seminar on sound & vibration measurement - agency for ...€¦ · pressure & flow optical...

Seminar on

Sound & Vibration MeasurementInstrumentations, Techniques & Applications

Chua Hock AnnChua Hock Ann

Mechanical Metrology

National Metrology Centre, A*STAR

09 September 2011

A*STARAgency for Science, Technology and Research

Copyright © 2009 All rights reservedNational Metrology Centre

Agency for Science, Technology and Research

ChairmanMr Lim Chuan Poh

Dy ChairmanProf Tan Chorh Chuan

Managing DirectorProf Low Teck Seng

Managing Director’s

Office

BMRCSERC

Mission: Fostering world-class scientific research and

talent for a vibrant knowledge-based Singapore

Objectives: Enhance Singapore’s industrial

competitiveness and strengthen Singapore’s R&D

capabilities.


3

A*STAR Graduate Academy

A*STARJointCouncil

Corporate Group

BII - Bioinformatics InstituteGIS - Genome Institute of

Singapore IBN - Institute of Bioengineering

& NanotechnologyIMCB - Institute of Molecular

and Cell BiologyBTI - Bioprocessing

Technology InstituteIMB - Institute of Medical

Biology

SICS - Singapore Institute for

Clinical Sciences

DSI - Data Storage Institute

I2R - Institute for Infocomm Research

ICES - Institute of Chemical and

Engineering Sciences

IHPC - Institute of High

Performance Computing

IME - Institute of Microelectronics

IMRE - Institute of Materials

Research & Engineering

NMC NMC -- National Metrology CentreNational Metrology Centre

SIMTech - Singapore Institute of

Manufacturing Technology

NMCNational Metrology Centre


National Metrology Centre

Institute of Microelectronics (IME)

Institute for Infocomm Research (I2R)

(merger of KRDL,

Institute of High Performance

Computing (IHPC)

SERC Research Institutes and Centre

National Metrology Centre

(NMC)

Data Storage Institute (DSI)

(from Magnetic Technology Centre)

(merger of KRDL,CWC & CSP)

Institute for Chemical and Engineering

Sciences (ICES)

Computing (IHPC)

Institute of Materials Research

and Engineering (IMRE)

Singapore Institute of Manufacturing

Technology (SIMTech)

(NMC)

Executive DirectorDr Lee Loke Chong

Dy Director Dr Chua Sze Wey

Industry Development Office Director: James Ling

AdministrationHead

Ms Leow Guat Hiong

Optical MetrologyHead

Ms Tan Siew Leng

Mechanical MetrologyHead

Chua Hock Ann

Electrical MetrologyHead

Dr Chua Sze Wey

Research and Development UnitHead: Dr Tung Siew Kong

Standards and Infrastructure UnitHead: Victor Tan

NMC Organisation

Fu

nc

tio

ns Technology Development

Industry Services

Custodian of Metrology Standards

Staff Milestones Laboratories International Linkages

Bunkering

Technology Development

Bunkering Mass Flow Metering

LED/SSL Radiometry

Solar Radiometry

Submillimeter-wave

Others

Industry Services

Measurement & Calibration

Services

R&D for Measurement

Solutions

Technical Assessments

Training Courses

Electrical Metrology (EM)

Electrical

RF & Microwave

Mechanical Metrology (MM)

Acoustics & Vibration

Gas

Mass & Force

Pressure & Flow

Optical Metrology (OM)

Length & Dimensional

Optical Radiation

Time & Frequency

Measurement & Calibration Services

Flow

Temperature & Humidity

Custodian of Metrology Standards

Primary Level

Secondary Secondary Level

Working Level

SIInternational System of Units


International System of Units

Conceived around 1790’s in France

“Metric” system based on decimal

Advantageous over British Imperial system

Accepted by scientific communities worldwide

International System of Units


• An international diplomatic treaty among 54 Member States and 31 Associate States & Economies , first

signed on 20 May 1875.

• To promote & propagate the SI in commerce, trade,

science & engineering.

• Established the International Bureau for Weights and

Measures (BIPM) to enable world-wide uniformity of measurements and their traceability to the

International Metrology Framework

measurements and their traceability to the International System of Units (SI).

• NMC signed the Metre Convention in 1994.

• NMC was delegated by MFA to represent Singapore at the General Conference on Weights and Measures

(CGPM).

• NMC is a member of the Consultative Committee for: Electricity & Magnetism; Length; Photometry &

Radiometry; and Temperature to provide expert advice for the industry and government agencies on related matters.

Letter signed by Prof S. Jayakumar, Minster for Foreign

Affair, on 14 Oct 1994

• Initiated in 1999 for mutual recognition of

national measurement standards and

calibration & measurement certificates

issued by national metrology institutes

(79 signatories)

• To provide technical basis for wider

agreements negotiated for international

trade.

Global Mutual Recognition Arrangement

trade.

• NMC signed the MRA in 1999 under the

Metre Convention framework.

• NMC participates in international &

regional comparisons to verify

capabilities.

• International recognition of Singapore’s

national metrology infrastructure.MRA signed on 14 Oct 1999

Base Quantity SI base unit

Name Symbol

Length metre m

Mass kilogram kg

Time second s

SI Base Units

Time second s

Current ampere A

Temperature kelvin K

Luminous intensity candela cd

Amount of substance mole mol

Length (the meter)

The metre is realised at NMC by wavelength of He-Ne laser stabilised against a

spectral line of iodine and the optical frequency synthesiser

Optical frequency synthesiser

Primary laser standard (633 nm) Primary laser standard (543 nm)

Length & Dimensional Standards

Laser Frequency Standard

Nano-scale Standards

Standard Artefacts

2-D vision Standard on Image Pattern

Aspherical & Free Form Surface Standards

Spherical Surface StandardSpherical Surface Standard

Large Range Stylus Form Standard

Roundness & Cylindricity Standards

Laser Confocal Microscope for Surface Standards

Materials 90% Pt - 10% Ir

Size Ø 39 mm; Ht 39 mm

Mass (the kilogram)

NMC is the custodian of the primary mass standard, the Singapore’s prototype

kilogram No. 83, directly traceable to the international kilogram in BIPM in Paris

Size Ø 39 mm; Ht 39 mm

Mass value 1 kg + 0.340 mg

Mass uncertainty 0.006 mg (k = 1)

Coeff of cubical expansion (25.869 + 0.00565 t90)××××10-6

ºC-1

Density at 0 ºC 21554.72 kg m-3

Density uncertainty (rel) 5××××10-6 (k = 1)

Singapore’s prototype kilogram No. 83

Vacuum Comparator for Mass Standards

Primary Force Standard

High Vacuum Standard

Micro- to Nano-Fluid Flow Standard

Air Velocity Standard

Pressure Standards

Mechanical Standards

Gas Flow Standards

Acoustic Standards

Vibration Standards

Time (the second)

The second is realised at NMC via Coordinated Universal Time, UTC(SG) using

weighted average from an ensemble of five atomic clocks

Singapore Standard Time (SST)

Cesium beam (left) and Cesium beam (left) and

• Frequency/Universal counter is usually used to measure

the time or frequency against UTC(SG). A more precise

frequency measurement method is by phase time

• The realisation of the second is via Coordinated Universal

Time of Singapore, UTC (SG) using weighted average

from an ensemble of four cesium atomic clocks and one

hydrogen maser atomic clock in accordance with the

definition of the second.

Time & Frequency Standards

• NMC is able to calibrate various frequency standards like cesium, rubidium, quartz, as

well as GPS disciplined oscillators at frequency of 1/5/10 MHz with an expanded

measurement uncertainty of 5.0x10-14 .

Cesium beam (left) and hydrogen maser (right)

frequency standard

Cesium beam (left) and hydrogen maser (right)

frequency standard

Cesium atomic clock

Cesium atomic clock

GPS frequency standard

GPS frequency standard Rubidium

standardRubidium standard

Quartz standardQuartz

standard

Frequency counters

Frequency counters

frequency measurement method is by phase time

comparison using a dual mixer time difference

measurement system.

fnV

⋅=

Bias Current

DC VoltageMicrowave source

Electric Current (the ampere)

The ampere is realised in NMC via Ohm's Law from the units of electromotive

force and resistance, the volt and the ohm. The volt and ohm are realised using

Josephson effect and quantum Hall effect, respectively.

2)(

ie

h

i

RiR K

H ==

0

Magnetic Flux Density (T)

4 6 8 10 12 142

0

4

6

8

10

12

14

2

Res

ista

nce

(kΩ

)

RH

RX

I

T=0.3K

I=10µA

RH

RXX

i=2

i=4

i=3

i=6

i=8

i=5

i=7

A Josephson array voltage standard Voltage standards

Quantized Hall resistance standard Resistance standards

JK

fnV

⋅=

e source

Microwave frequency

f A Josephson array Chip

DC Voltage Standards

DC Resistance Standards

DC Current Standards

AC-DC Difference Standards

AC Voltage and Current

Electrical Standards

RF Voltage Standards

Microwave Power Standards

Microwave Scattering Parameters

Microwave Attenuation Standards

Signal and Pulse Standards

Impedance Standards

Power and Energy Standards

High Voltage Standards

Thermodynamic Temperature (the kelvin)

NMC realises temperature standards by using primary temperature fixed point

standards, such as triple-point of water, and pure Tin and Zin, and fixed point

blackbodies

Furnaces that contain the primary temperature fixed

point standards

Primary standard temperature fixed point

blackbodies

Primary standard temperature fixed point

Temperature Fixed point Standard

Mini Temperature Fixed Point Cells

Primary Standard Radiation Thermometer

Standard Humidity Generator

Standard Low Humidity Generator

Temperature & Humidity Standards

d T-controlled V(λλλλ)- filter

Luminous Intensity (the candela)

The candela is realised at NMC by trap reference photometers and reference

standard lamps

Trap reference photometer

Precision aperture

CIE Asource

Reference standard lamp

Primary Standard for Optical Power

Reference Solar Cells

UV Broadband Radiometry Standard

Reference Spectrophotometer

Fibre Optic Standards

Optical Radiation Standards

Fibre Optic Standards

Amount of Substance (the mole)

The mole is realised at NMC by preparation of gas standards with accordance

to ISO 6142

Filling gas component and

matrix

Weighing cylinder with component

Gas standards

Computation of mole fraction

Computation of the uncertainty

Gas Standards

Analysis of Gas Standards

Primary Ozone Standard

Gas Standards & Analysis

Evacuation

• Gas standards are prepared by gravimetric (“weighing”) method based on ISO

6142:2001(E) within the concentration range of 10 x 10-6 to 0.9 mol/mol (10 ppm to

90%).

• Mass of each component is computed using mole fraction given by:

• Special internal coating in aluminum cylinders to prevent the reaction of gaseous components.

• Filling method e.g. direct method, injection, multiple dilution.

Preparation of Gas Standards

Homogenized mixing

Weighing cylinder

Filling gas component

• Target the desired mass of each gas component by use of a rough balance (resolution of 0.1 g).

• Precise weighing with smallest weight of 5 g in a total load of 10 kg (resolution of 1mg) and an uncertainty of

weighing 2 mg.

• Composition expressed as a mole fraction (mol/mol).

dilution.

Gas analysers with various detectors, e.g., Ultra-Violet (UV); Non-Dispersive Infrared absorption(NDIR); paramagnetic behaviour potentiometric.

Gas species: O2, CO2, CO, SO2, NO & NO2.

Analyse up to 16 mixtures (specified in ISO6143).

Gas Analysis

Analysis of Gas Standards

Purity Analysis

Cavity ring down spectroscopy

Gas chromatograph

Multi-component gas analyser based on CavityRing Down Spectroscopy (CRDS) for traceconcentrations of H2O and O2 .

Gas Chromatograh with Pulsed DischargeHelium Ionization Detector (PDHID) and FlameIonisation Detector (FID) for H2, N2, Ar, O2, CO2,CO and hydrocarbons.

Multi-component gas analyzers

Sampling system

• Stratospheric ozone protects the Earth from harmful UV radiation.

• Tropospheric ozone is a major health concern and contributes toglobal climate change as a greenhouse gas.

SRP 46SRP

27

Primary Ozone Standard

National Environment Agency (NEA)

Comparison of NMC SRP 46 with SRP 27 at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM), in France.

Agency (NEA)air-monitoring

setup

luminousintensity

cd

thermodynamictemperature

K

electriccurrent

A

SI

amount ofsubstance

mol

SI Base Units

mass

kg

time

s

cd

length

m

SImol

Derived quantity Derived unit Unit symbol In terms of base units

area (A) square metre - m2

velocity (v) metre per second - m/s

acceleration (a) metre per second squared - m/s2

magnetic field strength (H) ampere per metre - A/m

Concentration (c) mole per cubic metre - mol/m3

plane angle radian rad m/m = 1

frequency hertz Hz s-1

SI Derived Units


frequency hertz Hz s-1

force newton N m kg s-2

pressure pascal Pa N/m2 = m-1 kg s-2

energy, work, amount of heat

joule J N m = m2 kg s-2

power, radian flux watt W J/s = m2 kg s-3

electric potential difference volt V W/A = m2 kg s-3 A

electric resistance ohm Ω V/A = m2 kg s-3 A-2

Celsius temperature degree Celsius °C K

luminous flux lumen lm cd sr = cd

illuminance lux lx lm/m2 = m-2 cd

kg/m3

kg/mol m/s2

kg/(m⋅⋅⋅⋅s2) = Pa

Density Pressure

Gravimetry, gMolar Mass, NA

Solid

HighMedium

Si

mkg

smol


kg/m3

kg/s

m3/s

kg⋅⋅⋅⋅m/s2 = N

kg/(m⋅⋅⋅⋅s2) = Pa

N/m2

Hardness

Force

Fluid Flow

m3

N⋅⋅⋅⋅m Torque

SolidLiquid

Volume

Low

Gas

WaterOil

m/sAir Speed

VickersRockwell

Shore…

property of a measurement result or the value of a measurement standard whereby it can be related to a stated reference, usually national or international standards, through an unbroken

Reference standard accelerometer

1 %

Traceability of Vibration Measurement

SI

standards, through an unbroken chain of comparisons, each contributing to the measurement uncertainty

Transfer standard accelerometer

3 %

Working standard accelerometer

5 %

ProductionTest &

evaluationQC & safety

STANDARDS AND CONFORMANCE FRAMEWORK

MEASUREMENTSTANDARDS CONFORMANCE

Enhance & Assure Quality of Products and ServicesFacilitate Trade

National S&C Framework

MEASUREMENTSTANDARDS CONFORMANCE

• Primary Standards

• Calibration

• Voluntary

Standards

• Regulatory

Standards

• Accreditation

• Quality Assurance *

• Certification *

• Testing & Inspection *

SPRING is the National Standards Body & National Accreditation Body

A*STAR is now the National Metrology Authority

* Provided by private sector

• Legal metrology

Acknowledgement

Thank you!


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