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Sensation and Perception
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Sensory Processes
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Sensory Processes
� You have trouble processing this because the normal shapes and boundaries of words and letters have been rearranged.
� If you actually read every word on every page of your textbook, it would take approximately eight hours to read a chapter!
� If we rearrange structure, it’s easier to read: TheCowGaveCola.
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Sensory Processes
.rat eht saw tac ehT
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Sensory Processes
� How many of you read, “The cat saw the rat”? What about, “The cat was the rat”?
� Sensation isn’t just physical, it’s also psychological. � “The cat was the tar.”
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� Sensation� Refers to how our sense receptors and nervous system
physically represent our external environment (bottom-up).
� Perception� How we mentally organize and interpret this
information (top-down).
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Sensory Awareness
� Absolute threshold� A level of sensory stimulation necessary for that
stimulation to register� Example:
� Vision- candle flame seen at 30 miles on a clear night� Hearing- tick of a watch under quiet conditions at 20 feet� Smell- 1 drop of perfume diffused into a three-room
apartment
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Sensory Awareness
� Adaptation� The gradual loss of attention to unneeded or unwanted
sensory information� Examples?
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Sensation
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Vision
� Dominant sense� Light
� Light originates from the sun or a light source as white light
� What we interpret as color is simply different light wavelengths
� We only see a small slice of the whole spectrum of electromagnetic rays
� Wavelength determines color (or hue)� Intensity determines brightness of a color
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Vision
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Vision
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Vision
� Cornea � The clear outer covering of the eye, behind which there
is fluid
� Iris� Colored circular muscle that opens and closes� Forms larger and smaller circles to control the amount
of light getting into the eye� Have you ever walked out of a dark theater?
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Vision
� Lens� Focuses the objects you see on to the back of the eye,
where there are receptors� If the lens isn’t shaped correctly, objects will blur� Eyeglasses change the angle as which the light hits the
lens, so they land properly on the receptors
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Vision
� Pupil� An opening that changes size as the iris muscles move
to cover and uncover the lens� Controlled by psychological factors
� Gets smaller if we’re disgusted� Gets larger if we see something we really like, or if there is
strong emotional arousal of any kind
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Vision
� Retina� When light entering
the eye hits the back of the eyeball, it hits the retina
� Blind spot- where the nerve cells leave the eye (optic nerve)
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Vision
� Rods and Cones� The retina is made of two types of receptors
� Rod- shaped like a rod � sensitive to violet-purple range of wavelengths, but we
only “see” black and white with them� We use these for night vision
� Cone- shaped like a cone� Used for color and daylight vision� Respond best to wavelengths in the red range� Located towards the center of a retina
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Vision
� Color Vision� All colors we see are red, blue, and green, or a mixture
of the three.
� Color Blindness� The inability to perceive certain colors, such as red or
green.
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Hearing
� We hear sound waves, much like we see light waves� Sounds vary in pitch, how high or low a sound is� Timbre refers to the complexity of a tone� Sounds vary in intensity, how loud they are
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Hearing
� Intensity is measured in decibels
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Hearing
� Eardrum� Piece of skin stretched tightly over the entrance to the
rest of the ear
� Cochlea� Snail-shaped part of the ear filled with fluid and small
hairs that vibrate to incoming sound
� Hair cells� Contain hairlike extensions called cilia that are tuned
to receive different frequencies
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Touch
� Our skin contains three types of cutaneous, or touch, receptors� Pressure� Changes in temperature� Injury or poison