• Vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, and taste • Simple receptors for general senses: 

• Tactile sensations (touch, pressure, stretch, vibration), temperature, pain, and muscle sense • Unencapsulated (free) or encapsulated dendritic endings  

    

Page 2: Sensory Receptors Handouts

Unencapsulated Dendritic Endings • Thermoreceptors 

• Cold receptors (10–40ºC) • In superficial dermis  

• Heat receptors (32–48ºC) • In deeper dermis 

• Nociceptors • Respond to: 

• Pinching • Chemicals from damaged tissue • Temperatures outside the range of 

thermoreceptors • Capsaicin 

 Unencapsulated Dendritic Endings • Light touch receptors 

• Tactile (Merkel) discs • Hair follicle receptors 

 Encapsulated Dendritic Endings • All are mechanoreceptors 

• Pacinian (lamellated) corpuscles—deep pressure and vibration • Meissner’s (tactile) corpuscles—discriminative touch • Ruffini endings—deep continuous pressure • Muscle spindles—muscle stretch 

• Golgi tendon organs—stretch in tendons • Joint kinesthetic receptors—stretch in articular capsules 

 Adaptation of Sensory Receptors • Adaptation is a change in sensitivity in the presence of a constant  stimulus 

• Receptor membranes become less responsive • Receptor potentials decline in frequency or stop 

• Phasic (fast‐adapting) receptors signal the beginning or end of a stimulus • Examples:  receptors for pressure, touch, and smell  

• Tonic receptors adapt slowly or not at all • Examples:  nociceptors and most proprioceptors