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Senior Thesis
Final Report
The Calvert Hall College High School
By
John Graef
Construction Management
Project Team
Structural
The Calvert Hall College High School The New Academic Building Towson, Maryland
Project Statistics
New Academic Building: 2.5 Million Dollars Serves as an Addition to Existing School Building Size: 40,000 Square Feet 4 Story Building, 3 Stories Above Ground Constructions Date: July 2003 - September 2004
Architect: Gaudreau Construction Manager: Struever Bros. Civil: Century Engineering Mechanical: Century Engineering Structure: Century Engineering Owner: Calvert Hall College High School Project Manger: Bill Reed
Lighting / Electrical
Size: 480/277 V, 1600 Ampere 3 Phase – 4 Wire Lighting Manufactures: Columbia, Prescolite,
Lightolier, Alera, etc. Emergency Lighting Units
Mechanical
H.V.A.C System V.A.V Box with electric reheat Hydraulic Elevator Automatic Sprinkler System
Architecture
The New Academic Building will allow for new English Department, Class Rooms, Television Studio, Computer Application Labs, Library, Media Center, Art Center, and Conference Rooms. Renovation of the old building will allow for a Remodeled Gymnasium, new wrestling room, Academic Department Offices, Language Lab, and six additional Class Rooms.
John Graef - Construction ManagementSenior Thesis: www.arche.psu.edu/thesis/2005/jmg359
Foundation: Slab-on-Grade, Drilled Piers: (Caissons)
Structural: Structural Steel - Columns Beams, Girders.
Metal Decking: Non-Composite Decking Bracing: Lateral Bracing Engineered Masonry
Table of Contents
Executive Summary-------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
Acknowledgements--------------------------------------------------------------------------------2
Building introduction------------------------------------------------------------------------------3
Proposal letter---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9
Thesis Introduction---------------------------------------------------------------------------------13
Analysis I - The effectiveness of 3D modeling and 4-D modeling--------------------------15
Analysis II Safety Guild line----------------------------------------------------------------------24
Analysis III LEEDtm rated design----------------------------------------------------------------41
Thesis Research ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------55
AutoCAD drawings ------------------------------------------------------------------- Appendix A
VIS Model-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Appendix B
4-D Model-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Appendix C
John Graef Construction Management Option The Calvert Hall College High School 4/7/2005
Senior Thesis E-mail: [email protected] www.arch.psu.edu/thesis/2005/jmg359 Page - 1 -
Executive Summary
The following report is a complete work of my thesis in the field of Architectural Engineering. This thesis is focused on the construction methodology on the Calvert Hall project located in Towson MD. My complete thesis report is focused on three different purposed analyses. Each analysis will focuses on research, developing methods, value engineering, constructability review, and schedule reduction. Analysis I
The depth of my thesis focuses on the effectiveness of 3D AutoCAD and 4D modeling. I completed a 3D model of the Calvert Hall project. I imported the AutoCAD file into Common Point and VIS. I constructed a 4D model that is based on a constructed construction schedule. I used this model to analyze the construction sequence and drew conclusions based on my findings. Included in my report is a AutoCAD model of the Calvert Hall project and a complete model created in VIS. You will also find a 4D model that was created in Common Point. This model will illustrate my findings.
Analysis II The breath of my senior thesis is focus on creating a construction safety plan for the Calvert Hall project. This safety plan will be based on common hazards related to construction. Methods of identifying and eliminating dangers are out-lined in my proposal. Industry construction safety standards and safety methods are explained in detail. My findings directly influence my safety plan. Analysis III The second breath of my senior thesis is focused on building Calvert Hall High School to become a LEEDtm certified building. I explained the reasoning for building LEEDtm rated. I reviewed all 69 points and determined which points are possible points. I looked deeper into points that deal directly with construction issues. I drew conclusions based on my findings. Included is a complete LEEDtm checklist
John Graef Construction Management Option The Calvert Hall College High School 4/7/2005
Senior Thesis E-mail: [email protected] www.arch.psu.edu/thesis/2005/jmg359 Page - 2 -
Acknowledgements
I would like to take this opportunity to express my thanks to Kevin Parfitt and
other members of the AE faculty for supporting me with the resources, education and
tools that aloud me to complete my senior thesis. I would like to give special thanks to
my project sponsor Bill Reed for providing me with a building and technical support
throughout my thesis. I would like to thank Dave Lattero for his insight on the Center of
Sustainability. I would like to show gratitude to my friends and fellow students for
supporting me throughout college. Finally, I would like to thank my family for
supporting my goals throughout my education here at the Pennsylvania State University.
John Graef Construction Management Option The Calvert Hall College High School 4/7/2005
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Building Introduction
Senior Thesis
Calvert Hall College High School IN
Towson, MD 8102 LaSalle Road
Baltimore, MD 21286
John Graef Construction Management Option The Calvert Hall College High School 4/7/2005
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Occupant: High School Students Function: High School Building size: 40,000 sq ft Number of stories: four stories Construction Dates: July 2003-September 2004 Site information:
The Calvert Hall College High School is located north of Baltimore in a town called Towson. The New Academic addition was built near two older buildings that are on the site. One building is the Gym/Pool building and the other building has offices, classes, etc. The New Academic Building is an addition to the Calvert Hall College High School and is necessary because of space issues. This addition will be completely separate from any other building. This site has one driveway/parking that exists. A second temporary road was built to help with construction traffic. A loop was added to the driveway to service the New Academic Building. A pond exists on the site to hold rain water and runoff.
Occupancy: Calvert Hall College High School is a private school for Catholic men. This
building is an addition to the school and acts as the New Academic Building. It will open up space in the other two buildings. A Library, Media Center, four Computer Labs, LaSalle Program Center, and the McMullen Center will be moved from the Keelty Hall Building to the New Academic Building. The Academic Resource Center and the Art Center will be moved from the Pool Building. The addition will add to the schools resources with more conference rooms, classrooms, offices, and a television studio. Relocating of these areas will open up new space in the old buildings. The extra space will allow for Department Offices, Language Lab, Classrooms, and Administrative Offices. The extra space in the pool area is to be used for a second gymnasium.
John Graef Construction Management Option The Calvert Hall College High School 4/7/2005
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Primary Project Team
Gaudreau Inc - http://www.gaudreauinc.com/
810 Light Street
Baltimore, Maryland 21230
Century Engineering- http://www.centuryeng.com/
32-a west road
Towson, Maryland 21204
Struever Bros. Eccles and Rouse. (SBE&R) - http://www.sber.com/
Joy Building at Tide Point
1040 Hull Street, Suite 200
Baltimore, Maryland 21230
Contact: Bill Reed (PM)
Owner: Calvert Hall High School
John Graef Construction Management Option The Calvert Hall College High School 4/7/2005
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Architecture Calvert Hall is designed by Gaudreau Architects and is a modern addition to the
school. The building fits effectively with the other two buildings and the site. The Academic Building is a nice addition to the school. The addition has an unusual curve wall that gives the building a unique look. The new additions exterior is made of glass, CMU, and brick. The floor is made many tiled and they used a reflective ceiling plain. The New Academic Building will Help “bridge” the old two building together.
Project Delivery Method Century Engineering is a General Contractor, Construction Manager and Design-Bid-Builder. Struever Bros Eccles and Rouse are the construction managers of the project. SBE&R hold the Contracts with the sub-contractors. They have a contract with the owner and the architect. SBE&R in-house some of the work and sub-contract out the rest. They manage the contracts and report to owner and architect.
John Graef Construction Management Option The Calvert Hall College High School 4/7/2005
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Systems Analysis
Structure Structural Steel, brick walls, engineered masonry, light gauge metal framing, metal decking superstructure concrete
Mechanical system HVAC
Electrical
The Calvert hall College High School building has a standard 480/277 V, 1600 Ampere system. The electrical system 3 phase – 4 wire. The electricity will be supplied from an underground 6-way concrete encased duct bank. The power will go to the mechanical room and will be distributed to the rest of the building from there.
Lighting
The building is equipment with an emergency lighting system. The system will automatically react to a power outage or a buildings emergency. The architect designs the schools lights to be primarily fluorescent lights with a reflective ceiling plan.
Mechanical
The building temperature and humidity is controlled using a HVAC system with VAV boxes. The system was designed to handle 1,600,000 cubic feet. The system has controls in each room. The 3rd floor HVAC system has additional equipment to handle the shop room and the art studio. The 3rd floors air filtration unit is a 3 stage fan unit that can control gas, dirt, odor and dust.
Structural
The foundation is slab-on-grade concrete and drilled piers. 4 story structural columns with a non-composite metal decking system. Steel concentrically braced frames and intermediate moment frames. The design for the structure is in accordance with IBC-2000
John Graef Construction Management Option The Calvert Hall College High School 4/7/2005
Senior Thesis E-mail: [email protected] www.arch.psu.edu/thesis/2005/jmg359 Page - 8 -
Construction The construction started July 2003 and finished September 2004. The building is 40,000 sq ft, 4 stories high, and 3 stories above grade. The New Academic building construction is managed by SBE&R.
Fire Protection
The school has an automatic sprinkler system. Dry standpipes are also located in the stairwells to help firemen guarantee water.
Transportation
A hydraulic elevator is located near the center of the building. Two stairwells are located on both sides of the building. A central hall loops around the building. A cover walkway links the buildings together.
Telecommunication
The New Academic addition has a T.V. studio. The school will be hooked up to telephones, high speed internet, and satellite dishes.
John Graef Construction Management Option The Calvert Hall College High School 4/7/2005
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Thesis Proposal For the highlight of my senior thesis I propose to study three different topics and relate them to the Calvert Hall project. The first topic I would like to study in-depth is safety policies. I would also like to study the effectiveness of 4D modeling. Along with a quick breath into LEEDtm rated design. I expect that I will learn a lot about important issues in industry. I also want to study Penn States Center of Sustainability. I will include this into my LEEDth design work.
4-D cad (depth) • Study the effectiveness of 4-D modeling with schedules • Master 3-D cad and Common Point skills
Safety policies(breath)
• Safety policies • Out-line a safety policy
LEEDTM rated design (breath)
• To learn about LEEDtm rated design • Apply these principles to Calvert Hall project
On a side note I would like to study The Penn States Center of Sustainability. I will include this in my LEEDTM section. My friend Dave Lettero runs the site and would be a good contact for me to consult.
Description 1 2 3 4 Total
Safety policies 20 20 40 4-D cad 20 15 35 Lead rated design
10 15 25
Total 30 15 20 35 100%
1. Research or Developing Methods Study 2. Value Engineering Analysis 3. Constructability Review 4. Schedule Reduction / Acceleration Proposal
John Graef Construction Management Option The Calvert Hall College High School 4/7/2005
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Analysis I Aim
I want to study the effectiveness of 4-D modeling with scheduling coordination. 4-D modeling I feel can be a powerful tool in the construction field. Mistakes that are in a schedule will pop-out in a 4-D model. I will make a 4-D model of the Calvert Hall project. I make this model to see if I can save time on the schedule. Purpose The purpose of studying 4-D modeling is that I can learn how to identify problems in the scheduling and correct them while in the pre-construction phase. I will also look for ways to speed up the schedule. The industry is moving towards 3-D cad and 4-d modeling because they have been proven to work. Methodology I made a 3-D model of the Calvert Hall project so that I can import it into Common Point. Then use the 4-D model to analyze the sequence of the schedule. At this point I will be able to clearly see the building being built. Using this 4-D model I will analyze the construction schedule. I will look for ways to increase the schedule and analysis this with the 4-D model. Expected outcomes I expect that I will be able to clearly show a 4-D model for the Calvert Hall project. I expect that the model will tell me a great deal about the construction schedule. I will be able to identify problems hidden in the schedule. From the constructed model I will look for ways to save time during construction.
John Graef Construction Management Option The Calvert Hall College High School 4/7/2005
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Analysis II Aim For my senior thesis research I propose to study construction safety policies and the impact it will have with an additional focus on OSHA construction safety program. I will then create a safety program and apply it to the Calvert Hall Project. Safety is a significant issue on modern construction sites and is a topic that will be important in my career. Purpose The purpose in studying safety policies is to become more familiar with construction safety. Construction is known to be one of the more hazardous occupations. Because the challenges that construction worker must face, OSHA is involved often. They offer a 10 hour construction safety course. Understanding the program will help me make important safety decision and perhaps save a future employer from getting fines. Methodology In order to understand the basic principles of construction safety I will study safety programs. I will look at how SBE&R handled safety on the Calvert Hall project. I will also compare this safety program with OSHA safety program. OSHA safety program includes issues on electrical safety, fall protection, excavation, cranes, materials handling, storage use, disposal, tool, personal protective equipment, scaffolds, stairway and ladders. I will apply these ideas to The Calvert Hall College High School project. I will understand management issues that are involved with a safety program. Expected outcomes I will understand how to manage a safe construction site. Furthermore, I will be able to identify an unsafe situation. I will understand the cost of a good safety program compared to a bad safety program. I will also understand construction safety rules.
John Graef Construction Management Option The Calvert Hall College High School 4/7/2005
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Analysis III Aim I propose to design Calvert Hall College High School to be a LEEDtm certified green building. I will study all 69 possible LEEDtm points and evaluate which points are possible to get. I will study the extra cost of each point I am able to obtain. I will then justify the building cost vs. the lifecycle cost. Purpose To understand LEEDtm rated design and the idea of sustainable design. I will look into each point and understand what is needed for cost and construction. I will understand how points help the building be sustainable. Methodology Using a LEEDtm rated checklist I will evaluate each point. I will look at the costs that are associated with that point and also any additional construction cost. I will study the possibility to gain a point with little extra expense. I will justify each point I received in terms of expense. Expected outcomes I will be able to justify a LEEDtm certified building. I will understand the extra cost and timing issues that are associated with a LEED point. I will understand the buildings cost vs. the lifecycle cost.
John Graef Construction Management Option The Calvert Hall College High School 4/7/2005
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Thesis Introduction
The Calvert Hall New Academic Building was constructed by SBE&R
Construction Company. The project was a 40,000 SQ FT, 4 story building that will
house new classrooms, offices, and other academic areas. The project started on July
2003 and was ready for occupancy in September 2004
Introduction
The main focus of my senior thesis is an in depth study of the effectiveness of 4-D
modeling. The forth dimension is of course the time aspect. I created a 3-D model using
auto cad 2005. This model will be used to import into auto desk VIS and Common Point.
Using these programs creates a 4-D model that can be used to study many different
aspects.
Problem Statement
As true for most schools, construction can cause distractions and construction
dangers for the student, teacher, and other faculty alike. Most schools prefer that the
construction be done during the summer months when possible to minimize construction
distraction and construction dangers. Likewise, the construction companies also prefer to
do work in the summer since the students are not there and the work can be done without
interruption. Schools usually will want to have the construction done by the first day of
John Graef Construction Management Option The Calvert Hall College High School 4/7/2005
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class. During the construction efforts must be made to complete most of the loud and
dangerous actives during the summer months while the students are not there.
Solution Overview
In order to look for area to fast-track the project during critical periods in the
schedule a 4-D model will be constructed. This 4-D model will be used to visually see
the construction progress. At this point a study is conducted to look for loud and
hazardless actives. With the 4-D model, results of fast-tracking critical actives will
clearly be seen. This model will help to insure that the distracting and dangerous work is
done during the summer months.
Project Criteria
The project criteria is to insure that the project is done with high quality. Certain
activities will be done over the summer months to minimize the construction distractions
and to reduce dangers that are associated with critical activities.
Conclusions
A 4-D model is an effective tool for many aspects of both the design and
construction process. Using 4-D models can clearly illustrate the sequence of activities.
Although creating a 3-D model can be time consuming it may save a lot of time and
money in the future. My conclusion is that 4-D modeling will become the industry
standard. Many times problems will ‘pop up’ and clearly be seen using a 4-D model.
John Graef Construction Management Option The Calvert Hall College High School 4/7/2005
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The effectiveness of 3D modeling and 4-D modeling Sep-by-step walk through of methodology 3-D CAD
The depth of my study is an analysis of the Calvert Hall project with a 4-D model.
The first step I took was creating an exact scaled 2-D model of the Calvert Hall project.
Despite my effort I was not able to get the 2-D model provided in an Auto cad format.
Since I am experienced with 2-D cad, the drawings do not cause any problems. They
were only time consuming. The next step consisted of constructing a 3D model. I had to
fight the learning curve with the 3-D model. Having never used 3-D Cad it slowed my
progress down. However, with hard work an exact scaled model of my building was
created. I found AutoCAD to be a very powerful program. The 3-D capabilities are
endless. I now understand the program better and could create a 3-D model in half the
time. It can be hard to think 3-D when you’re working with a 2D drawing. With
AutoCAD I am able to view the building at any angle. Turn off different layers and view
what you need to look at. In my model I look at a couple different parts of the building.
I completed the 3-D floor plain of all 4 floors in an exact scale. I included all doors and
windows in each floor. I drew the area in which excavation will occur. I included the
foundation. At this point I split the foundation into 3 different zones. I also included
every column and I-beam in the entire building. I included all four floors and the roof.
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At this point any mistakes with the drawing were easily seen. I realized that my second
floor had a mistake in the drawling. This mistake was easily seen since I had a column in
the middle of the hall. Building the 3-D model helped me think about how I was to plan
the construction sequence. When I completed the entire 3-D model it looked extremely
professional. The possibilities of AutoCAD are amazing. The time I spent working on
the 3D model was worth the final model. Having a good 3D model is important. Once I
start to import into other programs. After working on the model, I have a very good idea
on how I will construct the Calvert Hall project. Looking at the model I started figuring
out what was needed to build Calvert Hall project. I then divide each floor into 3 different
layers. Each layer will be a construction sequence. At this point, I estimated the time it
would take to construct each different section. The final 3-D drawing contains a total of
85 different layers.
I found that AutoCAD is an extremely helpful tool. I believe that the industry
will move towards 3-D modeling. Each year programs are getting faster, more powerful,
and more user friendly. AutoCAD itself has come a long way since I first learned it. I
truly believe that the industry will move toward 3-D models. This will happen the same
way that the industry moved from hand-drafting to AutoCAD. As new technology is
created the industry will use it to produce more reliable drawings. An additional
advantage is that AutoCAD files are also able to be exported into other programs.
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There are other programs for 3D modeling. Before I started any work I compared
Form-Z to Auto Cad. Form-Z also produces nice models. This program is a popular
program among the architecture students. This program is considered a user-friendly
program. Although it produces nice models, that is as far as I could go with that
program. Many other programs have understood that AutoCAD is the industry standard
and have developed there programs to accept AutoCAD drawing. For example, I am able
to import my 3-D drawing into other helpful programs. I have exported work from the
Calvert hall AutoCAD file to both VIS and Common Point. I could not use any other
program besides AutoCAD because my final goal for my senior depth is to produce a 4D
model.
The need for 3D AutoCAD for the construction company
Sometime 3-D models are not created by the architect. In this case the construction companies may need to create there own 3-D model. Appendix A View my complete set of 2-D drawings View my complete set of 3-D drawings
John Graef Construction Management Option The Calvert Hall College High School 4/7/2005
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VIS I imported my 3-D drawing into VIS. This program is a harder program to use.
This program is also a powerful program. I created a 4-D model in VIS. In order to
make my drawing look correct I need to make each normal facing the correct direction. I
then applied materials to the layers to increase the visual aspect. I included the landscape
and put in all the doors and windows. I imported the buildings location on the earth
surface in to VIS. This program allowed me to do a very quick day lighting analysis on
how the building will be affected by the sun. This is not, however, a lighting program. It
does give a good idea of the light and shadows. I then took a virtual tour around the
building. This will show better coronation space with construction active.
My original plain for VIS was to create a 4-D model that will be able to illustrate
the construction sequence. While this is possible, to create such a model, it is time
consuming. In my depth, I need a 4D model to study the schedule. This 4D model needs
to be able to be changed quickly. At this point I knew that I needed to use Common
Point to create my 4D model. Once a model is done in common point it can be imported
to VIS. This, however, will not provide any help with scheduling. My results at first
disappointed me. I was hopping to create a 4D model that looked at the construction
sequence. But all was not loss. I ended up with a complete model in VIS.
Appendix B View my complete model in VIS View the Daylight model in VIS
John Graef Construction Management Option The Calvert Hall College High School 4/7/2005
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Schedule I was given a schedule for the Calvert Hall Project. This schedule is not any use for me because I started a new one based on a handful of items. My thesis is based on building a construction schedule. I used Common Point to make my schedule. View the complete schedule
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John Graef Construction Management Option The Calvert Hall College High School 4/7/2005
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4-D drawing
To construct the Calvert hall building in a 4D model I used the program Common
Point. Common Point allows me to import from auto cad. Common Point will also
import files from Primavera. This program is easy to use. This was the first time I
worked with this program and only had a couple of problems. To start, I import my 3D
drawing to Common Point. I then assigned each layer to the schedule. Since I do not
have a schedule in Primavera, I constructed my own. I then build Calvert Hall on the
program. Building the schedule is very hard to do. I had to figure out how long each
step would take. I was very careful to make sure the dangerous activities did not happen
during other activities. I looked for the most logical way to build this building. On this
program, I could easily see how the building is being put together. I can see which
activities are in process and which activities are finished. I can also see any milestones in
the project. I determined early starts and late finishes.
Appendix C View my complete 4D – model in Common Point
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I constructed a 4D model that is based on 63 different activities. The entire 4-D
model has the following construction activities; excavation, foundation, columns, I-
beams, concrete floors, roof, and outside walls. The entire project started on 7/2/2003
and the project ends on 12/30/03. The building will need to have temporary heat for
curing concrete. All concrete work after October 24 will need to have temporary heat. I
used these calculations to construct a 4D model. I wanted to complete the crane activities
before the start of the school year. I found that this in not possible unless a second cairn
is brought in. The time vs. cost for a second crane is too expensive. With a second crane
the steel would go up almost twice as fast. The crane would also be used half as long.
But there is still the cost of setting up and taking down both cranes. The second crane
will also create more dangers. This will complex the matter since the point of fast-
tracking would be to minimize the construction dangers during the school year.
Assumptions That there are no problems with excavation No days off for holidays The work week is 7 days a week A work day is 8 hours No rebar installed in the concrete Formwork is reused One crane is used Roof is treated same as all the floors Set-up and take-down time for the crane is not included
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Schedule estimate Concrete A 3 days early finish 5 days late finish Concrete B 3 days early finish 6 day late finish Concrete C 3 days early finish 5 day late finish Column A 2 days early finish 6 day late finish Column B 2days early finish 6 day late finish Column C 2days early finish 6 day late finish I Beam A 3days early finish 5 days late finish I Beam B 3days early finish 6 days late finish I Beam C 3 days early finish 5 days late finish I Beam A2 4 days early finish 6 days late finish I Beam B2 4 days early finish 6 days late finish I Beam C2 4 days early finish 6 days late finish Outside Wall 25 days early finish 33 day late finish
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A proposed Safety Guild Line program for the Calvert Hall Project
In the United States each year an average of 6,000 workplace fatalities occur. A
grand total of 50,000 deaths are caused by work-place illnesses and an additional 5.7
million non-fatal injuries costing the United States, each year, over 125 billion dollars. In
each minute in a 40 hour workweek, 50 people are injured at work. 17 out of 50 workers
die. It is always important to remember that an accident has two costs. Direct and
indirect. Direct is the cost of the accident. Indirect is the cost of loss wages, moral,
insurances, etc. In order to create a safety management program a well organized safety
team is needed. My safety plan is based on falling, struck by, caught in/between, and
electrocuted. OSHA reports that those are the 4 major causes of accidents. My breath
will apply the following hazards. Safety management, cranes, electrical safety,
excavation, tool and equipment, scaffolds, and fall protection.
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Safety Management
A good management program is the key to running a safe construction
project. My management program will provide leadership for its employees. It
will focus on employee involvement and training. During this project both the
employees and other occupants will need to have full access to safety resources.
Management will provide motivation for a safe work place.
Since the Calvert Hall project has more then 11 employees records must
be kept about injuries. This also means the OSHA posters must be displayed at
the Calvert Hall jobsite. If an accident does happen that causes a death or
hospitalization then the accident must be reported to OSHA. This is true only for
3 or more employees. If one of these accidents happens the employer must post
the citation where it occurred. The safety management program will work with
consultation assistance. The consultation does not cost anything for smaller
employers. Consultation assistance gives the employer the chance to work with
OSHA on safety issues. If violations are spotted during the project, the employer
has the chance to fix the error. Of course, if the employer does not comply fines
will be issued.
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Cranes
A large safety factor at the Calvert Hall project is the use of a crane. The project
will need a crane during steel erection. According to OSHA , the 4 major causes of crane
accidents are contact with power lines, overturns, falls, and mechanical failures. It is
important for a project to have a proper safety management program to identify the main
reason for cranes accidents. The first major cause of accidents is instability. Instability is
usually caused by an unsecured load or a load that exceeds the crane capacity. The next
major reason is either a lack of proper communication or improper training. The finial
major cause of cranes related accidents is poor maintenance and inspection.
OSHA’s list of common Crane Hazards
• Improper load rating • Excessive speeds • No hand signals • Inadequate inspection and maintenance • Unguarded parts • Unguarded swing radius • Working too close to power lines • Improper exhaust system • Shattered windows • No step/guardrails walkways • No boom angle indicator • Not using outriggers
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Construction safety Management
During the Calvert Hall project the first step to organization safety with cranes is
to make sure that the occupants of the jobsite are aware of crane activities. Awareness
can reduce the dangers of cranes activities. Make sure that the crane is level before each
and every use. Checks need to be made frequently to insure that the crane is level. The
crane will need to have appropriate maintenance to insure the crane is working properly.
Insure that the crane is able to handle the loads. Never assume; always determine the
crane capacities and limitations. Always be aware of nearby power-lines and understand
the voltage so that a safety measures can be established to insure that the crane does not
come close to hitting any power lines. Knowing the jobsite restrictions is critical to
managing a safe construction site. A major jobsite restriction is the soil type and the
wind loads. Barricades should be used to restrict the swing radius of the crane and a
proper safe place should be located to store materials.
Never use equipment that needs to be fixed or repaired
The crane operator needs to be able to view certain information about the cranes.
This information includes rated load capacities, operating speeds, special hazard warning
and instruction. It is important to refer to the shipping tickets and other documentation.
The lift calculations should be checked to insure that they are correct. Compare the loads
John Graef Construction Management Option The Calvert Hall College High School 4/7/2005
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and make sure that they fall with-in the chart rating. Always keep in mind center of
gravity, leverage, stability, and structural integrity.
Factors that limited the crane load
• Wind • Side loads • Wheels • Lifting over the side • Extensions, jibs, and other attachments • The strength of the wire rope, slings and lifting devices
Stay 10ft away form power lines This hand signals sign posted must be displayed at the job site.
John Graef Construction Management Option The Calvert Hall College High School 4/7/2005
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Construction Safety At the Calvert hall project people are never to stand under a suspended dead load.
Always make sure that a boom angle indicator is on the cranes. The crane needs to be on
a supporting surface and the crane also needs to be level with-in 1 percent. The air
pressure needs to be checked in the crane and the tires (if any).
Training
Operators must be qualified for the crane that is being used. The employer must
insure that the operator has on-the-job training.
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Electrical Safety Electrocution is a cause of a total 12% of workplace deaths in the United States.
It is always important to remember that not much electricity is needed to cause harm or
even death. There are two types of electrical injuries. The first is direct electrical
injuries. This includes electrical shock burns, and death. The other is indirect electrical
injuries. This is included falling.
Controlling Electrical Dangers
To control or minimized electrical dangers measure should be taken. All breaker
boxes need to be covered to prevent electrocution. Guard and barriers need to be set up
to avoid accidental contact. If any equipment uses 50 volts or more it needs to be
guarded against to prevent injuries. Protective conductors are needed for cabinets, boxes,
and fitting since you can not see when something is energized.
Overhead power lines are not insulated
The basic rule of thumb is to stay at least 10 feet away from power lines. Any
items that are energized should have warnings posted. In general, workers should all
assume that the power lines are alive. All workers need to have special training to work
on electrical lines.
John Graef Construction Management Option The Calvert Hall College High School 4/7/2005
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Conmen causes of electrical accidents
• Missing plastic and/or robber coverings • Damaged tools or wires • All flexible cords are not protected or hidden • Frequently inspection are not done • GRCI is not used- GRCI is able to shut off in 1/40th of a second • Equipment errors in core settings or equipment connections • Visual inspection are not done • Too many different things plugged in • Tool/Equipment not working properly • Insulation starts to melt which could cause a fire
Common safety methods of control Automatic shut-off devices GFCI’s Fuses Circuit breakers Tool safety tips Wear gloves - rubber insulated Proper footwear - rubber insulated Keep dry High-quality Light Never carry tools by the cord Unplug gently Keep cord away from heat, oil, and sharp edges Safety-related construction Use barriers and guards to block off hazardous areas to avoid workers from
electrocution. All work needs to be planed and warnings need to be posted. The working
space needs to be kept clean and orderly. Proper planning needs to be complete.
Equipment needs to be lock-out and tag-out. A dry area is essential for electrical work.
John Graef Construction Management Option The Calvert Hall College High School 4/7/2005
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Excavation
The biggest risk for excavation is a cave-in. Other risks include asphyxiation,
toxic materials, fire, access/egress, falls, mobile equipment and hitting a utility line. In
general excavation is a hazardous construction active. It is important to note that most
accidents happen between 5 to 15ft. One of the dangers about excavation is usually there
is no warning before a cave-in happens.
Water can cause dangerous conditions Construction management requirements for a protective system
Because certain toxic gas like CO weighs more then air the excavation needs to be
tested for air quality. Correct slopes along with a correct support system are critical to
having a safety protective system. OSHA provides a table for shoring and should be
strictly used. OSHA also requires that proper handling, installation, and removal occurs
when construction a shoring system. To insure safety barricade/fences need to be in
place so that people and things don’t fall in. Always keep spoils at least 2 ft from the
excavation. Make sure that there is no runoff due to the spoils. Any excavation deeper
then 4ft must have ether a stairway or a ladder. And in cases where the excavation
requires a stairway then it must be located with-in 25ft of the workers.
John Graef Construction Management Option The Calvert Hall College High School 4/7/2005
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Basic tips for excavation Slope the sides, support sides, and shield between
Tests need to be completed to insure a safe construction condition Local geography
Soil type The depth of the excavation The water percentage of soil types Local weather condition Live and dead loads
John Graef Construction Management Option The Calvert Hall College High School 4/7/2005
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Fall Protection
The most important aspect is that the safety measures must be planed before
construction begins. During the project a place will be set a side to do work. When
possible, work will be done on ground level. In construction, falling is the leading cause
of death. According to OSHA, ‘people will usually fall from open-sided floors and floor
openings’. A fall from 4 to 6 feet can kill someone. As a safety measure guardrails are
to be 3.5 feet or higher. In situations where guardrails are not possible PFAS - (Personal
Fall Arrest System) need to be used or other methods that have been adopted by
construction like, body harness, safety nets, lifeline, etc. However, none of these
methods are necessary for the Calvert Hall project. During the Calvert Hall project PFAS
will be used when working on rebar. It is also recommended to us PFAS is used on
formwork. During the project all exposed rebar will need to be capped.
On the Calvert Hall project the flowing will be areas of safety focus.
Walkways will need to be clean and have good light Ramps will need to be marked and guardrails are needed Guardrail or PFAS must be used on the roofs Open side will need to have guardrails All holes must be covered Bricklaying work above ground level should be protected Excavations
John Graef Construction Management Option The Calvert Hall College High School 4/7/2005
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Equipment and Tools Hazards Load that are too heavy Struck-crushed-caught-fall Training How to lift heavy objects Avoid unnecessary strain Comfortable handle Use of helpful equipment Identify hazards Proper equipment use This includes – forklifts, cranes, and slings Forklift Center loads Overloading make the equipment hard to use Always keep load as low as possible Never place extra weight to counter act the weight Always keep legs and arms inside Only lift “stable loads” Be careful when turning Travel in reverse if the load is in the way of your view No one can ride with out a seat Forks can not be razed when in motion Brick Storage Do not stack bricks higher then 7ft Taper brick stack high then 4ft Lumber Remove all nails Keep on sills
John Graef Construction Management Option The Calvert Hall College High School 4/7/2005
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Disposal An enclosed chute is required when at a height of 18ft All waste is to be removed as it is created Waste should be kept in a fire resistan container Don’t store materials with-in 6ft of floor opening Keep a clean workplace Tool safety
During the construction process many different types of tools and equipment are
used. Cretin things need to be understood about tool safety. One very important aspect is
that the working areas need to be well light. Only use tool for what they are created for.
Always wear the correct safety gear for tools. Cloths can not be loose because of the
possibility of getting caught in the equipment. If a tool is damaged do not use it. Any
cutting tools need to be kept sharp. A dual blade can become dangerous. Any tools that
are considered a liquid fuel tool needs to cool down before it gets refueled. Last but not
least the workplace needs to be clean.
John Graef Construction Management Option The Calvert Hall College High School 4/7/2005
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Example of Personal Protective Equipment
Employers must protect employees Employers must use engineering and good work practices to minimized dangers Insure that (PPE) is used – last form of control Responsibilities of the contractor Assess construction site for dangers Provide PPE for employee PPE training A list of different way to protect the body Safety goggles Face guard Hardhat Steel toad rubber sold shoes Gloves Safety vest Earplugs On the Calvert Hall project PPE program will be necessary Review the job site to find dangers that exist and provide proper PPE Provide PPE training Why? How does it protect? What are the dangers? When to look? How to identify wear and tear How to clean and to keep in working order
John Graef Construction Management Option The Calvert Hall College High School 4/7/2005
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Protection Head protection is needed for falling objects and getting hit in general. There are
3 types of head protection - Class A general service, class B electrical, and class C based
on comfort. For eye protection there are safety glasses, goggles, welding mask, face
shield and welding shield. Ear protection includes earmuffs, and earplugs. Ear
protection must be used if the sound level exceeds 90 bBA.
John Graef Construction Management Option The Calvert Hall College High School 4/7/2005
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Scaffolds There are two main types of scaffolds supported and suspended. If a suspended
scaffold is used then PFAS is required. Scaffolds must be built under supervision by a
competent person. There can be no gaps in the floor of the scaffolds and it needs to be
able to hold 5 times the maximum load. The scaffold width should be 20 inches or wider.
Guardrails are needed for open sides. The height of the scaffold can not be greater then 4
times the base unless bracing is used. Access to the scaffold can be ether a ladder, stairs,
ramps, or the existing building.
Dangers Of course, falling off is a common danger. Common dangers include slipping,
poor access or no fall protection. Other dangers include electrocution or scaffold
collapsing. The Calvert Hall project will provide training for falling, electrical work, and
scaffold. PFAS - Personal Fall Arrest System will prevent many dangers.
Never work on snow and/or ice
John Graef Construction Management Option The Calvert Hall College High School 4/7/2005
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Stairways
Half of the injuries caused by falling off a latter caused employees needing time
off to recover. A stairway is required for the Calvert Hall Project to have a grip 20in or
larger. The top rail strength must be able to hold 230 lbs of force. Any stairways with 4
or more steps must have a handrail. All stairs should be between 30 to 50 degrees. Each
step should be the same.
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LEEDtm (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design)
LEEDtm is a national organization that sets standards or regulations for building
sustainable design. There system is focused on sustainable site, water efficiency, energy
& atmosphere, materials & resources, indoor environmental quality, and innovation and
design process. LEED has a total of 69 possible points.
LEED Certified: 26-32 Silver: 33-38 Gold: 39-51 Platinum: 52-69
I was able to earn a total of 31 points witch qualifies Calvert Hall to be a LEEDtm
certified building. In the design we are able to gain these points through design and
construction methods. These points should be cheap for the owner. It has been proven to
be hard and expensive to get building to become LEEDtm certified.
John Graef Construction Management Option The Calvert Hall College High School 4/7/2005
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LEEDtm rated Buildings
154 Total Certified Projects 1721 Total Registered Projects 51 States with Projects 13 Countries with Projects
Only 4 buildings have become Platinum certified in the United States
Reasons for speeding more money for a LEEDtm rated design
• Sustainable design
• Life-cycle cost
• Productivity of employees
• Friendly to the environment
• Real estate value
• Good public relation
John Graef Construction Management Option The Calvert Hall College High School 4/7/2005
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I tried to pick points that did not seem to be expensive. A total of 31 points is reasonable to obtain. Please view the LEEDtm Checklist.
The first points that I am able to get are for site selection and development density.
The building is already located in a site in which satisfies both of these requirements.
The next three points were already included in the design. The school has public
transportation, bicycle storage, and a changing room. For the carpool spot, cheap
signs can easily be made and installed. The next LEEDtm point is for reduced site
disturbance. The school has expressed to the construction company that the
surrounding site is to be returned to its original state when construction is done. For
points 1.1 and 1.2, the site has an existing retaining pond. This pond is already in use
for the other nearby buildings. The next point will require communication with the
mechanical engineers. This point only requires that measuring controls are installed.
This should not be a large cost. The equipment that is already in the building
probably has these controls. All of the points I was able to get are at almost no
additional cost. Ether because it is as cheap as a bike rack or the intention of the
point is already included in the original design. For all points that deal directly with
construction, details are listed in greater detail.
John Graef Construction Management Option The Calvert Hall College High School 4/7/2005
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Construction and coordination issues associated with LEEDtm rated design
Sustainable site
Erosion & Sedimentation control
This requires that during construction of the Calvert Hall project,
measures must be taken to control storm water runoff. The construction company,
SBE&R, must control this runoff from reaching neighboring stream/river or even
sewer lines. The construction company must also be careful not to cause too much
dirt to get kicked up into the air. The best way for a construction company to control
this issue is to adopt an erosion and sediment control plan.
Reduced Site Disturbance
The intent of this LEEDtm point is to conserve existing natural areas. The
construction company will need a survey of the Calvert Hall project to be completed. A
master plan will need to be created so that the construction impacts can be minimized.
The construction will need to clearly mark the boundary so that mistakes are not made.
The LEEDtm requires that the site cannot be disturbed 40ft from the building primer, 5 ft
from roads, and 5 ft walkway and utility trenches.
John Graef Construction Management Option The Calvert Hall College High School 4/7/2005
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Additional Commissioning
The goal is to make sure that everybody from design to construction understands
that the goal is to provide a LEEDtm rated sustainable building. A commissioning
authority is needed. This commission will be independent of the design team and will
review the construction documents. These documents include - phase, near
completion construction documents, and the contractor submittals. This
commissioning will also need to communicate with the construction company. The
construction company will need a LEEDtm management team to represent them.
Construction Waste Management
Divert 50% from landfill
The objective for the Calvert Hall Project is to reduce the amount of waste
that will go to the landfill. The key is for construction companies to adopt a construction
waste management program for the entire project. The construction company is will
reuse and recycle the flowing materials; cardboard, metal, brick, concrete, plastic, clean
wood, glass, gypsum wallboard, carpet, and insulation. The site will need an area
designated for recycling.
Construction Waste management
John Graef Construction Management Option The Calvert Hall College High School 4/7/2005
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Divert 75% from landfill
Goals will need to be establishing for diverting 75% from going to the landfill.
The plan is basically the same as before, but more intense program. The aim is to
encourage the SBE&R to go the extra step to gain the point. At 75% the construction
company will need to put more thought into this.
Recycled Content
5% post-consumer + ½ post-industrial
The construction company must insure that total percentage of recycled content
does not exceed 5% of the total value of the materials used during construction..
Regional Materials
20% manufactured regionally
The idea is that materials that are used for the project are produced, extracted and
manufactured within the local area. The construction company will need to pay close
attention to where there materials are coming from. This point requires that 20% of the
building material comes from a distance of less then 500 mile radius of the construction
project. The construction company must setup a guide-line for materials used.
John Graef Construction Management Option The Calvert Hall College High School 4/7/2005
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Regional Materials
50% manufactured regionally
Basically the same idea except 50% of materials will need to be produced,
extracted, manufactured, harvested or recovered within 500 miles of the project. The
intent is it forces the developers to put thought into the material used during the
construction process.
Rapidly Renewable materials
The intent is to use materials that are considered to reproduce quickly. Preferred
materials include bamboo flooring, wool carpets, straw board, cotton batt insulation,
linoleum flooring, poplar OSB, sunflower seed board, wheatgrass cabinetry, and many
others. From the construction aspect it is important that the wood we decided to use from
the specs should be materials that are considered rapidly renewable and friendly to the
environment.
Certified Wood
The idea is to use 50% of wood-based materials that are considered certified
wood. The wood needs to be certified according to the Forest Sterardship Council’s
John Graef Construction Management Option The Calvert Hall College High School 4/7/2005
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Principles and Criteria. During the construction phase make sure that the FSC-certified
wood is specified and installed by the subs.
Construction IAQ Management Plan
During Construction
The intent is to insure high air quality during construction, so that indoor air
quality is suitable for construction workers and other occupants in the building. During
construction, materials need to stay dry so mold does not start to grow. Air handlers must
have filters. The filter will need to be replaced once the construction is over. The
construction company will need to adopt an IAQ management plan. Also we need to pay
close attention to the sequence of the HVAC so that they do not contaminate the air-
handling units.
Construction IAQ Management Plan
Before Occupancy
The intent is to insure that after construction is over the indoor air quality is high.
The construction company must flush out the building or test the air quality of the
building. This is done to insure that people have the highest quality air.
John Graef Construction Management Option The Calvert Hall College High School 4/7/2005
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Low-Emitting Materials
Adhesives & sealants
Paints and Coatings
Carpet
Composite wood
The construction company can control all five of these points. It is important that
materials are not potentially hazardous. When the construction companies are sectioning
which materials they will use in the building they will need to select environmentally
friendly materials. These materials range from adhesives/sealants, pants/coatings,
carpet, and composite wood. These materials, that do not contain harmful gasses, can be
used. These gases, some odorous, can be harmful to the occupants and should be
removed from the building.
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Results
The Calvert Hall College High School is an appropriate building to become LEED
certified. Although LEED design principles can be applied to almost every type of
building some designs are more practicable than others. The Calvert Hall has a unique
but feasible design. The current Calvert Hall design already has possible LEED points.
The building already has public transportation that will give it a point. The site selected
for the project qualifies a point for site selection. The site selection also meets the
development density requirement. Provide a carpooling parking spot and give another
point. The site already has a storm water management system. The current design
already qualifies for many points at no increasing cost. The LEED points I marked as (?)
because I am unsure if the building will qualify. Some of the points I do not know
because actual measurements of the systems would need to be taken to see if they will
meet the requirements for LEED points. The point I marked NO was because I felt that
these points are too expense to achieve. Although any of these points would greatly
reduce the life-cycle cost. I felt that the expense of many of these systems is
impracticable.
33 LEED Points- Yes 14 LEED Points- No
24 LEED Points- ?
John Graef Construction Management Option The Calvert Hall College High School 4/7/2005
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My results indicate that the Calvert Hall College High School could become a
LEED certified building with little expense and experience. The construction company
alone could contribute a total of 17 points. Most of the 17 points that I got could be
cheaply achieved. For the construction company to earn these 17 credits they will need
to have a LEED management team to look over the entire project. They will also need an
owner to allow more expense to allow for environmentally friendly material. A
construction company that becomes efficient LEED construction management would
have a great advantage against competition. A construction company will have to fight
the learning curve. Start-up cost for a construction company to handle is a LEED rated
design is going to cost time and additional management. I found that the LEED
certified has a wide range of sustainable ideas. These ideas and methods range the entire
life-span of the building. The LEED system ranges from preconstruction to construction
far in to the future.
John Graef Construction Management Option The Calvert Hall College High School 4/7/2005
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LEED-NC Version 2.1 Registered Project Checklist << enter project name >> << enter city, state, other details >> Yes ? No
8 Sustainable Sites 14 Points
Y Prereq 1 Erosion & Sedimentation Control Required
1 Credit 1 Site Selection 1
1 Credit 2 Development Density 1
1 Credit 3 Brownfield Redevelopment 1
1 Credit 4.1 Alternative Transportation, Public Transportation Access 1
1 Credit 4.2 Alternative Transportation, Bicycle Storage & Changing Rooms 1
1 Credit 4.3 Alternative Transportation, Alternative Fuel Vehicles 1
1 Credit 4.4 Alternative Transportation, Parking Capacity and Carpooling 1
1 Credit 5.1 Reduced Site Disturbance, Protect or Restore Open Space 1
1 Credit 5.2 Reduced Site Disturbance, Development Footprint 1
1 Credit 6.1 Stormwater Management, Rate and Quantity 1
1 Credit 6.2 Stormwater Management, Treatment 1
1 Credit 7.1
Landscape & Exterior Design to Reduce Heat Islands, Non-Roof 1
1 Credit 7.2 Landscape & Exterior Design to Reduce Heat Islands, Roof 1
1 Credit 8 Light Pollution Reduction 1
Yes ? No
3 1 Water Efficiency 5 Points 1 Credit
1.1 Water Efficient Landscaping, Reduce by 50% 1
1 Credit 1.2 Water Efficient Landscaping, No Potable Use or No Irrigation 1
1 Credit 2 Innovative Wastewater Technologies 1
1 Credit 3.1 Water Use Reduction, 20% Reduction 1
1 Credit 3.2 Water Use Reduction, 30% Reduction 1
Yes ? No
3 4 Energy & Atmosphere 17 Points
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Y Prereq 1 Fundamental Building Systems Commissioning Required
Y Prereq 2 Minimum Energy Performance Required
Y Prereq 3 CFC Reduction in HVAC&R Equipment Required
10 Credit 1 Optimize Energy Performance 1 to 10
1 Credit 2.1 Renewable Energy, 5% 1
1 Credit 2.2 Renewable Energy, 10% 1
1 Credit 2.3 Renewable Energy, 20% 1
1 Credit 3 Additional Commissioning 1
1 Credit 4 Ozone Depletion 1
1 Credit 5 Measurement & Verification 1
1 Credit 6 Green Power 1
continued…
Yes ? No
8 Materials & Resources 13 Points
Y Prereq 1 Storage & Collection of Recyclables Required
1 Credit 1.1 Building Reuse, Maintain 75% of Existing Shell 1
1 Credit 1.2 Building Reuse, Maintain 100% of Shell 1
1 Credit 1.3 Building Reuse, Maintain 100% Shell & 50% Non-Shell 1
1 Credit 2.1 Construction Waste Management, Divert 50% 1
1 Credit 2.2 Construction Waste Management, Divert 75% 1
1 Credit 3.1 Resource Reuse, Specify 5% 1
1 Credit 3.2 Resource Reuse, Specify 10% 1
1 Credit 4.1
Recycled Content, Specify 5% (post-consumer + ½ post-industrial) 1
1 Credit 4.2
Recycled Content, Specify 10% (post-consumer + ½ post-industrial) 1
1 Credit 5.1 Local/Regional Materials, 20% Manufactured Locally 1
1 Credit 5.2 Local/Regional Materials, of 20% Above, 50% Harvested Locally 1
1 Credit 6 Rapidly Renewable Materials 1
1 Credit 7 Certified Wood 1
Yes ? No
9 3 Indoor Environmental Quality 15 Points
Y Prereq 1 Minimum IAQ Performance RequiredY Prereq 2 Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) Control Required
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1 Credit 1 Carbon Dioxide (CO2 ) Monitoring 1 1 Credit 2 Ventilation Effectiveness 1
1 Credit 3.1 Construction IAQ Management Plan, During Construction 1
1 Credit 3.2 Construction IAQ Management Plan, Before Occupancy 1
1 Credit 4.1 Low-Emitting Materials, Adhesives & Sealants 1
1 Credit 4.2 Low-Emitting Materials, Paints 1
1 Credit 4.3 Low-Emitting Materials, Carpet 1
1 Credit 4.4 Low-Emitting Materials, Composite Wood & Agrifiber 1
1 Credit 5 Indoor Chemical & Pollutant Source Control 1
1 Credit 6.1 Controllability of Systems, Perimeter 1
1 Credit 6.2 Controllability of Systems, Non-Perimeter 1
1 Credit 7.1 Thermal Comfort, Comply with ASHRAE 55-1992 1
1 Credit 7.2 Thermal Comfort, Permanent Monitoring System 1
1 Credit 8.1 Daylight & Views, Daylight 75% of Spaces 1
1 Credit 8.2 Daylight & Views, Views for 90% of Spaces 1
Yes ? No
Innovation & Design Process 5 Points 1 Credit
1.1 Innovation in Design: Provide Specific Title 1
1 Credit 1.2 Innovation in Design: Provide Specific Title 1
1 Credit 1.3 Innovation in Design: Provide Specific Title 1
1 Credit 1.4 Innovation in Design: Provide Specific Title 1
1 Credit 2 LEED™ Accredited Professional 1
Yes ? No
31 24 14 Project Totals (pre-certification estimates) 69 Points
Certified 26-32 points Silver 33-38 points Gold 39-51 points Platinum 52-69 points
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Thesis Research
LEEDtm rated design
LEEDtm webpage http://www.usgbc.org/Docs/LEEDdocs/LEED_RS_v2-1.pdf
• A complete list of LEEDtm rated points The Center for Sustainability http://www.psu.edu/dept/cs/
• Information on sustainability design Dave Lattro Manages the center for Sustainability Science, Technology, and Society Program 102 Old Botany Bldg University Park, PA 16801 1-814-865-2224 US Green Building webpage http://usgbc.org/
• The US Green Building council promotes buildings that are environmentally friendly
Safety OSHA Occupational Safety & health design http://www.osha.gov/
• OSHA insures safety by setting and enforcing standards Safety Training Program http://www.osha.gov/fso/ote/training/outreach/training_program.html
• Information on how-to identify and control dangers in the construction NASP-National Association of Safety Professionals http://www.naspweb.com/index.html
• An organization that is dedicated to teaching and certificating safety professionals
John Graef Construction Management Option The Calvert Hall College High School 4/7/2005
Senior Thesis E-mail: [email protected] www.arch.psu.edu/thesis/2005/jmg359 Page- 56 -
4-D modeling Auto desk VIS 4 George Omura ©1994,1997-1999 ©2002 SYBEX INC
• A complete guide to 3-D cad and VIS
Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
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