CYBERNETICS

By: Guide:-Bhagyashree Shejwal. Mrs. Sunita Jahirabadkar-T.E. Comp-A -Roll No.: 3356

Overview Introduction to Cybernetics History of Cybernetics Defining the Cybernetics Various Areas of Cybernetics Principles of Cybernetics Goal-directed system Feedback an Important principle of Cybernetic Use of Feedback in Various Systems Artificial Intelligence & Cybernetics Software Cybernetics Concepts Current Software Engineering Software as Control Problem Self Adaptive Software Research Topics

Introduction

Importance of Concept Cybernetics and the steersman

Cybernetics and the steersman

History of Cybernetics

The Macy Foundation conferences in New York City 1946-1953

lack of a 'common terminology' . “Circular Causal and Feedback Mechanisms

in Biological and Social Systems”. Cybernetics, derived from the Greek

‘Steersman’. Wiener defined cybernetics first.

Defining the Cybernetics

• The art of governing or the science of government - A.M. Ampere

• The science of effective organization - L. Couffignal

• Cybernetics is essentially about circularity.- Ranulph Glanville

• Control and communication in the animal and the machine - Norbert Wiener

• Cybernetics is the study of systems which can be mapped using loops

- Alan Scrivener

Various Areas of Cybernetics

Generic term for many subject matters

• In Biology• In Complexity Science• In Computer Science• In Engineering• Organizational Cybernetics• In Psychology• In Sociology• Pure Cybernetics • Software Cybernetics

Principles of Cybernetics

The principle of homeostasis The principle of external completion The principle of requisite variety The principle of feedback The principle of intentionality

Goal-directed system

(1) Sensor (S)(2) Goal (G)(3) Error Detection (E)(4) Effectors (E')

Two Rules:1. Well-defined procedure 2. Minimized deviation

Cybernetic models are structures of mathematically related goal-directed systems

systems may be combined by coupling their variables - So Competitive interaction is necessary.

Finally, they can be organized into a hierarchy, in which only the lowest-level systems act upon the environment or have goals that refer to it directly.

Feedback an Important principle of Cybernetic

Use of Feedback in Various Systems

Vehicle and robot control Temperature control Learning Virtual Reality and Human Computer

Interaction Cybernetics and the environment

Artificial Intelligence & Cybernetics

• Are both of them same? – NO• AI

o concepts of universal computation o challenge of reproducing and/or explaining

human Intelligence

• Cyberneticso concepts of information o feedback and control were generalized from o systems of self-reference

Approach of cybernetic to AI

• The human brain - inspiration for AI researchers .

• A number of researchers explored the connection between neurology, information theory, and cybernetics

• Some of them built machines that used electronic networks to exhibit rudimentary intelligence

SOFTWARE CYBERNETICS

Need Concepts and Definitions

Definition: The field of science concerned with

processes of communication and control in software systems.

Software Cybernetics Concepts

Software Control Control system Control of software Open-loop control Closed-loop control /Feedback control Adaptive control – Self Adaptive Software

Closed-loop controlClosed-loop control / /Feedback Feedback controlcontrol

Current Software Engineering

Problems1. Control of the software test process

2. Optimal selection of tests

-So CMC approach is there.

3. Software performance control

4. Control of the software development process etc.

Cybernetic Approaches(a) Use simulation: “forward” approach.

(b) Use (a) plus feedback control: “inverse” approach

Cybernetic Approaches

Software as Control Problem

software may contain various defects

So we treat Software test process as a controlled object The process manager as a controller So the management of software testing

becomes a feedback control problem.

The ultimate goal of software engineering is to deliver quality software in a cost-

effective and timely manner.

Self Adaptive Software

Evaluates its own behavior and changes behavior when the evaluation indicates that it is not accomplishing what the software is intended to do, or when better functionality or performance is possible.

Has multiple ways of accomplishing its purpose

So it should have a “sensor-evaluate-adjust” executing loop

Characteristics of Self adaptive Systems Self-knowledge Self-configuration/re-configuration Self-optimizing Self-healing Self-protecting Environmentally aware Co-operative Anticipatory

Cybernetic Perspective

The controller changes the controlled object’s behaviors by delivering control.

Signals (called control inputs) which force the controlled object to achieve a desired goal (called set point).

Comparison of the entities in software self adaptation technologies and in control theory.

Control theory Software self-adaptation technologies

Controlled object Software entities to be adapted

Controller Adaptation infrastructure

Control inputs Adjusting operations to controlledsoftware entities

Set Point Desired properties of controlled software entities

Open-loop control Traditional software system

Feedback control Self-adaptive software with a fixed control law

Adaptive control Self-adaptive software with an adaptive control law.

To adjust these software entities for desired goals

1) Sense the current states of these entities.

2) Evaluate the sensed data.

3) Generate adaptive strategies and map them into controlled entities’ properties.

4) Change the controlled entities.

Research Topics

Feedback Mechanisms in Software Processes

Adaptive Software The CMC Approach and Adaptive Testing Bisimulation and Controllability

Conclusion

Cybernetic itself is a very vast area First order Cybernetics Second order Cybernetics Third order Cybernetics

Feedback–Important principle of CyberneticsSoftware Cybernetics It can be considered as an interesting

research area.

QUESTIONS ?

…..? ? ? ? ?.....

THANK YOU!