senior seminar presentation
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TRANSCRIPT
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DENISE M. ROTHBALDWIN-WALLACE COLLEGE
DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGYMAY 1 , 2009
The Effects of Road Salt (NaCl) on the Survivorship of Two Vernal
Pool-Breeding Amphibians:
The Wood Frog (Rana sylvatica) and Spotted Salamander (Ambystoma
maculatum)
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“Why should we care if they all die? They are gross anyway!”
-BW student
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Well… Good Question
http://www.fishingfury.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/05/record-halibut.jpg
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Algae
http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/images/wsci_01_img0017.jpg
http://doctorswithoutborders.org/images/news/malaria/malaria_header_550x367.jpg
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So… What is going on?
E.O. Wilson says:
Habitat destructionInvasive speciesPopulationPollutionOver-harvesting
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What is a Vernal Pool??
Temporary Form from melting
snow and spring rains Dry mid to late
summer Unpredictable
Naturally occurring Shallow (4ft > deep) Impermeable
substrate on bottom
Free of predatory fish
http://www.fs.fed.us/ne/amherst/images/vernalpool.jpg
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Vernal Pool (cont.)
Contain one or more of four indicator species
Blue-spotted Salamanders (Ambystoma laterale) Fairy Shrimp (Anostraca) Wood Frog (Rana sylvatica) Spotted Salamander (Ambystoma maculatum)
http://www.umaine.edu/wetlands/VPecology.htm
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Wood Frog (Rana
sylvatica)
http://www.nae.usace.army.mil/recreati/uvd/UVD_amphibians/uvdwoodfrog.html
http://wpcontent.answers.com/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Rana-sylvatica_Range.gif
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Wood Frog: Reproduction
Breed mostly in vernal pools
Migration in early spring
500-3,000 Eggs
• Communal nesting
Metamorphose 6-15 weeks
• Terrestrial adults
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Spotted Salamander (Ambystoma maculatum)
http://www.vernalpool.org/images/21_ys_a.jpg
http://www.grizzlyrun.com/Files/Images/Image_Gallery/spotted_salamander_Range.gif
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Spotted Salamander: Reproduction
Breed only in vernal pools
• Usually same pool every year
Mass migration to ponds
50-250 Eggs• Hatch in 20-60 days
• Aquatic larvae
Metamorphose late summer
• Terrestrial adults
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Egg Masses
http://www.vernalpool.org/images/115-js-ys-wf.jpg
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Salts as De-Icing Agents
Lower freezing point of water! melts at lower
temperatures
Cheap ~$30/ton
Effective Above ~ 15˚F
NaCl most common 5 million tons/yr in
Canada 10-15 million tons/yr
in US (Environment Canada
Website)
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DOMENICO SANZO, STEPHEN J. HECNAR 2003
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
Effects of road de-icing salt (NaCl) on larval wood frogs
(Rana sylvatica)
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Objective
Determine the effect of road salts, if any, on amphibians at environmentally relevant field concentrations
Hypothesis: Road salts have a negative effect on
amphibians.
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Study Location
Thunder Bay, Canada
Lakehead University Environmental Laboratories
http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/united_states/united_states_wall_2002_us.jpg
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Field Concentrations
Water analysis of 59 wetlands2 water samples from opposite ends of eachAnalyzed in university lab
Expected to see: Salt concentrations negatively correlated with
increasing distance of a wetland from the nearest road
Negative correlation between salt concentrations and species richness
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Results: Field Concentration
Range in NaCl from 0.39 to 1030.00 mg/l Seawater ~ 3.5% NaCl ( 19,400 mg/l)
NaCl decreased with increasing distance from nearest road
Species richness negatively correlated with NaCl and
positively correlated with increasing distance to nearest road
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Materials and Methods:Acute Toxicity
Dilution series of NaCl (0.00-9750mg/L)
Added 10 presorted tadpoles to each
Experiment time 96 hours
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Methods cont.
Fed boiled lettuce
Checked jars for mortality every 24 hrs Dead tadpoles removed and weighed
Death defined: “… no response to continued prodding with a glass rod.”
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Results: Acute Toxicity
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Results: Acute Toxicity (cont.)
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Methods:Chronic Toxicity
90 days
• 3 NaCl Concentrations• 0.39 mg/L• 77.50 mg/L• 1030 mg/L
16 tanks (4 replicates per treatment):
30 tadpoles to each tank
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Methods (cont.)
Fed boiled lettuce
• Recorded behavioral and physical abnormalities• Counted at 10 day intervals
Checked daily
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Results: Chronic Toxicity
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Mean time to Morph vs. Chronic Treatment concentrations
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Discussion
Roads are source of
contamination
Road salts are toxic
Causes premature
metamorphosis
Physiological effects
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Conclusions
Road salts have a negative impact
Chloride in roadside pools much higher than woodlands
Supports hypothesis
Species richness negatively correlated with NaCl concentrations
Fewer tadpoles metamorphose with higher concentrations
Does this relate to other amphibians? and is the evidence
conclusive?
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SARA J. COLLINS, RONALD W. RUSSELL 2006
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
Toxicity of road salt to Nova Scotia amphibians
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Objective
“…examine how chloride concentrations in ponds, due to application of road salt, influence amphibian community structure and richness in roadside wetlands of Nova Scotia.”
Hypothesis: Elevated Chloride concentrations affect amphibian
populations
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Nova Scotia
April-Sept. 2006
26 ponds
http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/united_states/united_states_wall_2002_us.jpg
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Field Methods
Pond selection
• 26 within 60m of roads and highways
April- July
• Auditory surveys• Visual surveys • Species samples collected by dip net or by hand
May-September
Water samples collected for lab analysis
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Chloride Concentrations
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Results: Species Richness
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Methods:Acute Toxicity
Larvae of 5 amphibian species: Spotted Salamander Spring Peeper Wood Frog Green Frog American Toad
10 Concentr
ations
Dechlorinated H2O
NaCl
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Methods (cont.)
Experiment 96 hrs.
• Spotted Salamander 4 larvae per treatment
24 tadpoles per concentration
Observed daily for physical and behavioral abnormalities
• Dead removed• Distressed animals euthanized
• Body weight recorded
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Species Abundance vs. Chloride Concentrations
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Results: Acute Toxicity Tests
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Conclusions
Spotted Salamanders and Wood Frogs were most sensitive to NaCl
Road salt concentrations affected community structure Sensitive species were absent from high chloride
concentrated ponds
Acute toxicity results supported field observations Behavioral changes could result in reduction of
species fitness
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Interpretation
Exposure to road salts can affect amphibian community structure and species richness by excluding salt-sensitive species from high chloride environments
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Overall Conclusions
At environmentally realistic concentrations, road salt caused physiological issues and decreased survivorship in amphibians.
Acute toxicity results of both studies showed high rates of mortality
Chronic exposure caused physiological differences
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This is not new information!
In 1859 Charles Darwin noted that “nearly all amphibians and their spawn were killed by sea water”
(Origin of Species)
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Alternatives
Potassium Acetate -76˚F $700-800/ton Less toxic; less corrosive; can cause %50 solution irritation if inhaled
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Future Studies
Why do higher salt concentrations cause tadpoles to metamorphose faster?
Why was there a spike in survival from 7500-9000 mg/l?
Possible mutagenic effects of developing tadpoles
Effects of other road salts on these two species
Reasons for salt tolerance seen in the American Toad
Long term effects on community structure
How chemical runoff affects people
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“We now face an extinction episode
on this planet comparable to that which marked the end
of the dinosaurs about 65 million years ago”
(Planet Earth Episode 1)
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Thank You!!BW Faculty:
Dr. Bumbulis
Dr. Barratt
Dr. Stanton
Family:
Grandma Jojo
Parents
Friends… all of you!
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Questions?
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Function of Chloride
Chloride: membrane function and water absorptionIn the body reacts with potassiumHelps maintain osmotic equilibrium by creating
concentration gradientthrough ATP either goes in to the cell or leaves
the cell ~ based on solute concentration in the water vs. solute in the cell
Moves from high to low concentrationsHelps maintain pHKidney function: co-transport proteins
Na+, K+, Cl -