sensory processes 3270 lecture 9
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Sensory Processes 3270 Lecture 9. KEYWORDS -- SMELL I. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Sensory Processes3270
Lecture 9
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olfactory binding protein, olfactory receptors cells continuously regenerate (about every 60 days), cilia (on olfactory receptor cells), glomerulus (contact zones between receptor cells and mitral cells:plural glomeruli), convergence (1,000:1), mitral cell, olfactory tubercle of cortex (part of paleocortex), medial dorsal nucleus of thalamus , orbitofrontal cortex, olfactory neocortex
paleocortex associated with limbic system, limbic system associated with emotions (electrical stimulation causes sham rage), limbic system associated with memories (H.M. had lesions here and lost the ability to memorize things), some hot spots in olfactory tubercle and on olfactory mucosa
KEYWORDS -- SMELL I
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odour quality, no primaries identified in olfactory system, poor tuning of receptors (to chemicals or chemical types) (sharpened by lateral inhibition, inhibitory interneurones, granule cells), Henning smell prism, stereochemical theories based on lock and key partially successful, BUT no receptor sites identified, similar shaped molecules can be associated with different smell perceptions
cells broadly tuned (responding to many different chemicals associated with many different smells)
codingintensity= firing rate/recruitment, quality = distributed pattern code, problems in identifying many smells at once, binding problem
KEYWORDS -- SMELL II
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odour thresholds, olfactorium; unique technical problems!, humans very sensitive (eg. mercaton can be detected at 1 part per 50,000,000,000), affected by gender; can be affected by menstrual cycle, affected by age
adaptation, thresholds raised (by exposure), masking (by other chemicals), some cross effects: eg. adapting to orange affects smell of lemons
identification, can identify gender from shirt, prefer own odours, odour memories long lasting; associated with emotions (via limbic system) "designed not to forget”, pheromones, releasers (immediate effect), eg. bitch on heat, territorial markers, humans?, McClintock effect (synchronized menstrual cycles), primers (longer term) eg. mice need males around for proper oestrus cycles
KEYWORDS -- SMELL III
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PATHWAYS olfactory receptor cells to mitral cells in olfactory bulb to olfactory tubercle in paleocortex THEN
1 to medial dorsal thalamus to olfactory cortex
(ORBITOFRONTAL CORTEX) 2 to limbic system 3 brain stem pathways associated with pheromones
ALSO
inhibitory pathway (via inhibitory interneurone: granule cells) from one olfactory bulb to the other to do with detecting the DIRECTION from which a smell originates
KEYWORDS -- SMELL IV
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Keywords on hearing (introduction)auditory canal, ear drum, ossicles, oval window, cochlea, helicotrema, basilar membrane, tectorial membrane, hair cells, kinocilium, stereocilia,
amplification (by ossicles & area difference between ear drum and oval window), travelling wave, resonance, tonotopic coding, cochleotopic coding, transduction
auditory thresholds, effect of age, different animals, fundamental, harmonics, timbre, pitch/frequency, loudness/amplitude, pure tone, equal loudness, masking
place theory, periodicity theory, duplicity theory, missing fundamental, goldfish has no basilar membrane - can distinguish freqs, phase-locking, diplacusis,
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Sensory Processes3270
Speech
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time
Formant 3
Formant 2
Formant 1
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Formant transitions
Formants
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Same sounds, different spectrographs...
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Voice Onset Time (VOT)
ShortVOT
LongVOT
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McGurk Effect
SOUND
VISION
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Video demo
video=gasound = bacombo= da
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Background resting activity -- note more activity in frontal regions
Green = averageblue = lessred = more
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Looking around
Frontal eye fields
Visual cortex
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Listening to words
WERNICKE’S AREA
Auditory cortex
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Counting out loud
Supplementarymotor area
BROCA’S AREA(speech production)
WERNICKE’S AREA(speech understanding)
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Internal speech -- counting in your head
?????
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Internal speech -- counting in your head
Frontal regions
NOTBroca or Wernicke’sareas !!!!
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odour quality, no primaries identified in olfactory system, poor tuning of receptors (to chemicals or chemical types) (sharpened by lateral inhibition, inhibitory interneurones, granule cells), Henning smell prism, stereochemical theories based on lock and key partially successful, BUT no receptor sites identified, similar shaped molecules can be associated with different smell perceptions
cells broadly tuned (responding to many different chemicals associated with many different smells)
codingintensity= firing rate/recruitment, quality = distributed pattern code, problems in identifying many smells at once, binding problem
KEYWORDS -- SMELL II