sense reference

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Studies in Semantics Sense and Reference

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On Frege's Theory

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Page 1: Sense reference

Studies in Semantics

Sense and Reference

Page 2: Sense reference

The definition of sense:Sense is abstract and de-contextualized, and it refers to the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.

Sense is concerned only with intra-linguistic relations.

It is the collection of all the semantic features of the linguistic form.

Page 3: Sense reference

Examples:

Dog: domesticated canine mammal, occurring in many breeds showing great size, color, and form variety.

Desk: piece of furniture with a flat top and legs, used to read and write.

I: pronoun, indicating the speaker.

Page 4: Sense reference

The definition of reference:

Reference is what a linguistic form points to in the real world.

It deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the metalinguistic world of experience.

Page 5: Sense reference

Examples:

• “I am a PhD student.” “I” refers to Fadi Sukkari.

• “The door in this classroom is white.” “door” refers to the flat surface that separates our room from the corridor.

Page 6: Sense reference

Sense and Reference

are both parts of meaning

yet,

what relation

is there

between them?

Page 7: Sense reference

Sense vs. Reference:

1- A linguistic form with a unique sense may have different referents in different situations.

2- The same referent might be pointed to by numerous linguistic forms having different senses.

3- All linguistic forms have sense, but not necessarily reference.

Page 8: Sense reference

“A proper name (word or sign) expresses its sense, and designates its reference.” Frege, 1892.

Every expression has both a sense and a reference; actually, it denotes its reference, and expresses its sense.

Page 9: Sense reference

A- Sense many references

Page 10: Sense reference

“Our president is giving a speech.”

Page 11: Sense reference

Michel Sleiman

Page 12: Sense reference

François Hollande

Page 13: Sense reference

“Is there still any hot water?”

Page 14: Sense reference

Hot potable water.

Page 15: Sense reference

Hot water for a shower.

Page 16: Sense reference

B- Reference many senses

Page 17: Sense reference

1 →

2 →

3 →

4 →

Page 18: Sense reference

Bill’s wife.

Page 19: Sense reference

The winner of the Ohio elections.

Page 20: Sense reference

The Minister of Foreign affairs.

Page 21: Sense reference

Hillary Clinton!

Page 22: Sense reference

C- Sense no reference

Page 23: Sense reference

“A white unicorn is in my garden.”

Page 24: Sense reference
Page 25: Sense reference

But Unicorns Don’t Exist!

Page 26: Sense reference

D- Reference no sense ***

Page 27: Sense reference

? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Page 28: Sense reference

If you ignore what LITCHIES are,

then you have misseda really delicious

CHINESEFRUIT!

Page 29: Sense reference

The semiotic triangle

Page 30: Sense reference

“Ich bin ein Berliner”

I am a berliner

I am a Jelly doughnut

«Berliner» is polysemic and can denote more than one referent.

Page 31: Sense reference

a- The Siamese breed is a very healthy type of cat. (Declarative)

b- Semantics is so interesting! (Affective)

“The meaning of … a sentence is determined … by the meanings of its constituents. Semantics is primarily denotational … meanings are denotations of linguistic entities: the denotations of words are objects, while those of sentences are truth values.” Frege.

Page 32: Sense reference

Gottlob Frege 1848-1925

Page 33: Sense reference

Identity Puzzle

(3 x 4) (6 + 6)=

(3 x 4) = (6 + 6)

12

Page 34: Sense reference

The Planet Venus

1- The Morning Star

2- The Evening Star

“On Sense and Reference”; 1892

3- The Morning Star is the Morning Star.

4- The Morning Star is the Evening Star.

5- Lin believes that the Morning Star is Venus.

6- Lin believes that the Evening Star is Venus.