ABSTRACT

This seminar examines the new technology of Holographic Projections. It highlights the

importance and need of this technology and how it represents the new wave in the future of

technology and communications, the different application of the technology, the fields of life

it will dramatically affect including business, education, telecommunication and healthcare.

The paper also discusses the future of holographic technology and how it will prevail in the

coming years highlighting how it will also affect and reshape many other fields of life,

technologies and businesses. Holography is a diffraction-based coherent imaging technique

in which a complex three-dimensional object can be reproduced from a flat, two-dimensional

screen with a complex transparency representing amplitude and phase values. It is commonly

agreed that real-time holography is the ne plus ultra art and science of visualizing fast

temporally changing 3-D scenes. The integration of the real-time or electro-holographic

principle into display technology is one of the most promising but also challenging

developments for the future consumer display and TV market. Only holography allows the

reconstruction of natural-looking 3-D scenes, and therefore  provides observers with a

completely comfortable viewing experience. But to date several challenges have prevented

the technology from becoming commercialized. But those obstacles are now starting to be

overcome. Recently, we have developed a novel approach to real-time display holography by

combining an overlapping sub-hologram technique with a tracked viewing-window

technology.

INTRODUCTION

Holographic projection is the new wave of technology that will change how we

view things in the new era. It will have tremendous effects on all fields of life including

business, education, science, art and healthcare. To understand how a holographic projector

works we need to know what a hologram is. Holography is the method we use to record

patterns of light. These patterns are reproduced as a three-dimensional image called a

hologram. While Hungarian physicist Dennis Gabor invented the hologram in 1947. Today’s

new technology provides some outstanding advantages to not only everyday consumers but

also large business corporations and governments.

Three-dimensional holographic projection technology is loosely based on an

illusionary technique called Peppers Ghost, and was first used in Victorian theatres across

London in the 1860s. Pepper's Ghost was typically used to create ghostlike figures on stage.

Hidden from the audience's view, an actor dressed in a ghostly costume would stand facing

an angled plate of glass. The audience would be able to see the glass, but not the actor

directly.

3D holographic projection is a rapidly growing technology. With every business

desperately trying to get their product to stand out from the competitors, 3D hologram

advertising and promotion is fast becoming an eye catching success. Thanks to the latest in

HD projection and CGI technology, 3D holographic projection has transformed itself from its

basic Victorian origins into a futuristic audio visual display used by the likes of Endemol

(Big Brother), Coco-Cola and BMW. With almost limitless holographic possibilities, from

life like humans to blockbuster style special effects, as well as the continual advances in

technology, 3D holographic projection has a bright future ahead.

Figure 1: Timeline of hologram

2 3D HOLOGRAPHIC TECNOLOGY

Holography is a diffraction-based coherent imaging technique in which a complex

three-dimensional object can be reproduced from a flat, two-dimensional screen with a

complex transparency representing amplitude and phase values. It is commonly agreed that

real-time holography is the ne plus ultra art and science of visualizing fast temporally

changing 3-D scenes. The integration of the real-time or electro-holographic principle into

display technology is one of the most promising but also challenging developments for the

future consumer display and TV market. Only holography allows the reconstruction of

natural-looking 3-D scenes, and therefore  provides observers with a completely comfortable

viewing experience.

A holoprojector will use holographic technology to project large-scale, high-

resolution images onto a variety of different surfaces, at different focal distances, from a

relatively small-scale projection device. To understand the technology used in holographic

projection, we must understand the term ‘Hologram’, and the process of making and

projecting holograms. Holography is a technique that allows the light scattered from an

object to be recorded and later reconstructed. The technique to optically store, retrieve, and

process information. The holograms preserve the 3-D information of a holographed subject,

which helps to project 3D images.

2.1 HOLOGRAMS

A hologram is a physical component or device that stores information about the

holographic image. For example a hologram can be a grating recorded on a piece of film. It is

especially useful to be able to record a full image of an object in a short exposure if the

object or space changes in time. Holos means “whole” and graphein means “writing”.

Holography is a technique that is used to display objects or scenes in three dimensions. These

3D images are called holograms. A photographic record  produced by illuminating the object

with coherent light (as from a laser) and, without using lenses, exposing a film to light

reflected from this object and to a direct beam of coherent light. When interference patterns

on the film are illuminated by the coherent light a three-dimensional image is produced.

2.2 TYPES OF HOLOGRAMS

A hologram is a recording in a two-or three-dimensional medium of the

interference pattern formed when a point source of light (the reference beam) of fixed

wavelength encounters light of the same fixed wavelength arriving from an object (the object

beam). When the hologram is illuminated by the reference beam alone, the diffraction pattern

recreates the wave fronts of light from the original object.

Thus, the viewer sees an image indistinguishable from the original object. There

are many types of holograms, and there are varying ways of classifying them. For our

purpose, we can divide them into three types: reflection hologram, transmission holograms

and computer generated holograms.

2.2.1. Reflection hologram

The reflection hologram, in which a truly three-dimensional image is seen near its

surface, is the most common type shown in galleries. The hologram is illuminated by a

“spot” of white incandescent light, held at a specific angle and distance and located on the

viewer’s side of the hologram. Thus, the image consists of light reflected by the hologram.

Recently, these holograms have been made and displayed in colour  — their images optically

indistinguishable from the original objects. If a mirror is the object, the holographic image of

the mirror reflects white light.

2.2.2. Transmission holograms

The typical transmission hologram is viewed with laser light, usually of the same

type used to make the recording. This light is directed from behind the hologram and the

image is transmitted to the observer’s side. The virtual image can be very sharp and deep.

Furthermore, if an undiverged laser beam is directed backward (relative to the direction of

the reference beam) through the hologram, a real image can be projected onto a screen

located at the original position of the object.

2.2.3.Computer Generated Holograms

Computer Generated Holography (CGH) is the method of digitally generating

holographic interference patterns.  A holographic image can be generated e.g. by digitally

computing a holographic interference pattern and printing it onto a mask or film for

subsequent illumination by suitable coherent light source. Alternatively, the holographic

image can be brought to life by a holographic 3D display (a display which operates on the

basis of interference of coherent light),  bypassing the need of having to fabricate a

"hardcopy" of the holographic interference  pattern each time. Consequently, in recent times

the term "computer generated holography" is increasingly being used to denote the whole

process chain of synthetically preparing holographic light wavefronts suitable for

observation.

Computer generated holograms have the advantage that the objects which one

wants to show do not have to possess any physical reality at all (completely synthetic

hologram generation). On the other hand, if holographic data of existing objects is generated

optically, but digitally recorded and processed, and brought to display subsequently, this is

termed CGH as well.

3. 3D HOLOGRAPHIC PROJECTION SYSTEM PRINCIPLE

The holographic projection is a kind of 3D technology of without wearing glasses, and

viewers can see the three-dimensional virtual character. This technology is more in some

museum applications. Three-dimensional holographic projection equipment is not the use of

digital technology, but the projection equipment projects the different angle image to the

holographic projection membrane, so that you can see other images that are not belong to

your own point of view, and thus achieve a true three-dimensional holographic image.

360 degree phantom imaging is a three-dimensional screen that imaging is suspended in mid-

air imaging in the real, creating magic and real atmosphere, and the effect is peculiar, with a

strong sense of depth. The object can be conjunct with the phantom in the air, also be

available with touch screen interaction with the audience. Holographic interactive display

system is a combination with nanometer touch sensitive membrane and scattering rear-

projection imaging technology, andit is a novel and extraordinary presentation. Visitors can

interact with holographic display glass, and be given a mysterious and magical fantasy

feeling and provided the modern, stylish, interactive tools for the query of the display.

3D holographic projection is the technology that record and reproduce objects in real 3D

image with using of interference and diffraction theory.

Fig.2.1 Holographic projection schematic

The first step is to record the object light wave information by interference

principle, namely, the shooting process: the subject under laser irradiation forms a diffuse

object beam; another part of the laser as a reference beam shines on the holographic film, and

the object beam is been superimposed and produce interference, converts the phase and

amplitude of object light waves to the intensity in space changes, thus records all the

information of the object light waves with using of contrast and spacing in interference strips.

The film, recording the interference stripes, after developing and fixing handler, will become

a hologram or holographic photo.

The second step is by diffraction theory to that reproduce the object light wave

information, which is the imaging process: the hologram is like a complex grating, in

coherent laser, the sine-hologram diffraction light waves of a linear record of generally give

two the original image (also known as the initial image) and the conjugate image. The image

of reproduction has the strong three-dimensional sense, and a real visual effect. Every part of

the hologram recorded the light of the object, so in principle, every part can reproduce the

original image, a number of different images can be recorded on a film by multiple-exposure

and showed each other without disturbing.

Holographic projection technology is holography displayed reversely. In

essence, it is the formation of three-dimensional images on the air or a special three-

dimensional lens. This technology breaks through the limitations of traditional sound, light,

power, and the image is color, the contrast and clarity are very high. Unlike the flat screen

projection displaying the stereoscopic perception only in the two-dimensional surface by the

effect of perspective and shadows ,holographic projection technology is the real rendering of

3D images, which different sides of the image can be viewed from any angle of 360 degree.

Decorative and practicality are blended, and the strong sense of space and perspective are the

most attractive place of this technique. The holographic projection is expected to become the

ultimate show solutions beyond the current 3D technology.The computer-generated

holographic principle can be including the calculation process and the reproduce,

Fig. 2.2 Computer generated holographic principle

The calculation process transforms the three-dimensional information into a holographic

stripe, which there are two methods based on interference and diffraction. The interference

and diffraction are all the basic nature of light. Interference is more than two (or two) light

waves with the same frequency, the same vibration direction and the constant phase

difference, in the superposition of the space, and forms the constant strengthening and

weakening in the overlap area. Diffraction is that the light waves display the derivative

phenomenon in the communication process through the edges or porosity of the obstacles.

The greater the wavelength, the smaller the pore, the exhibition derivative phenomenon is

more obvious.

The reproduce process is the holographic stripes generated by the spatial light

modulator (SLM) modulated the incident light, and converts stripes into visible three-

dimensional images. In essence, the calculated hologram information produced and

reproduced by computer-controlled graphics device on the physical media.

4. IMPORTANCE AND NEED OF HOLOGRAPHIC PROJECTION

The interest in 3D viewing is not new. The public has embraced this experience

since at least the days of stereoscopes, at the turn of the last century. New excitement,

interest, and enthusiasm then came with the 3D movie craze in the middle of the last century,

followed by the fascinations of holography, and most recently the advent of virtual reality.

Recent developments in computers and computer graphics have made spatial 3D images

more practical and accessible. Modern three-dimensional (”3D”) display technologies are

increasingly popular and practical not only in computer graphics, but in other diverse

environments and technologies as well. A concurrent continuing need is for such practical

autostereoscopic 3D displays that can also accommodate multiple viewers independently and

simultaneously. A particular advantage would be afforded if the need could be fulfilled to

provide such simultaneous viewing in which each viewer could be presented with a uniquely

customized autostereoscopic 3D image that could be entirely different from that being

viewed simultaneously by any of the other viewers present, all within the same viewing

environment, and all with complete freedom of movement therein. A high resolution three

dimensional recording of an object. Another feature is that these are glasses free 3D display.

This 3D technology can accommodate multiple viewers independently and simultaneously,

which is an advantage no other 3D technology can show. The 3D holographic technology

does not need a projection screen. The projections are projected into midair, so the

limitations of screen are not applicable for 3D holographic display.

Modern three-dimensional (”3D”) display technologies are increasingly popular

and practical not only in computer graphics, but in other diverse environments and

technologies as well. Growing examples include medical diagnostics, flight simulation, air

traffic control, battlefield simulation, weather diagnostics, entertainment, advertising,

education, animation, virtual reality, robotics, biomechanical studies, scientific visualization,

and so forth. The increasing interest and popularity are due to many factors. In our daily

lives, we are surrounded by synthetic computer graphic images both in principle and on

television. People can nowadays even generate similar images on personal computers at

home. We also regularly see holograms on credit cards and lenticular displays on cereal

boxes.

There is also a growing appreciation that two dimensional projections of 3D

scenes, traditionally referred to as “3D computer graphics”, can be insufficient for inspection,

navigation, and comprehension of some types of multivariate data. Without the benefit of 3D

rendering, even high quality images that have excellent perspective depictions still appear

unrealistic and flat. For such application environments, the human depth cues of stereopsis,

motion parallax, and (perhaps to a lesser extent) ocular accommodations are increasingly

recognized as significant and important for facilitating image understanding and realism.

In other aspects of 3D display technologies, such as the hardware needed for viewing, the

broad field of virtual reality has driven the computer and optics industries to produce better

stereoscopic helmet mounted and boom-mounted displays, as well as the associated hardware

and software to render scenes at rates and qualities needed to produce the illusion of reality.

However, most voyages into virtual reality are currently solitary and encumbered ones: users

often wear helmets, special glasses, or other devices that present the 3D world only to each of

them individually. A common form of such stereoscopic displays uses shuttered or passively

polarized eyewear, in which the observer wears eyewear that blocks one of two displayed

images, exclusively one each for each eye. Examples include passively polarized glasses, and

rapidly alternating shuttered glasses.

While these approaches have been generally successful, they have not met

with widespread acceptance because observers generally do not like to wear equipment over

their eyes. In addition, such approaches are impractical, and essentially unworkable, for

projecting a 3D image to one or more casual passersby, to a group of collaborators, or to an

entire audience such as when individuated projections are desired. Even when identical

projections are presented, such situations have required different and relatively

underdeveloped technologies, such as conventional auto stereoscopic displays. Thus, a need

still remains for highly effective, practical, efficient, uncomplicated, and inexpensive auto

stereoscopic 3D displays that allow the observer complete and unencumbered freedom of

movement. Additionally, a need continues to exist for practical auto stereoscopic 3D displays

that provide a true parallax experience in both the vertical as well as the horizontal

movement directions.

A concurrent continuing need for such practical auto stereoscopic 3D displays

that accommodate multiple viewers independently and simultaneously. A particular

advantage would be afforded if the need could be fulfilled to provide such simultaneous

viewing in which each viewer could be presented with a uniquely customized auto

stereoscopic 3D image that could be entirely different from that lesser extent) ocular

accommodations are increasingly recognized as significant and important for facilitating

image understanding and realism.

In other aspects of 3D display technologies, such as the hardware needed for

viewing, the broad field of virtual reality has driven the computer and optics industries to

produce better stereoscopic helmet mounted and boom-mounted displays, as well as the

associated hardware and software to render scenes at rates and qualities needed to produce

the illusion of reality. However, most voyages into virtual reality are currently solitary and

encumbered ones: users often wear helmets, special glasses, or other devices that present the

3D world only to each of them individually. A common form of such stereoscopic displays

uses shuttered or passively polarized eyewear, in which the observer wears eyewear that

blocks one of two displayed images, exclusively one each for each eye. Examples include

passively polarized glasses, and rapidly alternating shuttered glasses.

While these approaches have been generally successful, they have not met with

widespread acceptance because observers generally do not like to wear equipment over their

eyes. In addition, such approaches are impractical, and essentially unworkable, for projecting

a 3D image to one or more casual passersby, to a group of collaborators, or to an entire

audience such as when individuated projections are desired. Even when identical projections

are presented, such situations have required different and relatively underdeveloped

technologies, such as conventional auto stereoscopic displays. Thus, a need still remains for

highly effective, practical, efficient, uncomplicated, and inexpensive auto stereoscopic 3D

displays that allow the observer complete and unencumbered freedom of movement.

Additionally, a need continues to exist for practical auto stereoscopic 3D displays that

provide a true parallax experience in both the vertical as well as the horizontal movement

directions.

A concurrent continuing need for such practical auto stereoscopic 3D displays

that accommodate multiple viewers independently and simultaneously. A particular

advantage would be afforded if the need could be fulfilled to provide such simultaneous

viewing in which each viewer could be presented with a uniquely customized auto

stereoscopic 3D image that could be entirely different from thatbeing viewed simultaneously

by any of the other viewers present, all within the same viewing environment, and all with

complete freedom of movement therein. Yet another urgent need is for an unobtrusive 3D

viewing device that combines feedback for optimizing the viewing experience in

combination with provisions for 3D user input, thus enabling viewing and manipulation of

virtual 3D objects in 3D space without the need for special viewing goggles or headgear. In

view of the ever increasing commercial competitive pressures, increasing consumer

expectations, and diminishing opportunities for meaningful product differentiation in the

marketplace, it is increasingly critical that answers be found to these problems. Moreover, the

ever-increasing need to save costs, improve efficiencies, improve performance, and meet

such competitive pressures adds even greater urgency to the critical necessity that answers be

found to these problems.

4.1 HOLOGRAM PROPERTIES

Appears as a real object from different angles.

Usually just look like a sparkly pictures or smears of color.

Each cut views the entire holographic image.

5. WORKING OF HOLOGRAMS

The time-varying light field of a scene with all its physical properties is to be

recorded and then regenerated. Hence the working of holography is divided into two phases:

1. Recording

2. Reconstruction

Recording of hologram: Basic tools required to make a hologram includes a red

lasers, lenses, beam splitter, mirrors and holographic film. Holograms are recorded in darker

environment, this is to avoid the noise interference caused by other light sources.

The recording of hologram is based on the phenomenon of interference. It requires a

laser source, a plane mirror or beam splitter, an object and a photographic  plate. A laser

beam from the laser source is incident on a plane mirror or beam splitter. As the name

suggests, the function of the beam splitter is to split the laser beam. One  part of splitted

beam, after reflection from the beam splitter, strikes on the photographic  plate. This beam is

called reference beam. While other part of splitted beam (transmitted from beam splitter)

strikes on the photographic plate after suffering reflection from the various points of object.

This beam is called object beam.

The object beam reflected from the object interferes with the reference beam when

both the beams reach the photographic plate. The superposition of these two beams produces

an interference pattern (in the form of dark and bright fringes) and this pattern is recorded on

the photographic plate. The photographic plate with recorded interference pattern is called

hologram. Photographic plate is also known as Gabor zone plate in honour of Denis Gabor

who developed the phenomenon of holography.

Each and every part of the hologram receives light from various points of the object.

Thus, even if hologram is broken into parts, each part is capable of reconstructing the whole

object.

There are two basic types of holograms:

Reflection holograms

Transmission holograms

Reflection holograms form images by reflecting a beam of light off the surface of the

hologram. This type of hologram produces very high quality images but is very expensive to

create.

Transmission holograms form images by transmitting a beam of light through the

hologram. This type of hologram is more commonly seen since they can  be inexpensively

mass-produced. Embossed holograms, such as those found on credit cards, are transmission

holograms with a mirrored backing.

5.1 Reflection Holograms

Fig. 5.1 Recording of reflex hologram

5.1.1 Recording Reflection Holograms

The laser provides a highly coherent source of light. The beam of light hits the beam

splitter, which is a semi-reflecting plate that splits the beam into two: an object beam

and a reference beam

The object beam is widened by a beam spreader (expanding lens) and the light is

reflected off the object and is projected onto the photographic plate.

The reference beam is also widened by a beam spreader and the light reflects off a

mirror and shines on the photographic plate.

The reference and object beams meet at the photographic plate and create the

interference pattern that records the amplitude and phase of the resultant wave.

5.1.2 Reconstructing Reflection Holograms

A reconstruction beam of light is used to reconstruct the object wave front. The

reconstruction beam is positioned at the same angle as the illuminating beam that was

used during the recording phase

Fig. 5.2 Image recording of reflection hologram

The virtual image appears behind the hologram at the same position as the object .

Fig. 5.3 Image reconstruction of reflection hologram

5.2 Transmission Holograms

5.2.1 Recording Transmission Holograms

As with reflection holograms, a laser is used to provide a highly coherent source of

light. A beam splitter and beam spreaders are also used in the recording of

transmission holograms.

After the object beam passes through the beam spreader, the light is reflected off a

mirror and onto the object. The object beam is then reflected onto the  photographic

plate.

The reference beam is also reflected off a mirror and shines on the  photographic

plate.

The incoming object and reference beams create a resultant wave. The amplitude

and phase of the resultant wave is recorded onto the photographic plate as an

interference pattern.

Fig.5.4 Image recording of Transmission hologram

5.2.2 Reconstructing Transmission Holograms

A reconstruction beam is used to illuminate the hologram and is positioned at the

same angle as the reference beam that was used during the recording  phase.

When the reconstruction beam is placed at the right angle, three beams of light will

pass through the hologram.

An undiffracted beam (zeroth order) will pass directly through the

hologram but will not produce an image.

A second beam forms the primary (virtual) image (first order) that is diffracted at the

same angle as the incoming object beam that was used during recording.

A third beam forms the secondary (real) image.

As we can see in the diagram, the beams that form the images are diffracted at the

same angle,alpha, from the undiffracted beam. Between the image beams, the angle

is twice as large, or 2(alpha).

If we look at the hologram at the same angle as the primary image beam (also same

angle as recording object beam), we will see a virtual image of the object located

behind the hologram.

Fig.5.5 Image reconstruction of transmission hologram

Fig.5.6 Image reconstruction, primary image

If we look at the hologram at the same angle as the secondary image beam, we will

see a real image of the object located in front of the hologram.

Fig.5.7 Image reconstruction, secondary image

 

 

6. WORKING OF 3D HOLOGRAPHIC PROJECTION TECHNOLOGY

This is entirely a Latest and vary unique Hi Definition 3D Projection

Technology in which a person is captured in 3Ddimentional Aspect with a Sp. Hi Definition

Camera on a specially built stage And Projected “As Is” at various Distant Locations “At a

Time” Viewers at the other end will feel the presence of REAL Person in front of them and

also interact with projected „Virtual” person, without wearing any kind of 3D glasses, as they

interact with “Actual Person‟.

 Holography is a technique that enables a light field, which is generally the

product of a light sources scattered off Objects, to be recorded and Later reconstructed when

the original light field is no longer present, due to the absence of the original objects.

Holography can be thought of as somewhat similar to sound recording, whereby a sound

field created by vibrating matter like musical instruments or vocal cords, is encoded in such a

way that it can be reproduced later, without the presence of the original vibrating matter. It

starts with the patented foil, completely invisible to the naked eye.Right at 45° across the

stage and the gives s the impression of a real 3D volumetric image on stage. A hologram is

recorded by exposing a light-sensitive sensor (for example, photographic film, or a high-

resolution CCD) simultaneously to a coherent beam of light and the reflection of that beam

of light from the scene being recorded. The sensor records not an image of the scene, but the

interference (typically taking place at the surface of a sheet of film) between the image and

the original coherent light. This interference pattern contains all the information in the light

field at the sensor.

Fig.6.1 Recorded hologram from coherent beam of light

  To play back a hologram, the interference pattern of the original hologram is

reproduced, and a coherent beam of light (typically having the same wavelength as the

original laser illumination source) is directed onto the pattern along the same direction as was

the reference beam. The reconstruction beam is diffracted from the interference pattern, and

thereby reproduces the 3D image information of the subject of the hologram. For us, a

glowing but seemingly solid image suddenly appears floating in space.

Fig.6.2 Appearance of Virtual Image through reconstructed waveforms

With video displays being of considerably greater value than static 3D picture frames, a

dynamic substitute for photographic film has long been sought, with varying degrees of

success. An active holographic display is based on a spatial light modulator

7.ADVANCEMENT IN HOLOGRAPHIC TECHNOLOGY

7.1 Touchable holograms

The importance of haptic interaction techniques gather much more attention

with the progress of the computer graphics, the physical simulation and the visual display

technologies. There have been a lot of interactive systems which aim to enable the users to

handle 3D graphic objects with their hands. If tactile feedback is provided to the user’s hands

in 3D free space, the usability of those systems will be considerably improved. One strategy

to provide tactile feedback in 3D free space is to attach tactile displays on the user’s hands.

 

The method is based on a nonlinear phenomenon of ultrasound; acoustic

radiation pressure. When an object interrupts the propagation of ultrasound, a pressure field

is exerted on the surface of the object. This pressure is called acoustic radiation  pressure.

7.2 Tactile display with haptic feedback

“Airborne Ultrasound Tactile Display [Iwamoto et al. 2008]” is tactile display

which provides tactile sensation onto the user’s hand. It utilizes the nonlinear  phenomenon

of ultrasound; acoustic radiation pressure. When an object interrupts the propagation of ultra-

sound, a pressure field is exerted on the surface of the object.

7.3 User interfacing integrated displays

While camera-based and marker-less hand tracking systems are demonstrated

these days, we use Wiimote (Nintendo) which has an infrared (IR) camera for simplicity. A

retro reflective marker is attached on the tip of user’s middle finger. IR LEDs illuminate the

marker and two Wiimotes sense the 3D position of the finger. Owing to this hand-tracking

system, the users can handle the floating virtual image with their hands.

7.4 360-degree 3D system

The system was made possible by projecting high-speed video on a spinning

mirror. As the spinning mirror changes direction, different perspectives of the  projected

image is shown. The University of Southern California project is more realistic compared to

other holographic attempt because, nearly 5, 000 individual images are reflected every

second.

8. APPLICATIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE

8.1 Marketing with 3D holographic display

This world’s innovative technology can enable observers to see lifelike images

that float deep inside and project several feet in front of a display screen. Dimensional

Studios, a leader in 3D visual display solutions has recently introduced its unparalleled

digital signage in the UK. This world’s innovative technology can enable observers to see 3D

holographic-like images that float deep inside and project several feet in front of an LCD or

plasma display screen. Its aim is for advertising agencies and consumer products who wish to

catch a huge impact from this new break through media.

Fig,8.1 Marketing with 3d holographic display

8.2 Holography in education

Holography being in its infant stage has not being widely used in education. However,

application of holography in education is not new. Although, the distance of transition was

minimal, long distance projection is possible since the images are transmitted over the

internet. Holography differs from video conferencing because the teacher appears to be in the

classroom. While in video conferencing users can easily notice a screen and a camera.

Fig.8.2 Holography in education

8.3 Holography in Entertainment Industry

When one thinks about holography in the entertainment industry, the movies

Star Trek and Star Wars come into mind. In these movies, people relate with holograms as

they would relate with real human. Although, what people see in these movies are not real

holograms, they depict what a real hologram looks like and future capabilities of holography.

In the musical industry, holography is being used for concerts. In this case, the musicians can

be far away in New York while performing in several cities around the world. Today, three

dimensional television and cinemas are  becoming common, and there is more to come.

3D movies in home theatres require chunky glasses which may be

uncomfortable for some people to wear. Also experts found that viewing 3D television over a

long period can cause headache and eye strain due to new sensory experience. Since

holography makes beamed image look like real, it should not have any future strain on the

eyes nor generate headache.

Fig.8.3 Holography in entertainment industry

8.4 Virtual Reality, Augmented reality and Telepresence

With the aid of a light pen, the Sketchpad draws vector lines on a computer

screen. The Sketchpad contributed to the field of Human Computer Interaction, and also

introduced the concept of Graphical User Interface. Virtual reality employs computer

modelling and simulation, which produces images to look similar to the real world.

Telepresence differs from virtual reality, because telepresence makes it  possible

for a person to be virtually present in another physical location. Telepresence is applicable

especially in circumstances where the person involved cannot be  physically present. The

absence of a real person makes telepresence an option in case of foreseen danger to the

person’s life in the new environment. Telepresence is similar to holography, because they

both allow objects to be transported to a new destination in 3D.

Augmented reality gives an adjusted real world, where images or text are

displayed upon real objects. Museums, artists and industries are popular users of augmented

reality and the usage is on the rise. Augmented reality is also becoming part of our everyday

life which includes mobile appliances, shopping malls, training, and education.

8.5 Projection displays

Future colour liquid crystal displays (LCD’s) will be brighter and whiter as a result

of holographic technology. Scientists at Polaroid Corp. have developed a holographic

reflector that will reflect ambient light to produce a whiter background. Holographic

televisions may be possible within a decade but at a high price.  MIT researchers recently

made a prototype that does not need glasses, but true holographic commercial TV will take a

year to appear. One day all TVs could be holographic, but will take 8-10 years. In future,

holographic displays will be replacing all present displays in all sizes, from small phone

screen to large projectors.

CONCLUSION

Holography may still be in its infant stage, but its potentials applications are aspiring.

Holographic Technology and Spectral Imagining has endless applications, as far as the

human mind can imagine. Holography being the closest display technology to our real

environment may just be the right substitute when reality fails. With holography, educational

institutions may become a global village sooner that people thought, where information and

expertise are within reach. Knowledge sharing and mobility will only cost a second and

learning will become more captivating and interactive. First, there is an urgent need to

address the infrastructural deficiencies limiting the application of holography in education.

More interestingly, the display medium of holography is very important. A 360 viewing

angle is especially what is needed to maximize the use of holography in education. Being

able to display a 3D hologram in free air is also vital, because interacting with holograms in a

covered display may be cumbersome. In order not to limit the use of holography to a non-

interactive display medium, incorporation with feedback technologies is mandatory. The

haptic technology which makes it possible to touch and manipulate virtual object is

especially important. As the field of haptics continues to grow and integrates with

holography, interaction with holograms becomes limitless. In future, holographic displays

will be replacing all present displays in all sizes, from small phone screen to large projectors