sen capabilities
TRANSCRIPT
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Poverty as Severe Capability Deprivation
Amartya Sen and the
Evolution of the Concept of Poverty
Leland Joseph R. de la Cruz
Director, Development Studies Program
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Limitations of the Basic Needs Approach
• Basic needs are just means to various ends.– Different means have to be in place for various
ends to be realized. – There is room for creativity in identifying the
appropriate means for various ends.
• Focus on basic needs distracts from non-market ends.
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Poverty and Income
Basic Needs are just means to various ends
• Ability to be Healthy
• Ability to be Educated
• Ability to Engage in Productive Activity
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Basic Needs as Means to Ends
Can I be healthy?Can I avail of health services?
Can I be educated?Can I go to school?
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Many means are needed for a single end
1. Ability to be healthy - Ability to acquire food
- Access to health services- Access to education
- Ability to live in adequate space- Ability to live in a clean environment
2. Access to education- Access to educational services- Dependent on ability to be healthy
3. Ability to engage in productive employment
- Dependent on ability to be healthy
- Access to employment
- Access to credit
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Many means are available for a single end
Ability to be educated
• Schooling
• “Non-formal” formal education
• Media
• Internet
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Non-market ends
Cultural identity Social Belonging
Organizational capacity Respect and dignity
Political participation and accountability of governance structures
Emotional Integrity: freedom from fear and anxiety
Aside from fulfillment of material needs, what other desires do the poor themselves express?
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Entitlements and Capabilities
Entitlements: Commodities over which a person can exercise ownership or command. WHAT DO I HAVE? WHAT CAN I ACQUIRE?
Capability: Alternative combinations of states of being a person can achieve. WHAT CAN I BE? WHAT CAN I DO?
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Poverty and Capabilities
Poverty constitutes a severe failure of capabilities.
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Female Life Expectancy2000, PSY
50 60 70 80 90
China
Hong Kong
Korea
Singapore
Taiwan
Indonesia
Malaysia
Philippines
Thailand
Vietnam
Bangladesh
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Male Life Expectancy2000, PSY
50 55 60 65 70 75 80
China
Hong Kong
Korea
Singapore
Taiwan
Indonesia
Malaysia
Philippines
Thailand
Vietnam
Bangladesh
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Life Expectancy2004, PSY
55
57
59
61
63
65
67
69
71
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Infant Mortality Rateper 1,000 deliveries; 2000, PSY
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
China
Hong Kong
Korea
Singapore
Taiwan
Indonesia
Malaysia
Philippines
Thailand
Vietnam
Bangladesh
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Infant Mortality Rate per 1,000 deliveries; 2000, PSY
05
1015
2025
3035
4045
Philipp
ines
NCRCAR I II III IV
AIV
B V VIVII
VIII IX X XIXII
CARAGA
ARMM
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Infant Mortality Rate per 1,000 deliveries; 2000, PSY
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Quintile
LowestSecondThirdFourthFifth
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Infant Mortality Rate per 1,000 deliveries; 2000, PSY
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Location
UrbanRural
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Maternal Mortality Rateper 100,000 live births; 1996-2000, PSY
0 100 200 300 400 500
China
Hong Kong
Korea
Singapore
Taiwan
Indonesia
Malaysia
Philippines
Thailand
Vietnam
Bangladesh
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Maternal Mortality Rateper 100,000 live births; 1995, PSY
100
150
200
250
300
350
Philipp
ines
NCRCAR I II III IV V VI
VIIVIII IX X XI
XII
ARMM
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Human Development Index
• Income per capita
• Health– Life Expectancy
• Education– Mean Years of Schooling– Literacy Rate
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Human Development Index UNDP 2004
Country Rank HDI Country Rank HDI
Norway 1 0.956 Philippines 83 0.753
U.S.A. 8 0.939 China 94 0.745
Singapore 25 0.902 Indonesia 111 0.692
Malaysia 59 0.793 Viet Nam 112 0.691
Thailand 76 0.768 Sierra Leone
177 0.273
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0.6
0.62
0.64
0.66
0.68
0.7
0.72
0.74
0.76
0.78
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2002
Human Development Index UNDP 2004
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Human Poverty Index UNDP 2004
• Probability at birth of not surviving to age 40.
• Adult illiteracy rate.
• Population without access to an improved water source.
• Children underweight for age.
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Country Rank HPI Country Rank HPI
Barbados 1 2.5 Philippines 28 15.0
Singapore 6 6.3 Indonesia 35 17.8
Thailand 22 13.1 Viet Nam 41 20.0
China 24 13.2 Burikina Faso
95 65.5
Human Poverty Index UNDP 2004
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Data Sources
• Philippine Statistical Yearbook
• United Nations Development Program, Human Development Report, 2004
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Poverty as Severe Capability Deprivation
Amartya Sen and the
Evolution of the Concept of Poverty
Leland Joseph R. de la Cruz
Director, Development Studies Program