seminar: the training of cross-cultural competence and skills wintersemester 2001 / 2002 prof. dr....
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SEMINAR:
THE TRAINING OF CROSS-CULTURAL COMPETENCE AND SKILLS
Wintersemester 2001 / 2002
Prof. Dr. Jürgen Beneke
Nina Krentzlin und Julia Meyer
GAMES AND SIMULATIONS PART II
GAME THEORY
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GAME THEORY
HISTORY OF GAME THEORY 1944:
”THEORY OF GAMES AND ECONOMIC BEHAVIOR” BY JOHN VON NEUMANN AND OSKAR MORGENSTERN
1994:
JOHN NASH, JOHN C. HARSANYI AND REINHARD SELTEN RECEIVED THE NOBEL PRIZE IN SCIENCE
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GAME THEORY
APPLICATION OF GAME THEORY
INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH DIRECTION
OWN METHODS AND MODELS
RESULTS HAVE BEEN APPLIED TO VARIOUS DIFFERENT DISCIPLINES
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GAME THEORY
GAME THEORY STUDIES ARE USED
ANIMAL KINGDOM
ECONOMICS
MODERN COMPUTER GAMES
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GAME THEORY
STRATEGIC THINKING
THINKING STRATEGICALLY IS THE KEY TO OUTWITTING AN OPPONENT THAT IS ATTEMPTING TO DO THE SAME THING WITH YOU
THE SCIENCE OF STRATEGIC THINKING IS CALLED GAME THEORY
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GAME THEORY
EXAMPLE
A CLASSIC EXAMPLE IS THE TWO PERSON ZERO-SUMS GAME, ROCK-PAPER SCISSORS:
SAME OPTIONS
EACH DECISION IS MADE INDEPENDENT AND SIMULTANEOUSLY
EACH WIN COINCIDES WITH THE LOSS OF THE OTHER PLAYER
GAMES AND SIMULATIONSPLANSPIELE
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SIMULATION GAMES
PLANSPIELE
DEFINITION OF SIMULATION GAMES
“EFFECTS FROM A TEACHING METHOD WERE ANALYSED ON A MODEL, BY REQUIRING SUBJECTS THAT HAD LEARNED THE METHOD TO APPLY IT TO DECISION MAKING IN SIMPLIFIED SITUATIONS.
THE SITUATION OFTEN INVOLVED A CONFLICT OF INTEREST.
THE DIFFERENCE TO SIMULATIONS: THE PERSON OR AS THE CASE MAY BE, THE ”CONFLICT” IS IN THE FOREFRONT.”
WOLFGANG MICKEL: HANDBUCH ZUR POLITISCHEN BILDUNG. BONN, 1999
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SIMULATION GAMES
PLANSPIELE
HISTORY OF THE ORIGIN OF SIMULATION GAMES
ROLE GAMES, IMPROVISATION, RECOGNITION GAME, CASE STUDY AND STRATEGY GAMES
1000 BC.: WAR-CHESS, SANDBOX GAMES, CARD GAMES
CHESS WAS ORIGINALLY A MILITARY GAME
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SIMULATION GAMES
PLANSPIELE
HISTORY OF THE ORIGIN OF SIMULATION GAMES
FIRST DEVELOPMENT IN THE 1950’S
TRAINING FOR MANAGER AND SPECIALISTS
POLITICALCOMMUNAL PEDAGOGIC
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SIMULATION GAMES
PLANSPIELE
PLANSPIELE
MILITARY STRATEGY GAMES NATURAL SCIENCES STRATEGY GAMES
SOCIO ECONOMIC STRATEGY GAMES
BUSINESS ECONOMIC STRATEGY GAMES
COMPANY STRATEGY GAMES
FINANCIAL STRATEGY
GAMES
PRODUCTION STRATEGY
GAMES
HÖGSDAL, BERNDT: PLANSPIELE. BONN, 1996.
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SIMULATION GAMES
PLANSPIELE
CHALLENGE UNLIMITED, SIEMENS
1. JUNE - 14. JULY 2000
12, 867 ENGINEERS
SIEMENS QUALIFICATION AND TRAINING
THE RUHR UNVERSITY OF BOCHUM
LEADING PROVIDER OF E-LEARNING SOLUTIONS IN GERMANY, M.I.T GMBH
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SIMULATION GAMES
PLANSPIELE
CHALLENGE UNLIMITED, SIEMENS
STRATEGY GAME FOR RECRUITMENT OF NEW EMPLOYEES
A COMBINATION OF WORK PLACEMENT ADS AND AN ASSESSMENT CENTER
PLANSPIEL=SIMULATION OF AN ECONOMIC SITUATION
USED FOR REQUIRING KNOWLEDGE OF BUSINESS ECONOMICS
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SIMULATION GAMES
PLANSPIELE
CHALLENGE UNLIMITED, SIEMENS
EVALUATIONS WERE MADE OF HOW ONE PROCEEDED AND WHAT RESULTS ONE ACHIEVED
A PROFILE FROM THE APPLICANTS IS CREATED
FRUSTRATION TOLERANCE AND WORKING STYLE WAS TESTED
ONLY 8% OF ALL COMPANIES USE SIMULATIONS VIRTUAL ASSESSMENT CENTER
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SIMULATION GAMES
PLANSPIELE
ECONOMIC-STRATEGY GAMES
USED FOR FURTHER EDUCATION-PURPOSES
37% OF ALL GERMAN COMPANIES USE STRATEGY GAMES
PARTICIPANTS ARE REQUIRED TO RUN A FICTITIOUS COMPANY
THESE GAMES ARE USEFUL TO TEACH MORE ABOUT THE COMPANY
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SIMULATION GAMES
PLANSPIELE
ECONOMIC-STRATEGY GAMES
BUSINESS-SURROUNDINGS ARE CREATED BY A COMPUTER
THE WINNER IS THE PARTICIPANT WITH THE LARGEST MARKET POSITION OR THE HIGHEST STOCK CAPITAL
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SIMULATION GAMES
PLANSPIELE
ECONOMIC-STRATEGY GAMES
TWO TYPES OF STRATEGY GAMES:
DISTANCE-STRATEGY-GAMES: TEAMS PLAY AGAINST ONE ANOTHER, LAST SEVERAL MONTHS, MEMBERS FROM DIFFERENT COMPANIES.
SEMINAR-STRATEGY GAMES:PARTICIPANTS ARE ALL TOGETHER, LAST SOMETIMES TWO SEMINAR DAYS, DECISIONS MUST BE MADE MUCH MORE QUICKLY
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SIMULATION GAMES
PLANSPIELE
ADVANTAGES
QUICK LEARNING
PARTICIPANTS CAN TRY OUT NEW MODELS RISK FREEECONOMIC-KNOWLEDGE CAN BE APPLIED AND PRACTICED
PARTICIPANTS LEARN HOW TO THINK IN TERMS OF NETWORKS
DIRECT CONTACT WITH COMPETITION CAN BE TESTED WITHOUT CONSEQUENCES
HAVING FUN WHILE LEARNING
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SIMULATION GAMES
PLANSPIELE
DISADVANTAGES
COMPILING OF MATERIALS AND THE RELEASE OF GAME ORGANIZATION CAN BE MANIPULATED
EXTENSIVE TECHNICAL PREPARATION
IT’S ONLY POSSIBLE WITH GROUPS AS LARGE AS 20
SOME PLAYERS MAY TAKE THE GAME TOO SERIOUSLY
ROLE IDENTIFICATION IS DIFFICULT ESPECIALLY WHEN PLAYERS COME FROM DIFFERENT CULTURES AND BACKGROUNDS
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SIMULATION GAMES
PLANSPIELE
THE FUTURE
SIMULATION GAMES HAVE BECOME MORE REALISTIC
INCREASES IN COMPUTER PERFORMANCE
THE STRATEGY GAME CABS (COMPUTER AIDED BUSINESS SIMULATION), IS ABLE TO MODULATE THE CAR INDUSTRY MARKET
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SIMULATION GAMES
PLANSPIELE
ADVANCES: PLANSPIELE ALSO TRAIN SOFT-SKILLS
AN EXAMPLE IS THE ”AEDIFICIUM” GAME FROM THE AINOS COMPANY:
EACH PLAYER IS GIVEN A ROLE AS AN EMPLOYEE OR MANAGER IN A FICTITIOUS COMPANY
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SIMULATION GAMES
PLANSPIELE
ADVANCES: PLANSPIELE ALSO TRAIN SOFT-SKILLS
A CONVENTIONAL ASSESSMENT CENTER COSTS BETWEEN 600 AND 800 EUR PER APPLICANT PLUS TRAVEL EXPENSES
INTERNET TESTS LIKE CHALLENGE UNLIMITED COST ALMOST NOTHING WHEN ENOUGH PARTICIPANTS ARE INVOLVED
ROLE - PLAY
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ROLE - PLAY
DEFINITION:
ROLE-PLAY IS A METHOD OF HUMAN INTERACTION, IN WHICH REALISTIC BEHAVIOUR IN AN IMAGINARY SITUATION IS EXPECTED. THE ROLE PLAY IS A LEARNING GAME, IN WHICH REALITY IS SIMULATED.
MAIER, NORMAN R.F.: ROLLENSPIELPRAXIS IM FÜHRUNGSTRAINING. STUTTGART, 1975
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ROLE - PLAY
HISTORY:
THE MOST FAMOUS TREATISE ABOUT ROLE-PLAY IS A PSYCHO DRAMA BY J.L. MORENO (1889-1974).
NOWADAYS GROUPS THEY RARELY SPEAK ABOUT THERAPY, BUT RATHER ABOUT TRAININGS OF BEHAVIOUR, STRATEGIES, CONFLICTS AND UNDERSTANDINGS OF ROLES
(HTTP://WWW.SOCIALNET.DE/REZENSIONEN/0111SCHALLER_MUELLERMEHRING.HTML)
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ROLE - PLAY
ADVANTAGES
ENABLES TO EXPRESS HIDDEN FEELINGS
ENABLES TO EMPATHIZE WITH OTHERS AND UNDERSTAND THEIR MOTIVATIONS
OFFERS PRACTICE IN VARIOUS TYPES OF BEHAVIOUR
CHANGES ATTITUDES
CLOSES GAP BETWEEN TRAINING AND REAL LIFE SITUATIONS
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ROLE - PLAY
DISADVANTAGES
SIMPLIFICATIONS CAN MISLEAD
USES LARGE AMOUNTS OF TIME, RESOURCES, SPACE, SPECIAL ITEMS
MAY BE SEEN AS TOO ENTERTAINING AND UNSERIOUS
MAY DOMINATE LEARNING TO THE EXCLUSION OF SOLID THEORY AND FACTS
MAY DEPEND ON WHAT PEOPLE ALREADY KNOW
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ROLE - PLAY
LEARNING THEORY
LEARNING BY ANALYSING AND EMPHAZISING OF HUMAN ATTITUDES
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THINKING AND ACTING
PEOPLE LEARN BY ACTING AND NOT BY KNOWING THE THEORY.
“SEEING IS BELIEVING, BUT FEELING IS THE TRUTH”
MAIER, NORMAN R.F.: ROLLENSPIELPRAXIS IM FÜHRUNGSTRAINING. STUTTGART, 1975
OUTDOOR TRAININGS
OUTDOOR TRAININGS
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THE IDEA
THE GROUP LEARNS BY DOING AND BECOMES A TEAM
COMMON EXPERIENCES MAKES IT POSSIBLE TO LEARN FAST GATHER RISKFREE EXPERIENCES IN THE GROUP
EMPLOYEES GET TO KNOW EACH OTHER WITHIN A FEW DAYS
OUTDOOR TRAININGS
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THE GOALS
GOOD COMMUNICATION IS THE KEY TO SUCCESSFUL CO-OPERATION
THE AIM IS TO TEACH A TEAM TO THINK TOGETHER ABOUT SOLUTION STRATEGIES
THROW OLD STRUCTURES IN FAVOR OF NEW BEHAVIORS
OUTDOOR TRAININGS
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POSSIBILITIES OF OUTDOOR TRAININGS
THE BUILDING OF A ROPE GARDEN, A BRIDGE, A RAFT OR A HUT OR REPELLING, THE EXECUTION OF A MOUNTAINBIKE ROUTE OR A BIVAC
THE EXPERIENCE TAKES ON MORE MEANING BECAUSE OF ITS UNIQUENESS
ASSESSMENT CENTER
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ASSESMENT CENTER
DEFINITION
ASSESSMENT MEANS ”FESTSTELLUNG”, ”ABSCHÄTZUNG”, ”BEWERTUNG”
THE ASSESSMENT CENTER IS ALSO CALLED ”AUSWAHLTAG” OR ”PERSONALENTWICKLUNGS-SEMINAR”
AC IS A SYSTEMATIC PROCEDURE FOR REALIZING DEFICITS OR ABILITIES OF BEHAVIOUR
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ASSESMENT CENTER
HISTORY
DEVELOPED BY GERMAN PSYCOLOGISTS OF THE WEHRMACHT
IN THE 30s IT WAS USED FOR SELECTING RECRUITS FOR THE WEHRMACHT.
IN THE 50s THE AC WAS DEVELOPED FURTHER BY AMERICANS
AMERICAS HUGE COMPANIES LIKE IBM WERE ONE STEP AHEAD BY THIS TIME
HTTP://WWW.FBI.FH-KÖLN.DE
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ASSESMENT CENTER
TESTS AND EXERCISES
SIMULATIONS OF WORKPROCESSES
PRESENTATIONS AND LECTURES
ROLE-PLAYS
EXERCISES WHICH TESTS PERSONALITY AND INTERESTS
A QUESTIONNAIRE ABOUT THE BIOGRAPHIE
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ASSESMENT CENTER
TESTS AND EXERCISES
POSTKORBÜBUNGDISCUSSIONROLE-PLAY
TOPICS OF A ROLE PLAY MAY BE
NEGOTIATIONS ABOUT WAGESA CUSTOMER VISITCRITICAL ANNOTATIONS WITH REFERENCE TO EMPLOYEESMOTIVATION OF EMPLOYEESA CONVERSATION ABOUT AN ASSESSMENT OF AN EMPLOYEEGRIEVANCES
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ASSESMENT CENTER
INTERCULTURAL ACs
THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CONVENTIONAL ACs AND INTERCULTURAL ACs CONVENTIONAL ACs: COMPETENCIES LIKE INDIVIDUAL ACTING, SOCIAL ACTING, TECHNICAL ACTING AND STRATEGIC ACTING
INTERCULTURAL ACs: ATTIDUDES LIKE EMPATHY, TOLERANCE OF AMBIGUITY, FLEXIBILITY, KNOWLEDGE OF CULTURES AND KNOWLEDGES IN FOREIGN LANGUAGES
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ASSESMENT CENTER
INTERCULTURAL ACs
1. THE PUNCTUAL INTERCULTURAL AC
CULTURAL DIFFERENCES: AWARENESS OF CULTURAL DIFFERENCES
EMPATHY: REMOVAL MISUNDERSTANDINGS
TOLERANCE OF AMBIGUITY: CONFRONTATION WITH ETHIC TOPICS
KNOWLEDGES OF A FOREIGN LANGUAGE:NEGOTIATIONS IN A FOREIGN LANGUAGE
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ASSESMENT CENTER
INTERCULTURAL ACs
2. SYSTEMATIC INTERCULTURAL AC ASSESSMENT OF THE BEHAVIOUR IN INTERCULTURAL CONNECTIONS THAT ARE MORE COMPLEX
POSSIBLE TO PERFORM WITH SIMULATION GAMES
THE DISADVANTAGE: THERE ARE ONLY A FEW ADAPTABLE INTERCULTURAL SIMULATION GAMES