SENSATIONSENSATION AND AND

PERCEPTIONPERCEPTION

SENSATIONSENSATIONIT IS AN EXPERIENCE WHEN OUR SENSE

ORGANS ARE STIMULATED

TWO ELEMENTS :TWO ELEMENTS :

STIMULUSSTIMULUS

RECEPTORRECEPTOR

STIMULUS SENSE ORGANS

SENSES RECEPTORS

LIGHTWAVES EYES VISION, SEEING RETINA

SOUNDWAVES EARS AUDITION, HEARING COCHLEA

AIR MOLECULES NOSE OLFACTORYSMELLING

HAIR CELLS LOCATED IN THE UPPER PART OF THE NOSE

CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES FROM FOOD

TONGUE GUSTATIONTASTING

TASTE BUDS

PAIN, PRESSURE,TEMPERATURETEXTURE

SKIN TACTILETOUCH

OUTERMOSE LAYER-DEAD CELLSMIDDLE LAYER-HAIR FOLLICLES

TRANSDUCTION ADAPTATION SENSATION AND PERCEPTION

A process in which a sense organ changes or transforms physical energy into electrical signals that become neural impulses, which may be sent to the brain for processing.

It refers to the decreasing response of sense organs;

Sensation is not usually noticed because the brain immediately changes sensation into perception

perceptionInterpretation of transformed sensory experienceInto neural impulse

The eyes receive the light waves, which

are forms of electromagnetic

Energy. These vary in wavelengths

Visible spectrum is one

particular segment of

electromagnetic energy we can see because

these waves are the right length

to stimulate receptors in the

eye.

Three coats of the eye:

1.Sclerotic Coat – the outermost covering of the eye serves as the the protective layer.2. Choroid Coat (Vasculat) – rich in blood vessels and contains the Color of the eye.

The Light Sensitive Cells are called:

Rods – shaped like cylinders and sensitive only to light and during “twilight vision”

Cones- are concial or tapered in shape and most sensitive to color and to light of normal intensity.

Cornea- rounded,

transparent, covering

over the front of

your eye.

Lens-transparent,

oval structure attached to

muscles that adjust focusing.

Pupil Round opening at

the front of your eye that allows light

waves to pass into the eye

interior.

iris Circular muscle that surrounds the pupil

and controls the size of the pupil. It

contains the pigment that gives color

Vitreous humorContains fluid

which are refracted, keeping the round form of

theEyeball.

Blindspot

Area where nerve fibers from all over the eye

converge to form an optic nerve.

Optic nerve

CARRIES THE IMPULSES TO THE BRAIN.

VISUAL

DEFECTS

NEARSIGHTEDNESS (MYOPIA)EYEBALL IS TOO LONG AND OBJECTS ARE FOCUSED ATA POINT SLIGHTLY IN FRONT OF THE RETINA.

VISUAL

DEFECTS

FARSIGHTEDNESS (HYPEROPIA)EYEBALL IS TOO SHORT AND OBJECTS ARE FOCUSED ATA POINT SLIGHTLY BEHIND THE RETINA.

VISUAL

DEFECTS

OLDSIGHTEDNESS (PRESBYOPIA)

A CONDITION BROUGHT BY THE HARDENING OF THE LENS BECAUSE OF AGE.

VISUAL

DEFECTS

ASTIGAMTISM

THE CORNEA BECOMES

IRREGULAR, CAUSING DISTORTION ON THE

IMAGE ON THE RETINA. CLEAR

VISION IN ONE EYE BUT UNFOCUSED IN

THE OTHER

VISUAL

DEFECTS

DIPLOPIA(DOUBLE VISION)

CAUSED BY MUSCULAR

IMBALANCE, WHICH PERMITS LIGHT

REFLECTED FROM ONE POINT TO FALL

ON THE CORRESPONDING

RECEPTORS IN THE TWO RETINA.

VISUAL

DEFECTS

COLOR BLIND

THE INABILITY TO DISTINGUISH TWO OR MORE COLOR SHADES IN THE COLOR

SYSTEM.

VISUAL

DEFECTS

1, MONOCHROMATS

TOTAL COLOR BLINDNESS. THE PERSON SEES THE WORLD LIKE BLACK AND WHITE MOVIES.

VISUAL

DEFECTS

2. DICHROMATS

TROUBLE DISTINGUISHING

RED FROM GREEN BECAUSE

SUFFERERS HAVE ONLY TWO

CONES.

SOUNDWAVES THE STIMULUS FOR AUDITION

The human ear is divided

into three parts: the

outer ear, the middle ear,

and the inner ear.

The outer ear includes the visible part of the ear

that is attached to the side of the head

and the ear canal.

The eardrum separates the outer ear from the middle ear, which is an air-filled

cavity. Inside this cavity are tiny bones that vibrate when sound waves pass

through them. These bones help send sound into the inner

ear.

THE THREE BONSES ARE:

THE MALLEUS - HAMMER

THE INCUS - ANVILTHE STAPES – STIRRUP

The inner ear contains an organ that

helps you keep your balance and another

organ that passes sound waves to the

brain.

TYMPANIC MEMBRANE- DIVIDES THE

OUTER EAR FROM THE MIDDLE EAR. THIS IS KNOWN AS

THE EARDRUM

THE INNER EAR CONTAINS TWO

MAIN STRUCTURES THAT ARE SEATED

IN BONY CAVITIES: THE COCHLEA WHICH

IS INVOLVED IN HEARING AND VESTIBULAR

SYSTEM WHICH IS INVOLVED IN BALANCE.

NOSE

OLFACTION IS CALLED A CHEMICAL SENSE.

UPPER PART OF THE NOSE HAS A SMALLAREA THAT CONTAINS RECEPTOR CELLSFOR OLFACTION.

OLFACTORY CELLS –

RECEPTORS FOR SMELLWHICH ARE LOCATED

INTO ONE-INCH SQUARE

PATCHES OF TISSUE IN

THEUPPERMOST

PART OF THE NASAL

PASSAGE.

OLFACTORY CELLS ARE COVERED

WITH MUCUS, A THICK

GLUEY FILM INTO WHICH VOLATILE MOLECULES DISSOLVE.

TONGUE

STIMULI ARE CHEMICALS

CARRIED BY THE FOOD WE INTAKE

RECEIVED BY RECEPTORS

CALLED TASTE BUDS.

AS YOU TAKE FOOD, ITS CHEMICALS WHICH

ARE STIMULI FOR TASTE, BREAK DOWN INTO MOLECULES

AND MIX IT WITH SALIVAAND RUN DOWN INTO NARROW TRENCHES ON THE SURFACE OF

THE TONGUE. ONCE INSIDE THE TRENCHES, THE MOLECULES STIMULATE THE

TASTE BUDS.

TASTE BUDS, SHAPEDLIKE IMMATURE

ONIONS- RECEPTORS FOR TASTE. CHEMICALS

DISSOLVED IN THE SALIVA ACTIVATE THE TASTE BUDS WHICH PRODUCES NERVE

IMPULSES

SKINBODY’S LARGEST

ORGAN.

THE OUTERMOST LAYER OF THE SKIN IS A THIN FILM OFDEAD CELLS CONTAINING RECEPTORS.

IMMEDIATELY BELOW THE DEAD LAYERS ARE THE FIRST RECEPTORS, WHICK LOOK LIKE GROUPS OFTHREAD-LIKE EXTENSIONS

IN THE MIDDLE AND FATTY LAYERS OF THE SKIN ARE VARIETIES OF RECEPTORS WITH DIFFERENT SHAPES AND FUNCTIONS.

STIMULI OF SKIN ARE:

PRESSURETEMPERATURE

PAINTEXTURE