senior seminar 2 winter 2011 isp 4860 section 001 (bowen) class 7, february 28 course web site:

Senior Seminar 2 Winter 2011ISP 4860

Section 001 (Bowen)

Class 7, February 28Course web site: www.is.wayne.edu/drbowen/SenSemW11

2/28/11 Senior Seminar 2, Class 7 2

Agenda

• Pictures• New on course website• Late / returned / future assignments• Content:

Ecosystem Services (review and extension) Food and Fish Water Approaches to Solutions

• Writing Planning for Chapters 2 and 3 Grammar


New Course resources

• www.is.wayne.edu/drbowen/SenSemW11 Global Warming

• History Ecology

• Unintended Ecological Consequences Fish and Food

• Japan Recalls Whaling Fleet Consumption

• Consumers hanging on to stuff longer• Rising world energy demand

Earth monitoring examples• Earth Observer• Google Earth Engine

http://www.is.wayne.edu/drbowen/SenSemW11


Assignments Coming Up• Past: choice of topic, Paper Planner for

Chapter 1, List of references, file via Moodle

• This Week - February 28: draft of Chapter 1 (the overview chapter, file via Moodle)

• Next week (March 7) Drafts of Chapters 2 and 3 (status and trends, file via Moodle)

• Two weeks (March 14) Spring Break• Three weeks (March 21) Revised Chapter 1

Topics

• Jeff Blake: Globalization• Baron Crumpler: Sustainable food for the 21st century• Juanita Hatcher: Water - polluted rivers in North America• William Hurt: Energy Efficiency• Pamela Jones: Urbanization• Jennifer Kelley: disease/development with an emphasis on

indigenous groups in Central America• Loreese Lee: Water Abuse• Michele Norris: populations that are being affected because of the

destruction of fish (commercially or environmentally) as a food source

• Diane Smith: Government funding for meeting the needs of treatment for diseases in the low income, poverty areas



Research portfolio

• Self-assessment will be repeated two more times during semester March 7, next week (self-assessment) April 4 (self-assessment and Instructor

assessment)


Late Assignments

• Still three people without Moodle accounts: Elaine Hawkins Cardale Patterson Shannel Redding

• Choice of topic – same three missing• Chapter 1 Planner missing: Juanita

Hatcher, Elaine Hawkins, William Hurt, Cardale Patterson, Shannel Redding


Late Assignments

• List of References: eight missing Jeff Blake, Juanita Hatcher, Elaine Hawkins,

William Hurt, Michele Norris, Cardale Patterson, Shannel Redding, Diane Smith

• Draft of Chapter 1: ten missing Jeff Blake, Baron Crumpler, Juanita Hatcher,

Elaine Hawkins, William Hurt, Loreese Lee, Michele Norris, Cardale Patterson, Shannel Redding, Diane Smith


Late Assignments

• Reminders: Putting work off makes it pile up Putting work off means forgetting how Part of grade is getting work in on time


So What?

• If you are more than a week behind, get help From me:

• Office hours one hour before class• Or Tue and Thu 2:30 – 3:30 in 216 Physics• Telephone, email, IM, make appointment

Research Librarians• In person, at any WSU library

Citations with Web Example


Lists of References

• Most references look good. Some that I have questions about – noted in

feedback.

• MLA name is “Works Cited” (without the quotes)

• Some have very incomplete bibliographic information. See The Everyday Writer or the MLA website on the course website.


Citations and Works Cited

• Web example: on Works Cited page Page ID is first thing “Kenya Population.” World Population

Prospects: The 2006 Revision. Feb. 2009. United Nations Population Division. 2/11/09. http://esa.un.org/unpp/p2k0data.asp.

• Citation (Kenya Population)

http://esa.un.org/unpp/p2k0data.asp



• Citation – what goes in the Chapter itself• Web page example

First choice for citation is author name (not present in this example)

If no author name go to second choice which is page title (used this in this example)

If no title, third choice for ID would be name of organization

If no page numbers, then citation is just top choice from above



• On Works Cited page Author (if given) Title (if given) Print publication information (if given) Electronic publication information Access information (including date accessed

and URL in angle brackets <>

Content: Ecosystem Services

Review

2/18/09 Senior Seminar W09, Class 6 17

Content: Ecosystem Services

• Ecosystem services In SOP, “Prospects for Biodiversity” E.S.: emphasize what the natural world does

for us and put a dollar value on it• Not 100% precise: do we include aesthetic values

such as beauty and relaxation, and what are they worth in $?

One estimate (link on course website) $16-54T, when world GDP was $18T

• Much of estimated value outside of markets


Ecosystem Services• Another list (Science article)

Atmospheric gas regulation Climate regulation Disturbance regulation Water regulation Water supply: Storage and retention of water Erosion control and sediment retention Soil formation Nutrient cycling Waste treatment Pollination Biological regulations of populations Habitat for resident and transient populations Food production Raw materials (e.g. lumber) Genetic resources Recreation Cultural


Ecosystem Services

• Biodiversity Importance: indicates how reliable that

service is• Biodiversity is the raw material for adapting to

changes• If biodiversity decreases, extinction gets closer• Without biodiversity, cannot genetically adapt to

changes• Humans can adapt in other ways than genetic but

natural world cannot


Ecosystem Services

• Biodiversity We are in the midst of large wave of

extinctions – one of biggest ever• May be due to us• Deforestation pressures to gain farmland

o We don’t even know what most of the species are

• Fresh and saltwater overfishing, loss of diversityo Fish are adapting: stay small, propagate early

» May not be healthy in long run

• Cropland - monoculture


Millennium Ecosystem Assessment

• UN project to do a comprehensive assessment of all ecosystems Years before and after 2000 Four areas of Ecosystem Services

• Provisioning (water, food, fiber, etc.)• Regulating (air and water purification, flood control,

etc.)• Cultural (Aesthetic, spiritual, recreational, etc.)• Supporting the other three (nutrient recycling, soil

formation, etc.)


Millennium Ecosystem Assessment

• General findings that are worse than previously thought Unfamiliar ecosystems in trouble also Interactions between ecosystems Unsustainable use

• Examples: overfishing, overgrazing, overlogging (Michigan)

Gap between world rich and poor is increasing


Biodiversity• Pretty sure species are disappearing at a

high rate

• Suspicion we might be a big cause (not that we are evil, but that we are ignorant) We can adapt to change quickly, and the

species we tend to we can help But wild species take thousands of

generations (insects and pests do well!) Forests, coral reefs, wetlands all shelter the

young of many species from predation


Biodiversity

• We need to become smarter about this

• Until then we probably need to be more cautious

• Is there a risk to us? We don’t know, but maybe

Content: Food / Fish


Content: Food / Fish

• Fish Pp 29 - 36

• Food: (Security) Pp 108 – 110 (Security) Pp 154 - 159


Fish

• Much overfishing around the world US has relatively good control here Keep fishing allowances down so that stock is

replenished

• Countries where fish is more important in diet often overfish as population and prosperity grow Subsidies to fishermen – can make little sense “Factory” Trawlers – full processing plants


Fish

• Coastal fish more numerous but overfished

• Trend is to have to fish further from shore, deeper waters, for fish that were once rejected (Figure 3 Pg 42)


Factory Trawlers


Food

• Issue today is Food Security – we have enough food, but many people do not have a reliable supply Pests, spoilage, pilfering

• However, recent gains are stalling, food no longer rising as fast as population

• For ~ 10,000 years, farmers selected best of local crop Much more productive of food for humans

than original wild versions


Green Revolution

• 1980s “Green Revolution” Government-financed research centers for

major grains Found best rice genes from around world, put

them in one type Done for all major grains Done through normal plant breeding, just

select the breeds and put them together Came to require many resources: irrigation,

fertilizer, pesticides (monoculture)


Green Revolution GMOs

• 1980s “Green Revolution” Often too expensive for poor farmers

• Now, Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) Private commercial development Select genes from across species, even

between plants and animals Transfer directly, without breeding Can decrease need for resources but seed is

expensive


GMOs• Genes make proteins, so plant has

proteins from different species Can tailor crops to type of farmland, etc.

• But proteins are from foods, so known to be safe for human consumption: “Frankenfood” DB: “like chewing strawberries and hamburger

together” Still, controversial in much of developed world Because of resource savings, poor farmers

have little choice, but still expensive


Food Supply• Biggest need for more food will come from

prosperity, if this leads to “eating higher on the food chain/web.” Factory farms generate large amounts of

animal waste, can be an environmental and aesthetic hazard

• Climate Change can disrupt agriculture• HIV/AIDS disrupting populations, killing

adults• Education needed to apply modern

methods


Food and Trade Policy

• US subsidizes food exports US farmers well organized, dependent US Food aid often requires purchase of food

from US

• Local farmers in poor countries often cannot compete with these subsidized prices


World Controversy

• Modern mechanized agriculture Vs improved earlier methods, e.g. less plowing (just make a slit)

• Arguments: Ecosystem can’t take increase requirements

for water, fertilizer, pesticides, plus do not like GMOs

Earlier methods, even improved, can’t produce enough food

Content: Water


Water

• How we consume water: Domestic – drinking, bathing, sanitation Agricultural – irrigation, animals Industrial, including electricity

• Not equally distributed A few countries have most of the fresh water Asia – 60% of population, 30% of fresh water Conflicts if river, lake shared

• Many people do not have adequate access Water-borne diseases – often preventable


Water Use by Sector

Region Agriculture Industry Domestic

Developing countries

81% 11% 8%

Industrial countries

46% 41% 13%

World 70% 20% 10%


Water

• Water supply today characterized by large infrastructure projects Dams Aqueducts (enclosed) and canals (open, evap) Water and sewage plants Displaced people

• In US, many smaller flood-control dams without efficient generators being torn down

• Water heavy, bulky, expensive to transport


Sources with Problems

• Rivers without flow into ocean Colorado, Nile, Yellow, others

• Disappearing lakes Lake Chad (Africa), Aral Sea (Asia), Sea of

Galilee, Dead Sea• Overpumping of aquifers (what feeds

wells), unsustainable• Loss of habitat

River beds Wetlands


Water Scarcity


Water

• Often a source of international conflict Middle East

• Some degree of water scarcity: Today, 40% of world population needs more

water 2025 – over 75% estimated to need more

water• Much growth in poor cities already short of water

• Much water is wasted – evaporation, leakage from pipes: 45%


Water Conflicts

• Fewer than might be expected

• Farmers Vs Cities Connection between water and food

• Upstream Vs Downstream

• Example: Israel/Palestine Israel 2x population but 7x water


Goals and Challenges

• UN goal to reduce by half by 2105 the population without adequate access Not on target

• Problems with this goal: Regional & international water conflicts Unsustainable groundwater use Climate Change Declining ability to monitor water use Long lead times, uncertain projections Much population growth in poor cities with

unsustainable water use already


Possible New Approaches

• Focus on basic human needs

• Pricing to encourage efficient sustainable use Low/no water use in sanitation Efficient industry Drip agriculture, furrows to slow runoff

• Recycling – suit quality to use

• Include all stakeholders in planning


US Water Productivity

SOP, Pg 66


Recycling - Suiting Quality to Use

• Potable (drinkable) is highest quality

• Now, all water is potable

• Could use bathwater for watering lawn or flushing

• Can be done industrially also


Water and …

• Water and Food• Water and Global Warming• Water and Population• Water and Development• Water and Ecosystem• Water and Disease• Water and Urbanization• Water and Sustainability

Content: Approaches to Solutions


Approaches to Solutions:Supply or Demand?

Area Increase Supply Reduce Demand

Food & fish

GMOs (agriculture)

Fish farming

Eat lower on food chain

Water Purification, desalination

More efficient agriculture, recycling

Energy Biofuels, nuclear, drill

Efficiency

• Solutions often offered as either-or• Must be smart about increasing supply


Approaches to Solutions:Supply or Demand?Increase Supply Reduce Demand

Pro Cannot be sure of cutting demand enough

Could make present supply sufficient, even reduce it, better for ecosystem

Con Expensive, hard for poorest to adopt , may harm ecosystem

May be a hard sell


Approaches to Solutions:Supply or Demand?

• If neither approach can be guaranteed, is it prudent to have both in hand?

• Can we find another path to prosperity besides “stuff”? E.g. “virtual stuff”? Base needs: water, food, air

• “Virtual stuff” even here, especially for food – make “lower on the food chain” eat like “higher on the food chain”

• Even some helps Other needs could be more virtual if done well

Writing


Writing:Words That Sound the Same

• More words that sound alike: perspective Vs prospective dual Vs duel conscience Vs conscious do Vs due verses Vs versus site Vs sight who's Vs whose feat Vs feet read Vs reed vary Vs very rigor Vs rigger


Writing:Explanations

• If you explain a term, name or acronym, do this the first time you use it. Examples: A term not in common use, such as Battery Electric

Vehicle Always spell out an acronym If you are going to put the title of a book in the body of

your paper, do this the first time you use it. If you are going to describe a person, such as

Kennedy, either naming this person as the author of a book, or to describe his/her qualifications


Writing:Explanations

• Do not assume that your reader knows an uncommon piece of information before you explain it. The explanation comes: Before the use

OR Possibly later in the same sentence

OR At the latest in the very next sentence.


Writing:Word Choice

• who Vs whom – which one to use?

• Alternate phrasings, to avoid being repetitive: Nouns: [name e.g. Kennedy], author, writer,

authority, expert, precede with “this” Verbs: writes, claims, asserts, points out, tells

us, documents (include an object as in “documents this”)


Writing:Joining Words

• Two words used as one adjective (modifies a noun or another adjective) are joined with a hyphen (unless the joined form is a word in its own right). Hyphen examples:

• my recently-purchased computer• my just-refurbished home• a wholly-owned car• a highly-regarded authority


Writing:Joining Words

• Two words used as one adjective (modifies a noun or another adjective) are joined with a hyphen (unless the joined form is a word in its own right). Non-hyphenated examples:

• every day Vs everydayo I do this every dayo … my everyday china …

• no where Vs nowhereo “bridge to nowhere”


Small Groups

• Answer questions from cards

• Answer goes on separate paper

• Report is names plus answers

• Done when report is in


Writing (Review)

• Sentences Verb, Subject, Complete Thought Sentences: incomplete (part), runon (two)

• Number (singular = one, plural = more) Do not change without a reason and a

warning to reader

• Tense (past, present, future) Do not change without a reason and a

warning to reader


Writing (Review)

• Punctuation Apostrophe for contraction or possession but

not pluralization

• Words that sound alike Common, get a dictionary or a list

Sentence Discussion

What is wrong with these sentences?

senior seminar 2 winter 2011 isp 4860 section 001 (bowen) class 7, february 28 course web site:

Documents

grammarsenior seminar

timesenior seminar

shannel reddingsenior

diane smithsenior seminar

web examplesenior seminar

wsu librarysenior seminar

overview chapter

revised chapter