Learner ’s Deve lopment

SEMESTER I MODULE 2

Development• Physical• Quantitative, we can

measure it accurately • Simple• Structural Change• Not continuous, stops

when attain maturity

• Psychological• Qualitative & Quantitative

measurement is difficult• Complex• Functional change • Continuous, it

continues till death

Growth and DevelopmentGrowth

Principles of Development1. Principle of continuity

2. Rate of growth and development is not uniform

3. Principle of individual differences

4. Development proceeds from general to specific responses

5. Principle of integration

6. Principle of interrelation

Principles of Development7. Development is predictable

8. Development is spiral and not linear

9. Growth and development is a joint product of both heredity and environment

10. Principle of developmental direction• "cephalic-caudal as well as proximodistal"

Education Implications of the Principles of Development

• We must pay attention to their individual pattern and growth rate while planning the course for their education and development.

• The correct knowledge of the growth trend of a child helps the parents and teacher not to under or overestimate the future competency or expectancy of their child

• knowledge about general pattern of development guides us to locate the degree of abnormality in students and to take likewise remedial steps.

Education Implications of the Principles of Development

• The knowledge of the uniformity of pattern with respect to growth and development makes it possible for the parents and teachers to plan ahead of time for the changes that will take place in their children.

• Both heredity and environment affects growth and development, so teacher can pay sufficient attention over the environmental conditions in the up bring of the children

Approaches to study Development

1. Cross sectional study2. Longitudinal study

Cross-sectional studies• Involve observation of all of a

population, or a sample, at one specific point in time. In which different individuals with same characteristics are compared.

Approaches to study DevelopmentLongitudinal study

• It is a correlational research study that involves repeated observations of the same variables over long periods of time - often many decades.

• It is used to study developmental trends across the life span.

• Longitudinal studies track the same people, so make observing changes more accurate.

Stages of Development 1. Pre- Natal Period (Conception to 280 Days)

2. Infancy (From Birth to 2 Years)

3. Child Hood ( 3 Years to 12 Years)

4. Adolescence ( 13 Years to 19 Years)

5. Adulthood ( 20 Years to 59 Years)

6. Old Age ( 60 Years and Above)

Childhood ( 3 Years to 12 Years) Early Childhood

( 3 to 6) Pre-school Age

Later Childhood(6 to 12)

School Age

Physical Growth and Development

• It is very rapid from birth to the age of two or three years.•Then, it continues at a

diminished rate till the beginning of adolescence.• In the case of internal organs,

it is also grow and develop rapidly

Childhood General Trend of Physical Growth

and Development

Adolescence Physical Changes

Girl

Boy

Adolescence Physical Changes

Boys Girls• Male sexual characteristics • Female sexual characteristics• Broader shoulders • Broader hips.• Broader trunk and Growth of muscles

• Fast growth especially in breast, hips

• Growth of hair in armpits and pubic area and appearance of facial hair

• Growth of hair in armpits, pubic area

• Larges stomach and Heart grows rapidly

Larges stomach andHeart grows rapidly

• Mature sex organs • Mature sex organs

1. The traits and characteristics inherited at the time of conception

2. Single birth or multiple births.3. The physical as well as mental health of the mother

during pregnancy.5. Normal or abnormal delivery.6. Conditions and care at the time of delivery.7. Lookafter of the baby and its mother.8. Nutrition received by the child after birth.

Factors Affecting Physical Growth and Development

Emotional Growth and

Development

Important Emotions in Child hood

Fear Worry AngerTemper tantrum JealousyAffection Happiness

ChildhoodEmotional Development

• Irrational emotions

• Peer group relationship starts

• school atmosphere influences

• Stability and control during the later childhood

• Period of intensive storm and stress. • Emotional energy is as strong and dangerous• Intense, uncontrolled and irrational

emotions• The sudden functioning of sexual glands and

tremendous increase in physical energy makes them restless.

• Refusing to speak or loudly criticizing• Romance• Worry about future

Adolescence Emotional Development

SocialDevelopment

ChildhoodSocial Development

• Greater degree of social awareness• Begins to adjust with others• Interest in playmates• Peer group influences his

behaviour and attitudes• He tries to seek independence

from his parents and other elders and spends less time with them.

ChildhoodSocial Development

• Find separation among boys and girls• The interests and values of the peer group

often clashes with teachers and parents.• The child is anxious to win the love and

affection of his parents as well as teachers. • At the age of 11 or 12, the child enters the

peek of "gang age“• The gang life develops many good and bad

social qualities in a child.

• Dominated by sexual needs and desires.• Cooperation reaches its peak.• Friendly relationships increases • Social contacts get widened • He feels strongly for the weak and suffers. • Highly critical of social evils and injustice• By the end of this stage, the social behaviour

of the child becomes almost mature

Adolescence Social Development

Cognitive / Intellectual

Development

• Reasoning• Critical and creative thinking• Propositional thinking• Abstract thinking• Combinatorial thinking• Problem solving• Hypothetic deductive thinking

Adolescence

Intellectual Development

"Developmental task is one which arises at a certain period in the life of the individual, successful accomplishment of which leads to his happiness and success with later tasks, while failure leads to unhappiness and difficulty with later tasks.“

Robert Havinghurst , 1972

Developmental Tasks

Theories of Development

& Their Educational

Implications

• According to Piaget cognitive development is the output of interaction between the individual and his environment

Theory of Cognitive Development Jean Piaget

1. Sensory Motor Stage (Birth to 2 years)

2. Pre-operational Stage ( 2 To 7 Years)

3. Concrete Operational Stage (7 to 11 years)

4. Formal Operational Stage (11 to adult)

1. Enactive Representation

2. Iconic Representation

3. Symbolic Representation

Theory of Cognitive Development Bruner

Level 1 Pre conventional Morality (4 to 10 years)Stage 1 Obedience and punishment Obeying the rules to avoid punishments Stage 2 Individualism and Exchange Obeying rules to satisfy their individual needs

Level 2 Conventional Morality (10 to 13 years)Stage 3 Inter personal relation ships Exhibit morality for conformity, the peer

acceptance is the base of morality They like good boy – good girl acceptance

Theory of Moral Development Kohlberg

Stage 4 Maintaining social order When making judgments they consider society as whole He decides rights and wrong according to the social laws

Level 3 Post conventional Morality (above 13 years)Stage 5 Social contract and individual rights Rational thinking begins, he accepts social values,

opinions and beliefs of other people They worth rules of law and order Stage 6 Universal principles Moral reasoning is based upon universal ethical

principles and abstract reasoning High level of morality

Theory of Moral Development Kohlberg

1. Learning basic trust Vs Basic Mistrust (0 to 2)

2. Learning autonomy Vs Basic Shame (2 to 4)

3. Learning initiative Vs Basic Guilt (4 to 6)

5. Industry Vs Basic Inferiority (6 to 12)

6. Learning Identity Vs Basic Identity Diffusion(13 to 19)

7. Learning Intimacy Vs Isolation (early adulthood)

7. Learning Generativity Vs self Absorption (adulthood)

8. Integrity Vs Despair (Later Adulthood)

Theory of Psycho- Social DevelopmentEric Erickson

Recent issues and problems of Adolescence

• Loneliness and isolation• Change in family structure• Information overload• Sexual abuse• Substance abuse• Depression and suicide• Infatuation• Disobedience• Identity crisis • Impact of media (internet, mobile, cinema, TV etc)

Recent issues and problems of Adolescence

• Strain and Stress• Despair and Depression • Intense, uncontrolled and irrational

emotions • Identity crisis • Romance• Worry about future• Irresponsibility (Neglecting studies

for winning social approval• Excessive day dreaming

Adolescence Problems

2 Marks Questions1. What are developmental tasks

2. What do you mean by Cephalo-caudal trend in development

3. What is Infatuation?

4. What is identity crisis? Which is the state of development characterized by this

5. Define Developmental task

4 Marks Questions1. What are the characteristics of secondary school children 2. Explain the stages of development proposed by Kohlberg 3. Explain Approaches to study Development4. Explain the principles of growth and development 5. Briefly explain Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development5. Distinguish between growth and development. Briefly

describe the principles of growth and development6. In what respect does concrete operational stage differ

from formal operational stage7. Mention any five problems of adolescence and explain

the measures adopted for tackling them 8. Explain the stages of Psycho- Social Development as

proposed by Eric Erickson

1. Distinguish between growth and development. Enumerate the characteristic features of childhood and adolescent stages with examples.

2. Describe the physical, social, and mental characteristics of secondary school students and their educational implications for classroom teaching

3. Discuss the principles of human development. How does a knowledge of this, help in classroom instruction

10 Marks Questions