Current scenario

1. CURRENT SCENARIO

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• As we know that the work done manually is generally slower and less accurate than that done by electronic machine or said as computerized work.

• Also there are many situations in manual work which leads to heavy loss or disaster problems.

• A pure example is in military which uses the soldiers and vehicles for defense. If strategies are changed during war then there may be chances of losing the war. Also the manpower available is not enough as compared to that required currently.

• According to a study it was concluded that Indian military need about 49 crore of manpower but only 31.4 crore is available.

• Indian government is spending lot of currency on getting manpower but not ready to spend on acquiring new technology of warfare. If government spends this money on obtaining these modern machines then it would benefit Indian army a lot. This makes the demand of our project: Sensor Panzer in the market.

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Concept of sensor panzer

2. Concept of sensor panzer

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We have all heard the saying; all is fair in Love and War. Indeed it is amazing how many people believe just that and in the heat of battle ones strict adherence to rules will be challenged more often than not. What about Isaac Asimov's famous Robot Rules?

The Three Laws of Robotics: 1. A Robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction,

allow a human being to come to harm

2. A Robot must obey orders given to it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law.

3. A Robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law

Later a Fourth Law was added (The Zeroth Law): 4. A Robot may not harm humanity, or, by inaction, allow

humanity to come to harm.

Many of you may be asking yourself what this sensor panzer is?? Is it a vehicle consisting of sensors or anything else? If you are thinking like mentioned above then you are somewhat on the way to this future approach-SENSOR PANZER. Before coming to the actual concept, I would have focus on what is panzer?

A Panzer is a German tank. Panzer is a loanword from the German Panzer, meaning simply "armor". Further for your simplicity, it is simply a German word for military tank.

Now making your curiosity less moving towards the actual concept.

A sensor panzer is a modeled military tank which is running or simply said as controlled by a computer via any wireless connection usually a Bluetooth.

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UNMANNED GROUND VEHICLE

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3. UNMANNED GROUND VEHICLESCurrently there are many different robotic options available to

modern militaries. Robots can be run by wire from a distance, run by remote control, steered thru tele-robotics or semi or fully autonomously. There are plenty of "fire and forget" weapons, dumb weapons and smart munitions as well. The line between categories is often blurred with steerable big-gun rounds; aircraft swarm UAV control and Tele-robotic machines which can fire thru human command or by way of software rules that include target identification and firing.

How fast is this technology moving? Very fast as we noted the first fully autonomous vehicles made it thru a grueling course set up by DARPA. Contestants in the Grand Challenge borrowed technologies from any industry they could find them and thanks to all the various sponsors of all the teams, they too learned a thing or two.

Unmanned ground vehicles (UGV) are robotic platforms that are used as an extension of human capability. This type of robot is generally capable of operating outdoors and over a wide variety of terrain, functioning in place of humans.

UGVs have counterparts in aerial warfare (unmanned aerial vehicle) and naval warfare (remotely operated underwater vehicles).

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Unmanned robotics is actively being developed for both civilian and military use to perform dull, dirty, and dangerous activities. Some UGVs are employed in War in Iraq. There are two general classes of unmanned ground vehicles: Tele-operated and Autonomous.

3.1 Tele-operated UGVA Tele-operated UGV is a vehicle that is controlled by a human

operator at a remote location via a communications link. All cognitive processes are provided by the operator based upon sensory feedback from either line-of-sight visual observation or remote sensory input such as video cameras. A basic example of the principles of teleoperation would be a toy remote control car. Each of the vehicles is unmanned and controlled at a distance via a wired or wireless connection while the user provides all control based upon observed performance of the vehicle.

There are a wide variety of Tele-operated UGVs in use today. Predominantly these vehicles are used to replace humans in hazardous situations. Examples are explosives and bomb disabling vehicles.

3.2 Autonomous UGVAn autonomous UGV is essentially an autonomous robot but is

specifically a vehicle that operates on the surface of the ground.A fully autonomous robot in the real world has the ability to: Gain information about the environment. Work for extended durations without human intervention. Travel from point A to point B, without human navigation

assistance. Avoid situations that are harmful to people, property or itself,

unless those are part of its design specifications Repair itself without outside assistance. Detect objects of interest such as people and vehicles.

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BLOCK & CIRCUIT

DIAGRAM

4. BLOCK AND CIRCUIT DIAGRAM4.1 Block diagram

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As illustrated above, the panzer model consist of 2 DC motors M1 & M2 and a RF module connected to AT89C2051. This whole section has an attached wireless camera. The transmitter @ PC sends signal to the same on panzer where 8051 sets the action of DC motors.

According to the navigation signal send by the device, AT89C2051 makes either one of motor to be static (stop) or both to be static or both are dynamic.

The wireless camera simultaneously sends the captured video to PC via a USB TV Box receiver as shown.

The camera is not connected to 8051 but only the panzer module. It is only attached to transfer the surrounding footage to PC through which it is operated.

The two random lines between the panzer & PC signify that there is wireless communication between them.

4.2 Circuit diagramWorking

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In sensor panzer fighter tank is operated without human presences. It is controlled remotely using transmitter and receiver .In the project the efforts has been taken to design controlling software using VB because GUI can be developed easily by it.

For transmitter:

First the power supply of 5VDC from the power supply section is given to the microcontroller, IC max 232, transmitter part of circuit. In

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the transmitter when we pass the data using the GUI which goes in to the microcontroller & store in buffer section of the microcontroller. This data is passed to STT-433 (RF Transmitter) and then transmitted by using telescopic antenna.

For receiver:

First the power supply of 5VDC from the power supply section is given to the microcontroller, IC max RS232, receiver part of circuit. In

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the receiver the telescopic antenna receive the data which will be transmitted using transmitter. The received data firstly given to the HT648L. On the basis of data bit received, the corresponding L293D chip is activated and the motor connected to it is set to operate forward or backward direction.

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COMPONENTS & ITS

SPECIFICATIONS

9. COMPONENTS & ITS SPECIFICATIONS

The sensor panzer has the requirements which are listed below along with their specifications

9.1 AT89C2051

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Features • Compatible with MCS®-51Products • 2K Bytes of Reprogrammable Flash Memory • 2.7V to 6V Operating Range• Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz • Two-level Program Memory Lock• 128 x 8-bit Internal RAM • 15 Programmable I/O Lines • Two 16-bit Timer/Counters • Six Interrupt Sources • Programmable Serial UART Channel • Direct LED Drive Outputs • On-chip Analog Comparator • Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes • Green (Pb/Halide-free) Packaging Option

Description The AT89C2051 is a low-voltage, high-performance CMOS 8-bit

microcomputer with 2K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read-only memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard MCS-51 instruction set. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the

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Atmel AT89C2051 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. The AT89C2051 provides the following standard features: 2K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 15 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, a precision analog comparator, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry.

In addition, the AT89C2051 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The power-down mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.

Pin Configuration

Block Diagram

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Pin Description 1. VCC Supply voltage.

2. GND Ground.

3. Port 1 The Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port. Port pins P1.2 to P1.7 provide internal pull-ups. P1.0 and P1.1 require external pull-ups. P1.0 and P1.1 also serve as the positive input (AIN0) and the negative input (AIN1), respectively, of the on-chip precision analog comparator. The Port 1 out-put buffers can sink 20 mA and can drive LED displays directly. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they can be

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used as inputs. When pins P1.2 to P1.7 are used as inputs and are externally pulled low, they will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 1 also receives code data during Flash programming and verification.

4. Port 3 Port 3 pins P3.0 to P3.5, P3.7 are seven bi-directional I/O pins with internal pull-ups. P3.6 is hard-wired as an input to the output of the on-chip comparator and is not accessible as a gen-eral-purpose I/O pin. The Port 3 output buffers can sink 20 mA. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89C2051 as listed below:

Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification.

5. RST Reset input. All I/O pins are reset to 1s as soon as RST goes high. Holding the RST pin high for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device. Each machine cycle takes 12 oscillator or clock cycles.

6. XTAL1 Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.

7. XTAL2 Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.

9.2 RS232CIn telecommunications, RS-232 (Recommended Standard 232)

is a standard for serial binary single-ended data and control signals

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connecting between a DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) and a DCE (Data Circuit-terminating Equipment). It is commonly used in computer serial ports. The standard defines the electrical characteristics and timing of signals, the meaning of signals, and the physical size and pin out of connectors.

Pin outs and description

The following table lists commonly-used RS-232 signals and pin assignments. For variations see Serial port.

Signal Origin DB-25 pinName Typical purpose Abbreviation DTE DCE

Data Terminal Ready

OOB control signal: Tells DCE that DTE is ready to be connected.

DTR ● 20

Data Carrier Detect

OOB control signal: Tells DTE that DCE is connected to telephone line.

DCD ● 8

Data Set ReadyOOB control signal: Tells DTE that DCE is ready to receive commands or data.

DSR ● 6

Ring IndicatorOOB control signal: Tells DTE that DCE has detected a ring signal on the telephone line.

RI ● 22

Request To SendOOB control signal: Tells DCE to prepare to accept data from DTE.

RTS ● 4

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Clear To SendOOB control signal: Acknowledges RTS and allows DTE to transmit.

CTS ● 5

Transmitted Data Data signal: Carries data from DTE to DCE. TxD ● 2

Received Data Data signal: Carries data from DCE to DTE. RxD ● 3

Common Ground GND common 7

Protective Ground

PG common 1

The signals are named from the standpoint of the DTE. The ground signal is a common return for the other connections. The DB-25 connector includes a second "protective ground" on pin 1. Connecting this to pin 7 (signal reference ground) is a common practice but not essential.

Data can be sent over a secondary channel (when implemented by the DTE and DCE devices), which is equivalent to the primary channel. Pin assignments are described in following table:

Signal Pin

Common Ground 7 (same as primary)

Secondary Transmitted Data (STD) 14

Secondary Received Data (SRD) 16

Secondary Request To Send (SRTS)

19

Secondary Clear To Send (SCTS) 13

Secondary Carrier Detect (SDCD) 12

Voltages

The signal level of the RS232 pins can have two states. A high bit, or mark state is identified by a negative voltage and a low bit or space state uses a positive value. This might be a bit confusing, because in normal circumstances, high logical values are defined by high voltages also. The voltage limits are shown below.

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RS232 voltage values

Level Transmitter

capable (V)

Receivercapable (V)

Space state (0) +5 ... +15 +3 ... +25

Mark state (1) -5 ... -15 -3 ... -25

Undefined - -3 ... +3

9.3 MAX232 ICThe MAX232 is an integrated circuit that converts signals from

an RS-232 serial port to signals suitable for use in TTL compatible digital logic circuits. The MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver and typically converts the RX, TX, CTS and RTS signals.

The drivers provide RS-232 voltage level outputs (approx. ± 7.5 V) from a single + 5 V supply via on-chip charge pumps and external capacitors. This makes it useful for implementing RS-232 in devices that otherwise do not need any voltages outside the 0 V to + 5 V range, as power supply design does not need to be made more complicated just for driving the RS-232 in this case.

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The receivers reduce RS-232 inputs (which may be as high as ± 25 V), to standard 5 V TTL levels. These receivers have a typical threshold of 1.3 V, and a typical hysteresis of 0.5 V.

The later MAX232A is backwards compatible with the original MAX232 but may operate at higher baud rates and can use smaller external capacitors – 0.1 μF in place of the 1.0 μF capacitors used with the original device.[1]

The newer MAX3232 is also backwards compatible, but operates at a broader voltage range, from 3 to 5.5V. 

Voltage levelsIt is helpful to understand what occurs to the voltage levels. When a MAX232 IC receives a TTL level to convert, it changes a TTL Logic 0 to between +3 and +15V, and changes TTL Logic 1 to between -3 to -15V, and vice versa for converting from RS232 to TTL. This can be confusing when you realize that the RS232 Data Transmission voltages at a certain logic state are opposite from the RS232 Control Line voltages at the same logic state. To clarify the matter, see the table below. For more information see RS-232 Voltage Levels.

RS232 Line Type & Logic Level RS232 Voltage TTL Voltage to/from MAX232

Data Transmission (Rx/Tx) Logic 0 +3V to +15V 0V

Data Transmission (Rx/Tx) Logic 1 -3V to -15V 5V

Control Signals (RTS/CTS/DTR/DSR) Logic 0 -3V to -15V 5V

Control Signals (RTS/CTS/DTR/DSR) Logic 1 +3V to +15V 0V

Pin outs and description

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PIN NUMBER PIN NAME DESCRIPTION

1 C1+ Positive Terminal of Voltage-Doubler Charge-PumpCapacitor

2 V+ +5.5V Generated by the Charge Pump3 C1- Negative Terminal of Voltage-Doubler Charge-

Pump Capacitor4 C2+ Positive Terminal of Inverting Charge-Pump

Capacitor5 C2- Negative Terminal of Inverting Charge-Pump

Capacitor6 V- -5.5V Generated by the Charge Pump

7,14 T-OUT RS-232 Transmitter Outputs8,13 R-IN RS-232 Receiver Inputs9,12 R-OUT TTL/CMOS Receiver Outputs10,11 T-IN TTL/CMOS Transmitter Inputs15 GND Ground16 VCC +3.0V to +5.5V Supply Voltage

9.4 DC Synchronous MotorsA synchronous electric motor is an AC motor distinguished by

a rotor spinning with coils passing magnets at the same rate as the alternating current and resulting rotating magnetic field which drives it. Another way of saying this is that it has zero slip under usual operating conditions. Contrast this with an induction motor, which must slip in order to produce torque. They operate synchronously with line frequency. As with squirrel-cage induction motors, speed is

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determined by the number of pairs of poles and the line frequency. Synchronous motors are available in sub-fractional self-excited sizes to high-horsepower direct-current excited industrial sizes. In the fractional horsepower range, most synchronous motors are used where precise constant speed is required. In high-horsepower industrial sizes, the synchronous motor provides two important functions. First, it is a highly efficient means of converting ac energy to work. Second, it can operate at leading or unity power factor and thereby provide power-factor correction.

There are two major types of synchronous motors: non-excited and direct-current excited.

Non-excited motors are manufactured in reluctance and hysteresis designs, these motors employ a self-starting circuit and require no external excitation supply.

Reluctance designs have ratings that range from sub-fractional to about 30 hp. Sub-fractional horsepower motors have low torque, and are generally used for instrumentation applications. Moderate torque, integral horsepower motors use squirrel- cage construction with toothed rotors. When used with an adjustable frequency power supply, all motors in the drive system can be controlled at exactly the same speed. The power supply frequency determines motor operating speed.

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Hysteresis motors are manufactured in sub-fractional horsepower ratings, primarily as servomotors and timing motors. More expensive than the reluctance type, hysteresis motors are used where precise constant speed is required.

DC-excited motors — Made in sizes larger than 1 hp, these motors require direct current supplied through slip rings for excitation. The direct current can be supplied from a separate source or from a dc generator directly connected to the motor shaft

Slip rings and brushes are used to conduct current to the rotor. The rotor poles connect to each other and move at the same speed - hence the name synchronous motor.

Synchronous motors fall under the category of synchronous machines which also includes the alternator (synchronous generator). These machines are commonly used in analog electric clocks, timers and other devices where correct time is required.

A synchronous motor is composed of the following parts:

The stator is the outer shell of the motor, which carries the armature winding. This winding is spatially distributed for poly-phase AC current. This armature creates a rotating magnetic field inside the motor.

The rotor is the rotating portion of the motor. it carries field winding, which may be supplied by a DC source. On excitation, this field winding behaves as a permanent magnet.

The slip rings in the rotor, to supply the DC to the field winding, in the case of DC excited types

Uses Synchronous motors find applications in all industrial applications

where constant speed is necessary. Improving the power factor as Synchronous condensers. Electrical power plants almost always use synchronous generators

because it is important to keep the frequency constant at which the generator is connected.

Low power applications include positioning machines, where high precision is required, and robot actuators.

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Record player turntables

9.5 Crystal 11.0592A crystal oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit that uses

the mechanical resonance of vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a very precise frequency. This frequency is commonly used to keep track of time (as in quartz wristwatches), to provide a stable clock signal for digital integrated circuits, and to stabilize frequencies for radio transmitters and receivers. The most common type of piezoelectric resonator used is the quartz crystal, so oscillator circuits designed around them became known as "crystal oscillators."

Quartz crystals are manufactured for frequencies from a few tens of kilohertz to tens of megahertz. More than two billion (2×109) crystals are manufactured annually. Most are small devices for consumer devices such as wristwatches, clocks, radios, computers, and cell phones. Quartz crystals are also found inside test and

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measurement equipment, such as counters, signal generators, and oscilloscopes. 

Frequency Range: 1.000125.000MHz   Supply Voltage: 3.3V dc±5% / 5.0V dc±5%   Dimensions: DIP-14 / DIP-8   Ts: ≤10ms   Tr/Tf: 10ns(below 25MHz)          6ns(25~70MHz)          4ns(over 70MHz)   Operating Temperature: -10+60 / -20+70   Storage Temperature: -40+85   Frequency Stability: ±25ppm/ ±50ppm/ ±100ppm   Symmetry: 40%60%  45%55%   Output Level: TTL / HCMOS   Output Load: 15pF  50pF   output 0 level: 0.5V   output 1 level:  ≥4.5V(5.0V) / ≥2.4V(3.3V)

9.6 Wireless Camera

SpecificationsMini surveillance equipment with an long range wireless receiver

and a 1/3 inch CMOS wireless camera, 12 month warranty

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Mini wireless security set for quick and easy amateur surveillance, with an included long range wireless receiver and a super small 1/3 inch CMOS wireless camera with both audio and video capturing. The mini cam features good low light gathering 3LUX as well as a wide angle 4mm lens and the ability to be powered either from a wall socket or from a standard 9V battery with the included adapters, and the receiver can be used not only with the included camera, but using the channel tuning, with most wireless cameras transmitting on the 1.2GHz spectrum.

Receiver Specifications

Receiving Frequency: 1.2GHz Intermediate Frequency: 480Mhz Frequency Stabilization: +/-100Khz Demodulation Mode: FM Antenna: 50ohm SMA Receiving Sensitivity: -85dBm Power Source: DC 12V Dimension: 120x81x20mm (LxWxD) Channels Available: 4 Channel Tuning Skip for Multiple Cameras AV OUT

Camera Specifications

Image Device: 1/3 Inch CMOS TV system: PAL Horizontal Definition: 380TV Lines Angular Field of View: 80 deg f=4mm Minimum Illumination: 3Lux F/1.2 Synchronization System: Internal Backlight Compensation: Auto White Balance: Auto S/N Ratio: >48dB Operation Temperature: -5~35 deg C Transmission Frequency: 1.2 GHz. 1 Locked Frequency Power Adapter: DC 9V Dimension: With Stand- 40x40x30mm (LxWxD) Recommended Max Range for Objects: 4~6 Meters

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Transmission Range: 15~18 Meters Built In Microphone: Max Audio Range 2~3 Meters Wireless or Wired Connection Set on Adjustable Vertical Angle Frame

9.7 433 MHz RF Transmitter STT-433OverviewThe STT-433 is ideal for remote control applications where low cost and longer range is required. The transmitter operates from a 1.5 -12V supply, making it ideal for battery-powered applications. The transmitter employs a SAW-stabilized oscillator, ensuring accurate frequency control for best range performance. Output power and harmonic emissions are easy to control, making FCC and ETSI compliance easy. The manufacturing-friendly SIP style package and low-cost make the STT-433 suitable for high volume applications.

Features· 433.92 MHz Frequency· Low Cost· 1.5-12V operation· 11mA current consumption at 3V· Small size· 4 dBm output power at 3V

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Applications· Remote Keyless Entry (RKE)· Remote Lighting Controls· On-Site Paging· Asset Tracking· Wireless Alarm and Security Systems· Long Range RFID· Automated Resource Management

Specifications

Pin Description

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9.8 433 MHz RF Receiver STR-433

OverviewThe STR-433 is ideal for short-range remote control applications where cost is a primary concern. The receiver module requires no external RF components except for the antenna. It generates virtually no emissions, making FCC and ETSI approvals easy. The super-regenerative design exhibits exceptional sensitivity at a very low cost. The manufacturing-friendly SIP style package and low-cost make the STR-433 suitable for high volume applications.

Features· Low Cost· 5V operation· 3.5mA current drain· No External Parts are required· Receiver Frequency: 433.92 MHZ

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· Typical sensitivity: -105dBm· IF Frequency: 1MHz

Applications· Car security system· Sensor reporting· Automation system· Remote Keyless Entry (RKE)· Remote Lighting Controls· On-Site Paging· Asset Tracking· Wireless Alarm and Security Systems· Long Range RFID· Automated Resource Management

Specifications

Pin Description

9.9 L78xx / L78xxC Voltage regulatorThe L78xx series of three-terminal positive regulators is

available in TO-220, TO-220FP, TO-3, D2PAK and DPAK packages and

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several fixed output voltages, making it useful in a wide range of applications. These regulators can provide local on-card regulation, eliminating the distribution problems associated with single point regulation. Each type employs internal current limiting, thermal shut-down and safe area protection, making it essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1 A output current. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable voltage and currents.

Features Output current to 1.5 A Output voltages of 5; 6; 8; 8.5; 9; 12; 15; 18; 24 V Thermal overload protection Short circuit protection Output transition SOA protection

Pin Diagram

9.10 HT640 – 318 Series of EncodersThe 318 encoders are a series of CMOS LSIs for remote control

system applications. They are capable of encoding 18 bits of information which consists of N address bits and 18_N dataBits. Each address/data input is externally trinary programmable if bonded out. It is otherwise set floating internally. Various packages of the 318 encoders offer flexible combinations of programmable address/data to meet various application needs. The programmable address/ data is transmitted together with the header bits via an RF or an infrared transmission medium upon receipt of a trigger signal. The capability to select a TE trigger type or a DATA trigger type further enhances the application flexibility of the 318 series of encoders.

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Features Operating voltage: 2.4V~12V Low power and high noise immunity CMOS technology Low standby current Three words transmission Built-in oscillator needs only 5% resistor Easy interface with an RF or infrared transmission media Minimal external components

Pin diagram & configuration

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9.11 HT648-318 Series of DecodersThe 318 decoders are a series of CMOS LSIs for remote control

system applications. They are paired with the 318 series of encoders. For proper operation a pair of encoder/decoder pair with the same number of address and data format should be selected. The 318 series of decoders receives serial address and data from that series of encoders that are transmitted by a carrier using an RF or an IR transmission medium. It then compares the serial input data twice continuously with its local address. If no errors or unmatched codes are encountered, the input data codes are decoded and then transferred to the output pins. The VT pin also goes high to indicate a valid transmission.

The 318 decoders are capable of decoding 18 bits of information that consists of N bits of address and 18–N bits of data. To meet various applications they are arranged to provide a number of data pins whose range is from 0 to 8 and an address pin whose range is from 8 to 18. In addition, the 318 decoders provide various combinations of address/data number in different packages.

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Features· Operating voltage: 2.4V~12V· Low power and high noise immunity CMOS technology· Low standby current· Capable of decoding 18 bits of information· Pairs with HOLTEK’s 318 series of encoders· 8~18 address pins· 0~8 data pins· Trinary address setting· Two times of receiving check· Built-in oscillator needs only a 5% resistor· Valid transmission indictor· Easily interface with an RF or an infrared transmission medium· Minimal external components

Pin configuration and Description

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9.12 GUI Control

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The above GUI is used to control the Panzer for navigation i.e. left, right, forward and backward. This is built using VB language. First, we have to enter the Administrative password, and then we have to select the COM port to which the transmitter is connected. After that, we will click on START Button due to which the other buttons of navigation become active and the label of START button changes to STOP.

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DEVELOPMENT STAGES & PROCESS

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5. DEVELOPMENT STAGES & PROCESSThe complete development of this system can be divided into the following stages:

Problem definition stage; Designing block diagram; Implementing circuits and components; Developing algorithm for software; Writing actual code for Microcontroller; Compiling the code; Burning the hex file into microcontroller with programmer; Testing and Running.

Problem definition stageThis is the very first stage to develop any project. It actually defines the aim and the concept of the project. The aim of “Microcontroller Based Data Acquisition and Controlling System with PC interface” is to design a DAS which can be connected to any type of computer serial port giving the user flexibility of selection of desired number of channels for data acquisition with least complexity and cost.

Designing block diagramAt this stage we have categorized the whole system into different individual modules. These modules (block diagrams) will be helpful in understanding the concept and working of the integrated system. It also simplifies the entire debugging and testing process.

• Implementing circuits and componentsThis is the actual implementation of circuit of each block. At this stage we have actually designed each block separately and finally integrated them into the complete working system.

Developing algorithm for softwareTo get the logical flow of the software, the development of algorithm is having a prominent role. So that we have analyzed the

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complete system and organized the algorithm in such a manner that one can understand the complete working of the software.

writing actual code for MicrocontrollerAfter the development of the algorithm and flowchart we have actually translated them in C language for Atmel 89C51 Microcontroller so that it can understand the instructions and run as per our requirement. The instructions are in ANSII C Language.

Compiling the codeThe code is implemented on the computer for which we have used Keil pre-installed on PC. The Keil is a Computer Aided Program to simulate the working of Microcontroller in real time without burning the software into actual IC. We simulated and compiled our program for error checking. After removing of several compiling errors the program was converted into machine language i.e. Intel hex format.

Burning the hex file into microcontroller with ProgrammerIn this stage the compiled hex format file was downloaded or burned into Atmel AT89C2051 flash Microcontroller. This was done with the help of FP-8903 Programmer for Atmel microcontrollers designed by Oriole Electronics Pvt. Ltd.

Testing and RunningThis time we tested our project for actual working, after loading the software into the microcontroller. Any errors found were removed successfully. This is the last and final stage of development of our project.

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PCBFABRICATION

6. PCB FABRICATION

6.1 PCB making

P.C.B. is printed circuit board which is of insulating base with layer of thin copper-foil.

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The circuit diagram is then drawn on the P. C. B. with permanent marker and then it is dipped in the solution of ferric chloride so that unwanted copper is removed from the P.C.B., thus leaving components interconnection on the board.

The specification of the base material is not important to know in most of the application, but it is important to know something about copper foil which is drawn through a thin slip.

The resistance of copper foil will have an effect on the circuit operation.

Base material is made of lamination layer of suitable insulating material such as treated paper, fabric; or glass fibers and binding them with resin. Most commonly used base materials are formed paper bonded with epoxy resin.

It is possible to obtain a range of thickness between 0.5 mm to 3 mm.

Thickness is the important factor in determining mechanical strength particularly when the commonly used base material is “Formea” from paper assembly.

Physical properties should be self supporting these are surface resistivity, heat dissipation, dielectric, constant, dielectric strength.

Another important factor is the ability to withstand high temperature.

6.2 Designing the layout

While designing a layout, it must be noted that size of the board should be as small as possible.

Before starting, all components should be placed properly so that an accurate measurement of space can be made.

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The component should not be mounted very close to each other or far away from one another and neither one should ignore the fact that some component reed ventilation, which considerably the dimension of the relay and transformer in view of arrangement, the bolting arrangement is also considered.

The layout is first drawn on paper then traced on copper plate which is finalized with the pen or permanent marker which is efficient and clean with etching.

The resistivity also depends on the purity of copper, which is highest for low purity of copper. The high resistance path are always undesired for soldered connections.

The most difficult part of making an original printed circuit is the conversion from, theoretical circuit diagram into wiring layout. Without introducing cross over and undesirable effect.

Although it is difficult operation, it provides greater amount of satisfaction because it is carried out with more care and skill.

The board used for project has copper foil thickness in the range of 25 40 75 microns.

The soldering quality requires 99.99% efficiency. It is necessary to design copper path extra large. There are two

main reasons for this, The copper may be required to carry an extra large overall

current:- It acts like a kind of screen or ground plane to minimize the

effect of interaction.

The first function is to connect the components together in their right sequence with minimum need for interlinking i.e. the jumpers with wire connections.

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RECIEVER PCB LAYOUT It must be noted, that when layout is done, on the next day it

should be dipped in the solution and board is move continuously right and left after etching perfectly the board is cleaned with water and is drilled.

After that holes are drilled with 1 mm or 0.8 mm drill. Now the marker on the P. C. B. is removed.

The Printed Circuit Board is now ready for mounting the components on it.

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TRANSMITTER PCB LAYOUT

6.3 Soldering

For soldering of any joints first the terminal to be soldered are cleaned to remove oxide film or dirt on it. If required flux is applied on the points to be soldered.

Now the joint to be soldered is heated with the help of soldering iron. Heat applied should be such that when solder wire is touched to joint, it must melt quickly.

The joint and the soldering iron is held such that molten solder should flow smoothly over the joint.

When joint is completely covered with molten solder, the soldering iron is removed.

The joint is allowed to cool, without any movement. The bright shining solder indicates good soldering. In case of dry solder joint, a air gap remains in between the

solder maternal and the joint. It means that soldering is improper. This is removed and again soldering is done.

Thus in this way all the components are soldered on P. C. B.

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Code work & coding

7. CODE WORK & CODING7.1 Code Work

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After PCB Fabrication process, we carried onto the coding process. We decided to keep our front end as Visual Basic and to interface the GUI with the hardware we kept backend as Embedded C which was to be loaded into AT89C2051 IC. To accelerate the coding process our pre-requisite were the software which will be used to implement the code work process. The description of the software are depicted below

Keil C51 Compiler(Keil micro vision 4):The µVision IDE from Keil combines project management,

make facilities, source code editing, program debugging, and complete simulation in one powerful environment. The µVision development platform is easy-to-use and helping you quickly create embedded programs that work. The µVision editor and debugger are integrated in a single application that provides a seamless embedded project development environment.

The new Keil µVision4 IDE has been designed to enhance developer's productivity, enabling faster, more efficient program development.µVision4 introduces a flexible window management system, enabling you to drag and drop individual windows anywhere on the visual surface including support for Multiple Monitors. The µVision4 helps quickly create and test embedded applications for ARM, Cortex-M, C166, C251, and C51 microcontrollers.

Flash magic:

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Flash Magic is a PC tool for programming flash based microcontrollers from NXP using a serial or Ethernet protocol while in the target hardware. Some of the features of Flash Magic are:

Straightforward and intuitive user interface

Five simple steps to erasing and programming a device and setting key options

Programs Intel Hex Files

Automatic verifying after programming

Fills unused Flash to increase firmware security

Automatically program checksums. Using the supplied checksum calculation routine your firmware can easily verify the integrity of a Flash block, ensuring no unauthorized or corrupted code can ever be executed

Program security bits

Check which Flash blocks are blank or in use with the ability to easily erase all blocks in use

Read any section of Flash and save as an Intel Hex File

Reprogram the Boot Vector and Status Byte with the help of confirmation features that prevent accidentally programming incorrect values

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Display the contents of Flash in ASCII and Hexadecimal formats

Visual Basic 6.0:Visual Basic (VB) is the third-generation event-driven

programming language and integrated development environment (IDE) from Microsoft for its COM programming model.

Visual Basic is relatively easy to learn and use. Visual Basic was derived from BASIC and enables the rapid application development (RAD) of GUI applications, access to databases using Data Access Objects, Remote Data Objects, or ActiveX Data Objects, and creation of ActiveX controls and objects. Scripting languages such as VBA and VBScript are syntactically similar to Visual Basic, but perform differently

7.2 Coding Embedded C:

The code which was to be loaded into AT89C2051 was written in embedded C language using Keil micro vision 4. The code was loaded into the above mentioned IC using RS232 port and cable. Connecting female end to the port and male to the transmitter circuit and then by using Flash Magic burning the hex file of code into the IC. Hex file is generated by compiling

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the code in Keil µvision 4 using C51 Compiler. The source code is provided below:#include<at89x51.h>#include<stdio.h>

void serial_init(){ TMOD = 0x20; SCON = 0x50; TH1 = 0xFD; TL1 = 0xFD; TR1 = 1;}

unsigned char serial_read(){

while(!RI); RI = 0; return SBUF;}

void serial_send(unsigned char dat){

TI = 0; SBUF = dat; while(!TI); }

void main(){

unsigned char t; P1=0x00; serial_init(); while(1) { t=serial_read();

if(t==0x31){

P1=0x05;}else if(t==0x32)

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{ P1=0x0a;

}else if(t==0x33){

P1=0x06;}else if(t==0x34){

P1=0x09;}else if(t==0x35){

P1=0x10;}else if(t==0x36){

P1=0x20;}else if(t==0x37){

P1=0x40;}else if(t==0x38){

P1=0x80;}else if(t==0x30){

P1=0x00;}else {}serial_send(t);

} }

The Hex file Generated by the above code is given below:: 0D042F0048656C6C6F20576F726C640A009A: 10041400759850438920758DDDD28ED299639001F1: 0B0424007BFF7A04792F12006580F244

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: 0300000002043CBB: 0C043C00787FE4F6D8FD758121020414DD: 10000300E517240BF8E60517227808300702780B6A: 10001300E475F0011203B702035F2000EB7F2ED2D9: 10002300008018EF540F2490D43440D4FF30040BD5: 10003300EF24BFB41A0050032461FFE518600215D2: 1000430018051BE51B7002051A30070D7808E475C7: 10005300F0011203B7EF0203A50203ED7403D20705: 100063008003E4C207F5178B088A09890AE4F518A7: 10007300F51AF51BE51860077F2012003E80F57521: 1000830019FFC201C200C202C203C205C206C208EE: 1000930012000CFF700D3007057F0012004FAF1BDD: 1000A300AE1A22B4255FC2D5C20412000CFF24D0BD: 1000B300B40A00501A75F00A781830D50508B6FF4F: 1000C3000106C6A426F620D5047002D20380D924E3: 1000D300CFB41A00EF5004C2E5D20402024FD2019A: 1000E30080C6D20080C0D20280BCD2D580BAD205ED: 1000F30080B47F2012003E2002077401B51800402F: 10010300F1120003FF12003E020077D208D20680EC: 1001130095120003FB120003FA120003F94A4B7015: 100123000679207A037BFF20022EE518602A7E00E1: 100133008E8275830012037860060EEE651970F0E7: 10014300C2D5EBC0E0EAC0E0E9C0E0EE120296D00F: 10015300E0F9D0E0FAD0E0FB12035FFF60AAEBC046: 10016300E0EAC0E0E9C0E012003ED0E02401F9D0AB: 10017300E03400FAD0E0FBE5190460DCD519D9803E: 10018300877BFF7A027992D202809C791080027970: 1001930008C206C2088008D2D5790A8004790AC247: 1001A300D5E519047002F519E4FAFDFEFF12000308: 1001B300FC7B08200113120003FD7B1030000A12A0: 1001C3000003FE120003FF7B20EC3382D592D5504F: 1001D30013C3E43000069FFFE49EFEE42001039D69: 1001E300FDE49CFCE4CBF8C201EC700CCFCECDCC8B: 1001F300E824F8F870F38017C3EF33FFEE33FEED16: 1002030033FDEC33FCEB33FB994002FB0FD8E9EBF6: 10021300300105F8D0E0C448B201C0E00AEC4D4E0D: 100223004F78207B0070C2EAB5190040BCC0E012D1: 100233000298D0F0D0E0200104C4C0E0C4B201C0F1: 10024300F0120027D0F0D5F0EB0200771203C701BC: 100253001453018E5800E54C00E14201924F019A7C: 0F02630044019A4900FA4301A0550184460184E1: 100272004501844703405000E92D00ED2E01102B6B

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: 1002820000F123010E2003292A00A94800000108D9: 100292003F3F3F00790AA2D5200314300509B91067: 1002A200020404B9080104A2D52006025001042068: 1002B20002689202B518005034C0E07F2030031962: 1002C2007F30A20272067205500F1202EFC202C202: 1002D20006C205C2087F30800F300503E9C0E01274: 1002E200003E300503D0E0F9D0E0B518CC30051758: 1002F2007F30B9100C12003E7F583004077F78809F: 1003020003B9080312003E3002057F2D02003E7F32: 10031200202008F87F2B2006F322920280CF286E3D: 10032200756C6C2900D2011200033001F8C2017809: 100332001830D50108F60200A92D50434958120081: 10034200032403B405004001E490033B9312002F01: 0D035200743A12002FD20375180402018EB8: 10035F00BB010689828A83E0225002E722BBFE029C: 09036F00E32289828A83E49322CF: 10037800BB010CE58229F582E5833AF583E022503A: 1003880006E92582F8E622BBFE06E92582F8E22284: 0D039800E58229F582E5833AF583E493229E: 1003A500BB010689828A83F0225002F722BBFE0137: 0203B500F32231: 1003B700FAE6FB0808E6F925F0F618E6CA3AF62247: 1003C700D083D082F8E4937012740193700DA3A3C5: 1003D70093F8740193F5828883E4737402936860D9: 0603E700EFA3A3A380DFD9: 1003ED00EFB40A07740D1203F8740A309811A89926: 1003FD00B8130CC2983098FDA899C298B811F63070: 07040D0099FDC299F5992247: 00000001FF

Visual Basic:The code which was used to build the GUI to navigate and

control the panzer was implemented using VB language in Visual Basic 6.0. This serves the interfacing of hardware with the GUI. The source code is provided below:

Private Sub Command1_MouseDown (Button As Integer, Shift As Integer, X As Single, Y As Single) MSComm1.Output = "1" Command1.BackColor = vbRed Label3.Visible = True Label3.Caption = "PANZER MOVING FORWARD"

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End Sub

Private Sub Command1_MouseUp (Button As Integer, Shift As Integer, X As Single, Y As Single) MSComm1.Output = "0" Command1.BackColor = vbGreen Label3.Caption = ""End Sub

Private Sub Command2_MouseDown (Button As Integer, Shift As Integer, X As Single, Y As Single) MSComm1.Output = "2" Command2.BackColor = vbRed Label3.Visible = True Label3.Caption = "PANZER MOVING BACKWARD"End Sub

Private Sub Command2_MouseUp (Button As Integer, Shift As Integer, X As Single, Y As Single) MSComm1.Output = "0" Command2.BackColor = vbGreen Label3.Caption = ""End Sub

Private Sub Command3_MouseDown (Button As Integer, Shift As Integer, X As Single, Y As Single) MSComm1.Output = "3" Command3.BackColor = vbRed Label3.Visible = True Label3.Caption = "PANZER TURNING LEFT"End Sub

Private Sub Command3_MouseUp (Button As Integer, Shift As Integer, X As Single, Y As Single) MSComm1.Output = "0" Command3.BackColor = vbGreen Label3.Caption = ""End Sub

Private Sub Command4_MouseDown (Button As Integer, Shift As Integer, X As Single, Y As Single) MSComm1.Output = "4" Command4.BackColor = vbRed Label3.Visible = True Label3.Caption = "PANZER TURNING RIGHT"End Sub

Private Sub Command4_MouseUp (Button As Integer, Shift As Integer, X As Single, Y As Single) MSComm1.Output = "0" Command4.BackColor = vbGreen

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Label3.Caption = ""End Sub

Private Sub Command5_Click () If (Text1.Text = "SENS0RPANZER11263449") Then Command5.BackColor = vbRed MsgBox "Go ahead The Panzer is yours, Make the Enemy Dead!", vbOKOnly + vbInformation, "Login passed" VScroll1.Visible = True Command1.Visible = True Command2.Visible = True Command3.Visible = True Command4.Visible = True Command7.Visible = True Command8.Visible = True Command9.Visible = True Text2.Visible = True Text2.Text = "1" Label2.Visible = True Command6.Visible = True Text1.Visible = False Command5.Visible = False Label1.Visible = False Shell "C:\Program Files\TVHome Media2\TVHome Media2.exe" Else MsgBox "Invalid Login, You are Dead!", vbOKOnly + vbCritical, "Failure" Text1.Text = "" End IfEnd Sub

Private Sub Command6_Click () If (Command6.Caption = "STOP") Then Command6.BackColor = vbRed Command6.Caption = "START" MSComm1.PortOpen = False ElseIf (Command6.Caption = "START") Then Command6.BackColor = vbGreen MSComm1.CommPort = VScroll1.Value MSComm1.Settings = "9600, N, 8, 1" MSComm1.InputLen = 1 Command6.Caption = "STOP" MSComm1.PortOpen = True Command1.BackColor = vbGreen Command2.BackColor = vbGreen Command3.BackColor = vbGreen Command4.BackColor = vbGreen Command7.BackColor = vbGreen Command8.BackColor = vbGreen Command9.BackColor = vbGreen End IfEnd Sub

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Private Sub Command7_MouseDown (Button As Integer, Shift As Integer, X As Single, Y As Single) MSComm1.Output = "5" Command7.BackColor = vbRed Label3.Visible = True Label3.Caption = "TURRET MOVING UP"End Sub

Private Sub Command7_MouseUp (Button As Integer, Shift As Integer, X As Single, Y As Single) MSComm1.Output = "0" Command7.BackColor = vbGreen Label3.Caption = ""End Sub

Private Sub Command8_MouseDown (Button As Integer, Shift As Integer, X As Single, Y As Single) MSComm1.Output = "6" Command8.BackColor = vbRed Label3.Visible = True Label3.Caption = "TURRET MOVING DOWN"End Sub

Private Sub Command8_MouseUp (Button As Integer, Shift As Integer, X As Single, Y As Single) MSComm1.Output = "0" Command8.BackColor = vbGreen Label3.Caption = ""End Sub

Private Sub Command9_MouseDown (Button As Integer, Shift As Integer, X As Single, Y As Single) MSComm1.Output = "8" Command9.BackColor = vbRed Label4.Visible = True Label4.Caption = "WEAPON FIRED"End Sub

Private Sub Command9_MouseUp (Button As Integer, Shift As Integer, X As Single, Y As Single) MSComm1.Output = "0" Command9.BackColor = vbGreen Label4.Caption = ""End Sub

Private Sub Form_Load () Label1.Visible = True Label2.Visible = False Label3.Visible = False Label4.Visible = False

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Text2.Visible = False Text2.Text = "START" VScroll1.Visible = False Command1.Visible = False Command2.Visible = False Command3.Visible = False Command4.Visible = False Command6.Visible = False Command7.Visible = False Command8.Visible = False Command9.Visible = False Command6.BackColor = vbRedEnd Sub

Private Sub Form_Unload (Cancel As Integer) If (MSComm1.PortOpen = True) Then MSComm1.PortOpen = False End If EndEnd Sub

Private Sub Text1_KeyUp (KeyCode As Integer, Shift As Integer) If KeyCode = vbKeyReturn Then If (Text1.Text = "SENS0RPANZER11263449") Then Command5.BackColor = vbRed MsgBox "Go ahead The Panzer is yours, Make the Enemy Dead!”, vbOKOnly + vbInformation, "Login passed" VScroll1.Visible = True Command1.Visible = True Command2.Visible = True Command3.Visible = True Command4.Visible = True Command7.Visible = True Command8.Visible = True Command9.Visible = True Text2.Visible = True Text2.Text = "1" Label2.Visible = True Command6.Visible = True Text1.Visible = False Command5.Visible = False Label1.Visible = False Shell "C:\Program Files\TVHome Media2\TVHome Media2.exe" Else MsgBox "Invalid Login, You are Dead!", vbOKOnly + vbCritical, "Failure" Text1.Text = "" End If End IfEnd Sub

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Private Sub VScroll1_Change () Text2.Text = VScroll1.ValueEnd Sub

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TESTING&

TROUBLESHOOTING

8. Testing & TroubleshootingBefore you apply power, read the instructions carefully to check

you haven't missed anything, and whether there are any specific instructions for switching on and testing. Check again that you have all polarity sensitive components the right way around, and that all components are in the correct places. Check off - board components are connected correctly. Check the underside of the board carefully

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for short circuits between tracks - a common reason for circuits failing to work.

When you are sure everything is correct, apply power and see if the circuit behaves as expected, again following the kit manufacturer’s instructions.

If it works, WELL DONE! You have your first working circuit - be proud of it! Skip the rest of this page and click the right arrow at the bottom, or here.

If it doesn't quite work as expected, or doesn't work at all, don't despair. The chances are the fault is quite simple. However, disconnect the power before reading on.

Check the basic's first Is the battery flat? Are you sure the 'On' switch really is on? (Don't laugh, it's easily done) If the project has other switches and controls check these are set correctly.Next - check again all the components are in the correct place - refer to the diagram in the instructions. Look again at the underside of the board - are there any short circuits? These can be caused by almost invisible 'whiskers' of solder, so check for these with a magnifying glass in good light. Brushing the bottom of the board vigorously with a stiff brush can sometimes remove these.

Pull the components gently: To see if they are all fixed into the board properly. Check the soldered joints - poor soldering is the most common cause of circuits failing to work. The joints should by shiny, and those on the circuit board should be volcano shaped with the component wire end sticking out of the top. If any look suspect then redo them. Remove the solder with a solder sucker or braid and try again.

Check: For solder splashes shorting across adjacent tracks on the circuit board, especially where connections are very close such as on

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integrated circuits ('chips'). Solder splashes are most likely on strip board. You can check for shorts using a multimeter set it to its continuity range, or low resistance range. Be aware if you do this though, that there will be a resistance between some tracks due to the components. Any resistance below 1 ohm between tracks is likely to be a solder splash. Run the soldering iron between tracks on strip board to remove any solder bridges.

If the circuit still fails to work you will need to refer to the circuit diagram and take voltage readings from the circuit to find out what's wrong. You will need a multimeter to do this (see tools). Remember that if you find one fault such as a reversed component and correct it, it might have caused damage to other components.

Beginners Guide - More Tools & Test Equipment To design your own circuits, or build more complex kits, you will probably need more in the way of tools and test equipment. If you did not buy a multimeter before then this is essential now, a basic power supply is also very useful. More expensive items such as an oscilloscope can be useful, but think carefully about whether you really need them - after all, you can build a lot of projects for the price of an oscilloscope. PC-based virtual instruments could perhaps be more suitable. Other tools can be useful too. Here is a list of other useful items, although this by no means covers all the tools and equipment available. Maplin codes are included; however similar items are available from most suppliers.

Tools: Helping Hands:

Useful for holding PCB's, connectors etc. while you solder them. Also normally have a magnifying glass to help see small components. Can save hours of aggravation! Maplin code YK53H A small vice can also be useful and provides a more rigid mounting than a Helping Hands.

Pearl Catcher:

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Useful for the retrieving those screws that inevitably fall into the most inaccessible corner of a project! Maplin code BK43WHeat Shunt: An inexpensive item for soldering heat sensitive devices. Clipped onto the component lead between the joint and the component it will soak up the heat to save you melting your components. As you get faster at soldering you probably won't need it so much. Maplin code FR10L

RCD Circuit Breaker: If you start building mains projects (only do this when you are more experienced and are aware of the safety requirements) then one of these is essential. It could also prevent a shock if you accidentally melt through the soldering iron flex. These are sold very cheaply in most electrical shops. Well worth the price, although check if you’re building wiring is already protected by an RCD in the consumer unit first.Breadboard: If you want to test a circuit without soldering it together permanently then these are useful. Just push the wires into holes joined by metal strips to build the circuit. If the circuit doesn't work, you can easily make changes. Different sizes are available, e.g. Maplin code AG10L

Other items: Other sizes of screwdriver, 0.5Kg reel of solder, tool roll or box etc.

Test Equipment: Multimeter

Almost essential for all but the absolute beginner. See the tools section for more information.

Power Supply Also very useful for powering circuits that you are testing. One with a variable voltage up to at least 12V is best. The current rating doesn't need to be that high; 1A maximum is fine for most jobs. If you can afford it then one with an adjustable current limit is useful - set

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right it can prevent damage to an incorrect circuit, rather than frying it instantly!

Oscilloscope Quite expensive and not really worth it for all but the advanced constructor. Nonetheless a very useful piece of test equipment, especially on audio circuits. There are some cheaper PC based alternatives, and some hand - held 'scopes now, although I haven't tried them.

Signal GeneratorUseful when testing audio circuits, again not really necessary for beginners. Produces variable frequency waves of several different waveforms (sine, square, triangle)

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Merits and demerits

10. Merits and demerits10.1 MeritsThe merits of sensor panzer are as follows

i. Anti-theft support:The sensor enabled car/panzer cannot be steal by a thief unless

he doesn’t know the pass code to run it when provided with security software.For connecting it to a Bluetooth, pairing is required which is done by inputting a pass code and is usually known by user or owner.

ii. Cheapest navigation model:When provided with internet facility, it can detect the positioning

of various objects. Thus its converts the GPS navigation to RFPS (Radio Frequency navigation system) which is newly introduced and also economical to use.

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iii. Multitasking support:This panzer is operated through PC via a RF interface & thus

supports multitasking facility. Now user can perform more than one task at a time which increases the performance.

iv. Mining Capability:Sensor panzer is capable of making mining jobs more efficiently

and less dangerous. Also radioactive places may be harmful for humans. Thus, use of this vehicle makes easy to work in high temperature and deep mines.

v. Military capability:These vehicles are custom built and engineered for military

purpose as “Suicide bombers”. They are connected by RF to a human operator who verifies that the suitable target is within sight & orders it to fire then the panzer has the job of sending lots of bullets towards the target.

10.2 DemeritsSince every coin has two sides, sensor panzer has some

limitations which are listed below

i. The sensor panzer with RF connection has a maximum allowable range of 500m. Thus cannot be used to driven out of the mentioned range.

ii. The panzer for the military purpose can be reverse engineered by enemy in some critical situations. Our machines can be used against us.

iii. The panzer is communicated via RF and if is disconnected due to some sort of internal errors, then reconnecting process may be time consuming.

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iv. The webcam used is capable of capturing video of only front & both side but not back side which may be dangerous.

APPLICATIONS

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11. APPLICATIONS

The SENSOR PANZER has varied applications in varied fields which are as follows

The panzer can be used for military purposes as suicide bombers, target detectors, and GPS jammers.

The suicide bombers are the panzers which are self blasting within a given time or deadline. This are built using normalized category of materials, While GPS jammers have been created (specifically by the government, military organizations and spy or privacy gadget companies), and most civilians do not have the technical capabilities to create their own home made device. It is much more difficult than just blocking a radio signal with basic radio interference.

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Most GPS Jammers are built for military uses, for instance, to confuse the enemy on where their exact location is or where the enemies GPS guided missiles or bombs will fall. However, there are a few civilian uses for jamming GPS signals including the ability to conceal oneself or one's vehicle in the case that it is being tracked by a GPS receiver.

It should be noted that most GPS jammers are illegal to build or use in many countries or localities due to the potential for misuse. For instance, a GPS jammer can confuse aircraft and other vehicle instruments, possibly causing mishaps. Some GPS jammers state that they are only for civilian GPS jamming only; however some military equipment, must first sign onto the civilian GPS radio frequency in order to gain access to the military GPS frequency.

The panzer has mining capability which eliminates the use of humans in high temperature and radioactive areas.

The panzer logic is used in RFPS (Radio Frequency positioning system) and anti-theft systems which is economical to use.

Its logic is implemented as FUZZY one so it is also implemented in wireless robotic field.

The panzer logic is implemented to use to control a luxury car via RF for commercial purpose

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FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS

12. FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS

To overcome the limitations, we have some future resolutions or simply as enhancements listed below

To cover a large distance, instead of using 433 MHz RF, we can use RF (radio frequency) of higher frequency for commercial purpose. It might also include a RFID tag & RFID reader.

For defense capability, it may include a GPS jammer which blocks the GPS signal of enemy so that it cannot trace its location in enemy area.

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Panzer can include more than one communicating device so that if one device gets damaged, the other would handle the communication with the operator.

Preventing from being reverse engineered, it can include a vibrating circuitry which gives a shock on even casual touch to its metal body in an enemy area.

This panzer when built with normalized category of materials can be used as suicide bombers which blast within a given deadline automatically.

The panzer may include radar system or RDF (range & direction finding) to locate the targets easily. It can determine the speed, direction & altitude of targets.

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Feasibility analysis

13. FEASIBILITY ANALYSISThe project is compared to some terms to conclude the feasibility

of corresponding project. These terms include- Cost Time

13.1 Cost FeasibilityThe cost analysis of our project is as follows:

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First going on cost as illustrated in table, it is concluded that our project goes to approximate around H 8250 which is feasible.

13.2 Time Feasibility

The time analysis of our project is as follows-

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DESCRIPTION QTY. PRICE (in Rs).Capacitor 18 45RESISTORS 6 12IC base 4 24PCB 2 150Wires 1 35Solder iron 1 25Cabinet 1 150motors 3 750Transmitter & Receiver 1 1200Microcontroller AT89C2051 2 150RS232 IC 2 30Inductor 2 15Rectifier 2 20Crystal 2 50RS232 connector 2 150Switch 2 8Antenna 2 100RS232 cable 1 50Adaptor 3 300Transistor 2 15Wireless camera 1 1500 RF module 1 3200Lead acetate battery 12V 1 270TOTAL 8250

SENSOR PANZER

Now from time feasibility table it is graphed that our project took around 7 months to complete which makes it feasible.

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Project milestones

14. PROJECT MILESTONES

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Wheels with chain Lead Acetate battery

Buzzer TV Tuner Box

Chassis below panel Chassis Upper panel

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Chassis below panel Receiver front panel

Receiver rear panel Transmitter front panel

Mounting of PCB and the components

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The final polish to PANZER

OUR DREAM CAME TO TRUE……

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References

15. References

15.1 Web references

www.vegarobokit.com www.8051.blogspot.com www.8052.com

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www.allaboutcircuit.com www.societyofrobots.com www.engineersedge.com

15.2 Book references

8051 controller - Mazidi Anatomy of robot - Bergren Handbook of robotics - springer Introduction to AI robotics - Murphy Sensor technology handbook – J.wilson UV Robotics magazine

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VICTORIES

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