semester 2 mid term review think happy thoughts…

Semester 2 Mid Term ReviewSemester 2 Mid Term Review

Think happy thoughts….Think happy thoughts….

Martin Luther 1483-Martin Luther 1483-15461546

• Born Nov. 10 1483 into a peasant familyBorn Nov. 10 1483 into a peasant family

• The son of a farmer turned miner and a The son of a farmer turned miner and a hard working motherhard working mother

• Was raised with stern discipline as well as Was raised with stern discipline as well as a chatechismal educationa chatechismal education

• At 14 he was supporting himself by At 14 he was supporting himself by singing in the streetssinging in the streets

• He gained the notice/patronage of Frau He gained the notice/patronage of Frau Ursula Cotta “on account of his hearty Ursula Cotta “on account of his hearty singing and praying”singing and praying”


• At 18 he enrolled in the University of Erfurt, At 18 he enrolled in the University of Erfurt, then one of the top universities in Germanythen one of the top universities in Germany

• 1502 Bachelor of Arts, 1505 a Master of Arts 1502 Bachelor of Arts, 1505 a Master of Arts (Ph.D equivalent)(Ph.D equivalent)

• Luther then prepared himself as his father Luther then prepared himself as his father wished to go to Law Schoolwished to go to Law School

• 1505 His friend Alexius died (lightning or 1505 His friend Alexius died (lightning or duel)duel)

• July 1505 Caught in a thunderstorm and July 1505 Caught in a thunderstorm and cried out to St. Ann, promising monkdom in cried out to St. Ann, promising monkdom in exchange for rescueexchange for rescue


• July 17, Luther joins an Augustinian July 17, Luther joins an Augustinian Convent at ErfurtConvent at Erfurt

• He became obsessed with the assurance of He became obsessed with the assurance of his salvation and constantly aware of his sinhis salvation and constantly aware of his sin

• Held strictly to catholic doctrine, including Held strictly to catholic doctrine, including excessive worship of the Virgin Maryexcessive worship of the Virgin Mary

• Confessed at least once a week to the Confessed at least once a week to the eventual annoyance of his confessoreventual annoyance of his confessor

• His mentor Staupitz pointed him towards His mentor Staupitz pointed him towards the cross and gracethe cross and grace


• Luther continually pondered the meaning Luther continually pondered the meaning of Romans 1:17of Romans 1:17

• Was ordained in 1507 and gave his first Was ordained in 1507 and gave his first mass, almost fainting at the altarmass, almost fainting at the altar

• 1510 Luther made a pilgrimage to Rome1510 Luther made a pilgrimage to Rome

• Arrived hailing “Thrice Holy Rome”Arrived hailing “Thrice Holy Rome”

• He ran “like a crazy saint” to visit all the He ran “like a crazy saint” to visit all the shrines, and sought the promised shrines, and sought the promised forgiveness in the climbing of the Scala forgiveness in the climbing of the Scala Santa on his kneesSanta on his knees

Luther in Rome 1510Luther in Rome 1510• He became severely disillusioned with He became severely disillusioned with

Rome due to all its excessesRome due to all its excesses

• Speedy masses, irreverent consecration, Speedy masses, irreverent consecration, mockery of honest Christiansmockery of honest Christians

• ““if there was a hell, Rome was built on it”if there was a hell, Rome was built on it”

• ““Rome, once the holiest city is now the Rome, once the holiest city is now the worst”worst”

• Afterwards(1511) Luther moved the the Afterwards(1511) Luther moved the the Augustinian convent of Wittenberg and Augustinian convent of Wittenberg and became a professorbecame a professor


• The building of St. Peter’s Dome was The building of St. Peter’s Dome was begun in 1506 by Pope Julian II using begun in 1506 by Pope Julian II using indulgences as a means to pay for the indulgences as a means to pay for the expenses (it was finally completed in 1626)expenses (it was finally completed in 1626)

• Indulgences were technically the removal Indulgences were technically the removal of the temporal consequences of sin, but of the temporal consequences of sin, but not a route to salvationnot a route to salvation

• Johann Tetzel was the salesman for Johann Tetzel was the salesman for Indulgences in the Wittenberg area Indulgences in the Wittenberg area


• The continual sale of indulgences drove The continual sale of indulgences drove Luther to write the 95 ThesesLuther to write the 95 Theses

• Oct. 31 1517 Luther posts the Theses on Oct. 31 1517 Luther posts the Theses on the door of the Wittenberg chapelthe door of the Wittenberg chapel

• The 95 Theses were posted as a challenge The 95 Theses were posted as a challenge to debate not as a breech with the Churchto debate not as a breech with the Church

The 95 ThesesThe 95 Theses• Luther’s protest against the abuse of Luther’s protest against the abuse of

indulgencesindulgences

• 3 Main points3 Main points

1.1. Indulgences are ineffectiveIndulgences are ineffective

2.2. The Pope is goodThe Pope is good

3.3. Justification by faith in ChristJustification by faith in Christ

Luther Attacks 1520Luther Attacks 1520• Luther begins his break with the church by Luther begins his break with the church by

appealing to the German Princes for appealing to the German Princes for protectionprotection

• He follows up by writing many vicious anti-He follows up by writing many vicious anti-papal/Roman Catholic workspapal/Roman Catholic works

• Babylonian Captivity of the church being one Babylonian Captivity of the church being one of his chief polemics addressingof his chief polemics addressing– Universality of the cupUniversality of the cup– Proper communionProper communion– BaptismBaptism– Number of sacraments (Baptism and Bread only)Number of sacraments (Baptism and Bread only)

Diet of Worms 1521Diet of Worms 1521• Emperor Charles V calls the Diet of Worms Emperor Charles V calls the Diet of Worms

to try and settle the issue of Lutherto try and settle the issue of Luther

• Jerome Aleander represented the papacyJerome Aleander represented the papacy

• Luther arrives with great pomp and Luther arrives with great pomp and celebrationcelebration

• He is asked to acknowledge his works and He is asked to acknowledge his works and recant themrecant them

• He asks quietly for a day to considerHe asks quietly for a day to consider

Diet of Worms 1521Diet of Worms 1521• He returns the next day and strongly He returns the next day and strongly

affirms all of his writingsaffirms all of his writings

• He then proceeds to call both pope and He then proceeds to call both pope and councils fallible forever confirming his councils fallible forever confirming his status as a hereticstatus as a heretic

• The papists claim victory over Martin but The papists claim victory over Martin but the promised safe conduct of Charles V is the promised safe conduct of Charles V is surprisingly kept and arch-heretic Martin surprisingly kept and arch-heretic Martin lived to see another daylived to see another day

Peasants War 1523-25Peasants War 1523-25• The Peasants grew tired of being slaves The Peasants grew tired of being slaves

and wanted better living conditions and and wanted better living conditions and some measure of autonomysome measure of autonomy

• They teamed up with radical protestants They teamed up with radical protestants and rebelled against the princesand rebelled against the princes

• Luther condemned the rebellion and told Luther condemned the rebellion and told the princes to quash itthe princes to quash it

• The princes took his advice and the The princes took his advice and the rebellion stoppedrebellion stopped

Age of the Reformation Age of the Reformation IIIIII

Erasmus, Zwingli, Erasmus, Zwingli, and Calvinand Calvin

Desiderius Erasmus1466-Desiderius Erasmus1466-15361536• Born out of wedlock to a Dutch priest Gerard Born out of wedlock to a Dutch priest Gerard

and a physicians daughter Margaretand a physicians daughter Margaret

• After his mother died his guardians stole his After his mother died his guardians stole his inheritance and forced him into a monasteryinheritance and forced him into a monastery

• 1486-1491 was a monk and became thoroughly 1486-1491 was a monk and became thoroughly disgusted with the institutiondisgusted with the institution

• Obtained a bishops patronage, gained license Obtained a bishops patronage, gained license to become a priest, and fled the monasteryto become a priest, and fled the monastery

• Studied at the universities of Paris and OrleansStudied at the universities of Paris and Orleans

• He had a pointy headHe had a pointy head

pointy head

hiding under hat

Desiderius Erasmus1466-Desiderius Erasmus1466-15361536• He survived mainly by patronage living off the He survived mainly by patronage living off the

many “gifts” given to him for his clever writingmany “gifts” given to him for his clever writing• Studied classics incessantly and was a deep Studied classics incessantly and was a deep

thinker, called the father of Christian Humanismthinker, called the father of Christian Humanism• Wrote prolifically, including many works which Wrote prolifically, including many works which

criticized monks, priests, and the papacycriticized monks, priests, and the papacy• His most notable work was a Greek New His most notable work was a Greek New

Testament with Latin translationTestament with Latin translation• He was continually in and out of favor with the He was continually in and out of favor with the

papacypapacy

Desiderius Erasmus1466-Desiderius Erasmus1466-15361536

• He loved peace, but also morality and He loved peace, but also morality and wanted true reform within the churchwanted true reform within the church

• Lived Latin, he spoke very little of any other Lived Latin, he spoke very little of any other language including his native Dutchlanguage including his native Dutch

• Courted the favor of Pope Leo X, but never Courted the favor of Pope Leo X, but never stopped criticizing the immoral things he stopped criticizing the immoral things he diddid

• He was too Protestant to be Catholic and He was too Protestant to be Catholic and too Catholic to be Protestant, he never too Catholic to be Protestant, he never stopped trying to reform the church, but stopped trying to reform the church, but was never willing to be a “reformer”.was never willing to be a “reformer”.

Desiderius Erasmus1466-Desiderius Erasmus1466-15361536• Luther, Zwingli and most other reformers Luther, Zwingli and most other reformers

looked to Erasmus for teaching though he looked to Erasmus for teaching though he conflicted with Luther oftenconflicted with Luther often

• Luther was said to have “hatched the egg Luther was said to have “hatched the egg Erasmus laid”Erasmus laid”

• Erasmus and Luther debated heatedly over Erasmus and Luther debated heatedly over the issue of Free Will, neither ever admitting the issue of Free Will, neither ever admitting the other was rightthe other was right

• He died Feb. 12 1536 without a priest He died Feb. 12 1536 without a priest repeating “O Jesus, have mercy; Lord, deliver repeating “O Jesus, have mercy; Lord, deliver me; Lord make an end’ Lord, have mercy me; Lord make an end’ Lord, have mercy upon me!”upon me!”

Ulrich Zwingli 1484-1531Ulrich Zwingli 1484-1531• Was born 7 weeks after Luther, Jan 1, 1484Was born 7 weeks after Luther, Jan 1, 1484• His father was a town magistrate his His father was a town magistrate his

mother the sister of a priest making him mother the sister of a priest making him middle classmiddle class

• Grew up in a small town raised with Grew up in a small town raised with Catholic doctrine by his familyCatholic doctrine by his family

• Started college at 14 and finished with a Started college at 14 and finished with a master of arts in 1506master of arts in 1506

• Bought the pastorship of Glarus where he Bought the pastorship of Glarus where he taught until 1516taught until 1516

• Was a humanist and a patriot, but not Was a humanist and a patriot, but not particularly religiousparticularly religious

Ulrich Zwingli 1484-1531Ulrich Zwingli 1484-1531• Protested strongly against Swiss mercenariesProtested strongly against Swiss mercenaries• Was unchaste in the fashion of the dayWas unchaste in the fashion of the day• 1516 due to political pressure he transferred to 1516 due to political pressure he transferred to

Einsiedeln where he studied scripture and the Einsiedeln where he studied scripture and the early church fathersearly church fathers

• 1517 Started preaching against the abuses in the 1517 Started preaching against the abuses in the church, including a rejection of indulgenceschurch, including a rejection of indulgences

• He received a papal pension until 1520He received a papal pension until 1520• In Zurich he preached expositorially through the In Zurich he preached expositorially through the

New Testament and gained great fameNew Testament and gained great fame• 1519 became chief pastor in the Zurich 1519 became chief pastor in the Zurich

GrossmGrossmüünster, the primary Swiss churchnster, the primary Swiss church

Ulrich Zwingli 1484-1531Ulrich Zwingli 1484-1531• He began preaching even more strongly He began preaching even more strongly

against the sins that stemmed from the against the sins that stemmed from the Catholic churchCatholic church

• Zurich was struck by plague and Zwingli Zurich was struck by plague and Zwingli helped until he became infected as wellhelped until he became infected as well

• Lent 1522 Zwingli preached and wrote a Lent 1522 Zwingli preached and wrote a tract rejecting the Lenten dietary lawstract rejecting the Lenten dietary laws

• Gathered a petition from 10 priests Gathered a petition from 10 priests endorsing clerical marriage, but was endorsing clerical marriage, but was rejectedrejected

Ulrich Zwingli 1484-1531Ulrich Zwingli 1484-1531• The petition was rejected, but Zwingli The petition was rejected, but Zwingli

entered into a secret marriage anywayentered into a secret marriage anyway

• 1523 Published the 67 articles which 1523 Published the 67 articles which inspired debate throughout Switzerlandinspired debate throughout Switzerland

• 1524 Zurich and a few other cantons accept 1524 Zurich and a few other cantons accept the evangelical position and become the evangelical position and become protestantprotestant

• Two years after their secret marriage Anna Two years after their secret marriage Anna Reinhart and Zwingli get marriedReinhart and Zwingli get married

• The Protestants start mass icon destructionThe Protestants start mass icon destruction

• Zwingli instituted the symbolic communionZwingli instituted the symbolic communion

Ulrich Zwingli 1484-1531Ulrich Zwingli 1484-1531• 1529 The protestants and Catholics started 1529 The protestants and Catholics started

meeting in open war in Cappelmeeting in open war in Cappel• Against the advice of Zwingli several of the Against the advice of Zwingli several of the

protestant cantons sought peaceful negotiationsprotestant cantons sought peaceful negotiations• They negotiated peace but didn’t gain all of the They negotiated peace but didn’t gain all of the

hoped for concessionshoped for concessions• 1531 The second battle of Cappel occurred as 1531 The second battle of Cappel occurred as

was inevitablewas inevitable• Zwingli led his troops and was injured while Zwingli led his troops and was injured while

tending the wounded, later he was slain, his tending the wounded, later he was slain, his body burned, ashes mixed with a swine’s and body burned, ashes mixed with a swine’s and scatteredscattered

John Calvin 1509-1564John Calvin 1509-1564• Born July 10, 1509 in Noyon la SainteBorn July 10, 1509 in Noyon la Sainte• Calvin grew up well educated in a noble familyCalvin grew up well educated in a noble family• At 12 he received the tonsure and the revenue At 12 he received the tonsure and the revenue

of a chaplaincy in the cathedral of Noyonof a chaplaincy in the cathedral of Noyon• At 14 he entered college studying first in Paris At 14 he entered college studying first in Paris

then in Orleans and Bourges then in Orleans and Bourges • At 18 he received the charge of S. MartinAt 18 he received the charge of S. Martin• A good student, religious and not prone to A good student, religious and not prone to

excesses, was nicknamed “The Accusative”excesses, was nicknamed “The Accusative”

John Calvin 1509-1564John Calvin 1509-1564• Calvin studied the humanities: law, Calvin studied the humanities: law,

philosophy, and theologyphilosophy, and theology• He was an exceptional student who was He was an exceptional student who was

teaching as often as taking classesteaching as often as taking classes• 1532-33 Calvin converted to Protestantism1532-33 Calvin converted to Protestantism• Shortly after his conversion he became a Shortly after his conversion he became a

leading figure in the French evangelical partyleading figure in the French evangelical party• Paris started a mass persecution of Paris started a mass persecution of

Protestants leading Calvin to flee to Basel Protestants leading Calvin to flee to Basel where he wrote the first edition of where he wrote the first edition of The The InstitutesInstitutes

John Calvin 1509-1564John Calvin 1509-1564• 1536 Calvin continued his travels through 1536 Calvin continued his travels through

Switzerland and went to Geneva where he Switzerland and went to Geneva where he planned to spend the nightplanned to spend the night

• William Farel convinced him to stay and William Farel convinced him to stay and become pastor in Genevabecome pastor in Geneva

• Calvin was well received and started Calvin was well received and started preaching and reforming Geneva into a preaching and reforming Geneva into a moral citymoral city

• He endorsed the enforcement of moral laws He endorsed the enforcement of moral laws by magistrates throughout Geneva which by magistrates throughout Geneva which caused great discontentcaused great discontent

John Calvin 1509-1564John Calvin 1509-1564• All citizens were forced to take an oath of All citizens were forced to take an oath of

confession or be banishedconfession or be banished

• The moral laws and forced confession The moral laws and forced confession caused the reformers to be expelled from caused the reformers to be expelled from GenevaGeneva

• Calvin moved to Strassburg where he lived Calvin moved to Strassburg where he lived poorly but happilypoorly but happily

• He taught both in churches and universities He taught both in churches and universities learning much of/from the Lutheranslearning much of/from the Lutherans

• Started the “little French church” for the Started the “little French church” for the many French refugees many French refugees

John Calvin 1509-1564John Calvin 1509-1564• 1540 in Strassburg Calvin married Idelette 1540 in Strassburg Calvin married Idelette

de Bure a member of his congregation. de Bure a member of his congregation. • In the meantime Geneva suffered from a In the meantime Geneva suffered from a

lack of preaching and leadership and lack of preaching and leadership and ultimately decided to call back the reformersultimately decided to call back the reformers

• Strassburg and Geneva fought over Calvin, Strassburg and Geneva fought over Calvin, and Calvin ultimately and somewhat and Calvin ultimately and somewhat unwillingly returned to Genevaunwillingly returned to Geneva

• Geneva as a result was dramatically Geneva as a result was dramatically reformed, especially in the enforcement of reformed, especially in the enforcement of moral lawmoral law

John Calvin 1509-1564John Calvin 1509-1564• Geneva epitomized the union of church and Geneva epitomized the union of church and

state, being led by Calvin’s moral dictatesstate, being led by Calvin’s moral dictates• Immoral behavior included dancing, Immoral behavior included dancing,

gambling, drunkenness, frequenting taverns, gambling, drunkenness, frequenting taverns, profanity, luxury, excesses of entertainment, profanity, luxury, excesses of entertainment, extravagant or immodest dress, singing extravagant or immodest dress, singing licentious or irreligious songs and were all licentious or irreligious songs and were all punishable by censure, fine, or imprisonmentpunishable by censure, fine, or imprisonment

• The death penalty was allowed only for The death penalty was allowed only for heresy, idolatry, blasphemy, and repeated heresy, idolatry, blasphemy, and repeated adulteryadultery

John Calvin 1509-1564John Calvin 1509-1564• Miguel Servetus fleeing execution for Miguel Servetus fleeing execution for

heresy in France stopped temporarily in heresy in France stopped temporarily in GenevaGeneva

• Calvin had him arrested, he was then tried, Calvin had him arrested, he was then tried, found a heretic, and burned at the stakefound a heretic, and burned at the stake

• The Servetus incident was a particularly The Servetus incident was a particularly black mark on Geneva and Calvin, belying black mark on Geneva and Calvin, belying much of the Protestant preached freedommuch of the Protestant preached freedom

• 1563 Calvin became sick, then bed ridden 1563 Calvin became sick, then bed ridden eventually dying peacefully at home in May eventually dying peacefully at home in May of 1564of 1564

AnabaptistsAnabaptists• A history of radicalismA history of radicalism• Zwickau Prophets in Wittenberg (1521-Zwickau Prophets in Wittenberg (1521-

1525)1525)– Had visions, dreams, and talked to God Had visions, dreams, and talked to God

and Gabrieland Gabriel

– Rejected the written word, regular Rejected the written word, regular ministry, and infant baptismministry, and infant baptism

– Preached the overthrow of all in the Preached the overthrow of all in the MillenniumMillennium

– Inspired the Peasants warInspired the Peasants war

AnabaptistsAnabaptists• MMünster Rebellion (1532-1536)ünster Rebellion (1532-1536)

– Anabaptist stronghold revoltedAnabaptist stronghold revolted– Became “New Jerusalem” 1534Became “New Jerusalem” 1534– The leader died leading a charge of 30 The leader died leading a charge of 30

men while declaring he was Gideonmen while declaring he was Gideon– Came under the leadership of “King Came under the leadership of “King

David” aka Jan Beukelszoon who David” aka Jan Beukelszoon who instituted polygamyinstituted polygamy

– January 1536 the town was lost and the January 1536 the town was lost and the rebels tortured, publicly executed and rebels tortured, publicly executed and then displayedthen displayed

AnabaptistsAnabaptists• Pacifist AnabaptismPacifist Anabaptism

– Menno Simmons an ex-Roman Catholic Menno Simmons an ex-Roman Catholic priestpriest

– Joined other Anabaptists under a pacifist Joined other Anabaptists under a pacifist teacherteacher

– After MAfter Münster he allowed many to join the ünster he allowed many to join the pacifist sect having greatest influence in pacifist sect having greatest influence in the Netherlandsthe Netherlands

– He guided and solidified Dutch He guided and solidified Dutch Anabaptism resulting in them being Anabaptism resulting in them being renamed Mennonitesrenamed Mennonites

AnabaptistsAnabaptists• Swiss or mainstream AnabaptismSwiss or mainstream Anabaptism

– Led by Grebel, Manz, Blaurock, and Led by Grebel, Manz, Blaurock, and HHübmaierübmaier

– Three main doctrinal pointsThree main doctrinal points1.1. Believers BaptismBelievers Baptism2.2. Separation of Church and StateSeparation of Church and State3.3. Separation from the world/ungodliness Separation from the world/ungodliness

– No specific mode of baptismNo specific mode of baptism– Believed in symbolic baptism/communionBelieved in symbolic baptism/communion– Wrote many hymnsWrote many hymns

AnabaptistsAnabaptists• Persecution of Anabaptists in SwitzerlandPersecution of Anabaptists in Switzerland

– Debated Zwingli without result Re: infant Debated Zwingli without result Re: infant baptismbaptism

– Zwingli ordered all infants baptized or they and Zwingli ordered all infants baptized or they and their families would be exiledtheir families would be exiled

– Anabaptist responded with a procession Anabaptist responded with a procession through town declaring “Woe, woe unto Zurich!”through town declaring “Woe, woe unto Zurich!”

– 6 Anabaptists were executed leading to a nation 6 Anabaptists were executed leading to a nation wide persecutionwide persecution

– Swiss persecution emphasized exile and Swiss persecution emphasized exile and drowning upon return rather than instant drowning upon return rather than instant execution, though they still martyred quite a few execution, though they still martyred quite a few AnabaptistsAnabaptists

AnabaptistsAnabaptists• German/Austrian PersecutionGerman/Austrian Persecution

– Much more severe, taking Luther’s Much more severe, taking Luther’s violent words and putting them to actionviolent words and putting them to action

– Even worse in Catholic controlled areas Even worse in Catholic controlled areas with thousands of martyred rather than with thousands of martyred rather than hundredshundreds

– Behead those who recant, burn those Behead those who recant, burn those who refusewho refuse

Henry VIIIHenry VIII• Henry VIII was second in line to become Henry VIII was second in line to become

king behind his brother Arthur who king behind his brother Arthur who married Catharine of Aragonmarried Catharine of Aragon

• His brother died and Henry became Prince His brother died and Henry became Prince of Wales (crown prince) at 11 years oldof Wales (crown prince) at 11 years old

• After his fathers death in order to maintain After his fathers death in order to maintain ties with Spain he married Catharine in ties with Spain he married Catharine in 15091509

• He received a special dispensation from He received a special dispensation from pope Julius II allowing him to marry his pope Julius II allowing him to marry his brothers wifebrothers wife

Henry VIIIHenry VIII• After 7 pregnancies and only one daughter After 7 pregnancies and only one daughter

to show for it, Henry became dissatisfied to show for it, Henry became dissatisfied with Catharine as he wanted a male heirwith Catharine as he wanted a male heir

• He pursued the sister of his mistress He pursued the sister of his mistress named Anne Boleyn who wouldn’t have named Anne Boleyn who wouldn’t have him without first being marriedhim without first being married

• He sought a divorce with the “Spanish He sought a divorce with the “Spanish Cow” Cow”

• The pope didn’t want to grant the divorce The pope didn’t want to grant the divorce due to various political problemsdue to various political problems

Henry VIIIHenry VIII• Henry in response declared the popes Henry in response declared the popes

authority non-effective in Englandauthority non-effective in England• This was not a break with the church and This was not a break with the church and

Henry was a good Catholic, he just wanted Henry was a good Catholic, he just wanted his desires more than he wanted the churchhis desires more than he wanted the church

• Without need for papal consent he was easily Without need for papal consent he was easily divorced and secretly married in 1533 later divorced and secretly married in 1533 later that year the marriage was made publicthat year the marriage was made public

• 1534 parliament passed the act of Supremacy1534 parliament passed the act of Supremacy

Henry VIIIHenry VIII• Thomas More pleaded illness and retired Thomas More pleaded illness and retired

as Chancellor after the Act of Supremacy as Chancellor after the Act of Supremacy was passed was passed

• He refused to acknowledge Henry as He refused to acknowledge Henry as Supreme head of the church. Supreme head of the church.

• 3 years later he was hanged.3 years later he was hanged.

• Henry passed the Six Articles asserting: Henry passed the Six Articles asserting: cup-less communion, transubstantiation, cup-less communion, transubstantiation, celibacy of priests, endurance of vows of celibacy of priests, endurance of vows of chastity, utility of private masses, and chastity, utility of private masses, and auricular confessionauricular confession

Henry VIIIHenry VIII• The enforcement of the Six Articles and The enforcement of the Six Articles and

other acts resulted in the death of many other acts resulted in the death of many protestants and Catholicsprotestants and Catholics

• Henry continued to persecute monasteries Henry continued to persecute monasteries and dissolved more than 400 confiscating and dissolved more than 400 confiscating their propertytheir property

• Henry was married 6 times, none seemed Henry was married 6 times, none seemed particularly happyparticularly happy

• He died not particularly lamented in 1547 He died not particularly lamented in 1547 leaving Edward VI to become kingleaving Edward VI to become king

(Bloody) Mary I 1553-1558(Bloody) Mary I 1553-1558• Mary I was the daughter of Henry and Mary I was the daughter of Henry and

Catharine of Aragon and held her mothers Catharine of Aragon and held her mothers sympathies with the Roman Catholic faithsympathies with the Roman Catholic faith

• One of her first acts as queen was to behead One of her first acts as queen was to behead the ex-regent who resisted her accessionthe ex-regent who resisted her accession

• She married her Spanish Cousin Philip which She married her Spanish Cousin Philip which was not well received by the English people.was not well received by the English people.

• She enforced Catholicism across England She enforced Catholicism across England giving a triple test to hereticsgiving a triple test to heretics

• Heretics were allowed to flee England, but if Heretics were allowed to flee England, but if caught were tested and executedcaught were tested and executed

(Bloody) Mary I 1553-1558(Bloody) Mary I 1553-1558• 1553-1558 was her reign and ~300 were 1553-1558 was her reign and ~300 were

executed as heretics during this time, executed as heretics during this time, burning was her preferred method burning was her preferred method

• Famous among the executed were Famous among the executed were Bishops Latimer and Ridley, and Bishops Latimer and Ridley, and Archbishop CranmerArchbishop Cranmer

• Mary died more than likely of Ovarian Mary died more than likely of Ovarian cancer, which also explains why she never cancer, which also explains why she never gave birth to an heirgave birth to an heir

• She was succeeded by her younger half She was succeeded by her younger half sister Elizabeth Isister Elizabeth I

Elizabeth I 1558-1603Elizabeth I 1558-1603• Elizabeth was Protestant and restored much Elizabeth was Protestant and restored much

of the Protestant customs, of the Protestant customs, • She was a clever and wise ruler so restored She was a clever and wise ruler so restored

Protestantism slowly and with popular Protestantism slowly and with popular opinionopinion

• Rejected the Popes authority over England Rejected the Popes authority over England and replaced it with her ownand replaced it with her own

• Modified the 42 articles into the 39 Articles Modified the 42 articles into the 39 Articles still used todaystill used today

• Was religiously tolerant and wanted Was religiously tolerant and wanted religious peace above freedomreligious peace above freedom

• A wise ruler the “virgin queen” died the A wise ruler the “virgin queen” died the oldest English monarch (70 years old)oldest English monarch (70 years old)

John KnoxJohn Knox• Was born between 1505-1515 in ScotlandWas born between 1505-1515 in Scotland

• Grew up with a standard Catholic Grew up with a standard Catholic education, though was considered liberaleducation, though was considered liberal

• Studied at the University of Glasgow or Studied at the University of Glasgow or St. AndrewsSt. Andrews

• Was familiar with Latin, Greek, and Hebrew Was familiar with Latin, Greek, and Hebrew but was not an exceptional scholarbut was not an exceptional scholar

• Worked as a priest and tutor until 1545 Worked as a priest and tutor until 1545 when he broke with the Catholic churchwhen he broke with the Catholic church

John KnoxJohn Knox• 1544 Protestant preacher George Wishart 1544 Protestant preacher George Wishart

came to Scotland and befriended Knoxcame to Scotland and befriended Knox• Knox followed Wishart learning from him Knox followed Wishart learning from him

and acting as his bodyguardand acting as his bodyguard• 1546 Wishart was martyred by Cardinal 1546 Wishart was martyred by Cardinal

BeatonBeaton• Knox preached his first sermon viciously Knox preached his first sermon viciously

defying Catholicismdefying Catholicism• Returned to St. Andrews and taught until Returned to St. Andrews and taught until

1547 when it was conquered by the French 1547 when it was conquered by the French CatholicsCatholics

John KnoxJohn Knox• Knox was captured by the French and Knox was captured by the French and

rowed in the slave galleys for 18 monthsrowed in the slave galleys for 18 months

• He refused to return to Catholicism He refused to return to Catholicism

• 1549-1559 Knox traveled between England 1549-1559 Knox traveled between England and Europe spending much time in and Europe spending much time in Geneva learning from CalvinGeneva learning from Calvin

• 1558 published “The First Blast of the 1558 published “The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstrous Regiment Trumpet Against the Monstrous Regiment of Womenof Women

• 1559 Knox returned to Scotland and led 1559 Knox returned to Scotland and led the church into Reformthe church into Reform

John KnoxJohn Knox• Iconoclasm ensued, not technically Iconoclasm ensued, not technically

inspired by Knox, but not discouragedinspired by Knox, but not discouraged

• 1560 Knox and others establish the 1560 Knox and others establish the Scottish Confession of Faith creating Scottish Confession of Faith creating Scottish Presbyterianism Scottish Presbyterianism

• He led a prolonged struggle against the He led a prolonged struggle against the Catholic Mary Queen of Scots Catholic Mary Queen of Scots

• Wrote a History of the ReformationWrote a History of the Reformation

• Died Nov. 24, 1572 without regretDied Nov. 24, 1572 without regret

Council of TrentCouncil of Trent• Initiated by Pope Paul III met in 25 Initiated by Pope Paul III met in 25

sessions, under 3 different popes, from sessions, under 3 different popes, from 1545-15631545-1563

• Was called largely as a result of Was called largely as a result of Protestantism requiring Catholicism to Protestantism requiring Catholicism to more strictly define itselfmore strictly define itself

• Emperor Charles V proposed many Emperor Charles V proposed many compromises in hopes of joining compromises in hopes of joining Protestant and CatholicProtestant and Catholic

Council of TrentCouncil of Trent• Trent affirmed and solidified Catholic Trent affirmed and solidified Catholic

doctrine providing a more stable faithdoctrine providing a more stable faith

• It also cleared out many of the abuses It also cleared out many of the abuses previously complained aboutpreviously complained about

• They confirmed cup-less communion, the They confirmed cup-less communion, the Apocrypha, necessity of baptism, Apocrypha, necessity of baptism, Inspiration of Vulgate, and the mediatory Inspiration of Vulgate, and the mediatory capacity of the churchcapacity of the church

• They curbed the abuse of Indulgences, They curbed the abuse of Indulgences, Image worship, absenteeism, and put age Image worship, absenteeism, and put age limits on clerical officeslimits on clerical offices

Council of TrentCouncil of Trent• The Council wasn’t immediately accepted, The Council wasn’t immediately accepted,

but quickly became the universal rule. but quickly became the universal rule.

• Overall Trent provided a stable theological Overall Trent provided a stable theological platform that, when mingled with Jesuit platform that, when mingled with Jesuit missionary activity, helped Roman missionary activity, helped Roman Catholicism to regain much territoryCatholicism to regain much territory

• France showed a decline in Protestants France showed a decline in Protestants Belgium and Bavaria reconverted, Austria, Belgium and Bavaria reconverted, Austria, Hungary and Poland initiated repression of Hungary and Poland initiated repression of Protestants and greatly limited themProtestants and greatly limited them

Thirty Years War 1618-1648Thirty Years War 1618-1648• The Peace of Augsburg 1555 had set rules The Peace of Augsburg 1555 had set rules

for German religious governance, but for German religious governance, but wasn’t enoughwasn’t enough

• France, Spain, Sweden and Denmark were France, Spain, Sweden and Denmark were all interested in German territoryall interested in German territory

• Reform was mixing with Lutheranism Reform was mixing with Lutheranism creating a mixed Protestantismcreating a mixed Protestantism

• 11stst spark in Donauw spark in Donauwöörth where protestants rth where protestants attacked a Catholic processionattacked a Catholic procession

• A Catholic Duke intervened and crushed A Catholic Duke intervened and crushed the Protestantsthe Protestants

Thirty Years War 1618-1648Thirty Years War 1618-1648• 1618 Duke of Bohemia appointed a 1618 Duke of Bohemia appointed a

Catholic heir, but the Calvinists rejected Catholic heir, but the Calvinists rejected himhim

• 1619 Duke dies resulting in full scale 1619 Duke dies resulting in full scale rebellion soon followed by much of rebellion soon followed by much of Austria and GermanyAustria and Germany

• The Catholics created the Catholic League The Catholics created the Catholic League and allied with Spainand allied with Spain

• The Protestants formed the Protestant The Protestants formed the Protestant Union with many factious alliesUnion with many factious allies

Peace of WestphaliaPeace of Westphalia• The alliance fought well and confined the The alliance fought well and confined the

Hapsburgs to Austria resulting in PeaceHapsburgs to Austria resulting in Peace

• Treaty of Westphalia was signed Oct. 27, Treaty of Westphalia was signed Oct. 27, 1648 cementing many physical boundaries 1648 cementing many physical boundaries between Protestant and Catholic nationsbetween Protestant and Catholic nations

• Symbol of the end of the world wide reign Symbol of the end of the world wide reign of Roman Catholicismof Roman Catholicism

• Gave general religious freedom except in Gave general religious freedom except in Hapsburg territoriesHapsburg territories

St. Bartholomew’s Day MassacreSt. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

• 24 Aug, 1572 St. Bartholomew’s Day24 Aug, 1572 St. Bartholomew’s Day• Various French political factions clash Various French political factions clash

primarily Royal Papists vs. Huguenotsprimarily Royal Papists vs. Huguenots• Wedding between protestant Henri de Wedding between protestant Henri de

Navarre and catholic Marguerite de ValoisNavarre and catholic Marguerite de Valois• Many of the protestant leaders were Many of the protestant leaders were

gathered in Paris to celebrategathered in Paris to celebrate• Under the influence of his mother Charles Under the influence of his mother Charles

IX orders all the Huguenots killedIX orders all the Huguenots killed• A semi-nationwide massacre ensues A semi-nationwide massacre ensues

leaving 20,000-100,000 deadleaving 20,000-100,000 dead

The PuritansThe Puritans

• A varied combination of groups from A varied combination of groups from England and ScotlandEngland and Scotland

• Marked by a desire to be a pure church i.e. Marked by a desire to be a pure church i.e. free from romish customfree from romish custom

• Joined as a faction under the Elizabethan Joined as a faction under the Elizabethan rule getting derogatorily called Puritanrule getting derogatorily called Puritan

• They rejected Elizabeth’s church polity the They rejected Elizabeth’s church polity the via media “middle way”via media “middle way”

• Elizabeth non-violently suppressed the Elizabeth non-violently suppressed the Puritans desiring peace above doctrinePuritans desiring peace above doctrine


• In 1603 James IV became James IIn 1603 James IV became James I

• The Puritans had high hopes for reform The Puritans had high hopes for reform due to his Scotch Presbyterian upbringingdue to his Scotch Presbyterian upbringing

• He disappointed them greatly, he was a He disappointed them greatly, he was a man of learning but not of moralsman of learning but not of morals

• Puritans went to him with the Millenary Puritans went to him with the Millenary Petition requesting reform of abuses Petition requesting reform of abuses within the churchwithin the church

• He denied the petition but initiated a He denied the petition but initiated a Conference where he could presideConference where he could preside


• Hampton Conference was held in Jan 1604Hampton Conference was held in Jan 1604

• James laid down his aphorism “No bishop, James laid down his aphorism “No bishop, no king”no king”

• The only concession to the Puritans was The only concession to the Puritans was an authorized English translation of the an authorized English translation of the bible, the King James Versionbible, the King James Version

• The ascension of Charles I went even The ascension of Charles I went even worse for the Puritansworse for the Puritans

• Charles was a pure monarch wanting to Charles was a pure monarch wanting to rule without parliamentrule without parliament


• He appointed William Laud as archbishop He appointed William Laud as archbishop who was a sincere Anglican in heart and a who was a sincere Anglican in heart and a Roman Catholic in practiceRoman Catholic in practice

• Laud desired absolute conformity in Laud desired absolute conformity in church practice/membershipchurch practice/membership

• He restored many cathedrals, re-He restored many cathedrals, re-emphasized the altar in the church and emphasized the altar in the church and brought back icons and genuflexionsbrought back icons and genuflexions

• During his time many puritans fled to During his time many puritans fled to Holland as well as New EnglandHolland as well as New England

The PuritansThe Puritans• Laud and Charles I’s strict Laud and Charles I’s strict

heirarchicalism, and emphasis on heirarchicalism, and emphasis on royalty did not sit well with the peopleroyalty did not sit well with the people

• The Puritans were upset by a loss of The Puritans were upset by a loss of freedom, and the protestants in general freedom, and the protestants in general were afraid of a return to Romanismwere afraid of a return to Romanism

• The unrest provoked Scotland into The unrest provoked Scotland into capturing Charles and ultimately led to capturing Charles and ultimately led to a civil war throughout Englanda civil war throughout England

Oliver CromwellOliver Cromwell• Cromwell was born in Cambridgeshire and Cromwell was born in Cambridgeshire and

went to college but didn’t graduatewent to college but didn’t graduate• Was a strong pro-democracy Was a strong pro-democracy

parliamentary memberparliamentary member• Was a very strict puritan in beliefWas a very strict puritan in belief• A leader of the Ironsides Cavalry and a A leader of the Ironsides Cavalry and a

gifted military tactician gifted military tactician • The New Model Army was a puritan army, The New Model Army was a puritan army,

well disciplined and moralwell disciplined and moral• Cromwell’s disciplined army quickly won Cromwell’s disciplined army quickly won

the civil war and took the king captivethe civil war and took the king captive

Oliver CromwellOliver Cromwell• 1649-1658 Cromwell set up a new semi-1649-1658 Cromwell set up a new semi-

autocratic dictatorship called the autocratic dictatorship called the Protectorate with himself as the “Lord Protectorate with himself as the “Lord Protector” of EnglandProtector” of England

• He initially tried to deal with the King, saw He initially tried to deal with the King, saw it wasn’t possible so had him and Laud it wasn’t possible so had him and Laud beheadedbeheaded

• Grew ill and died in 1658 leaving behind a Grew ill and died in 1658 leaving behind a weak son ill fit to ruleweak son ill fit to rule

• 1660 Charles II was welcomed back to 1660 Charles II was welcomed back to EnglandEngland

American ChristianityAmerican Christianity

• English Puritans who emphasized the English Puritans who emphasized the congregation as the church were the congregation as the church were the largest faction of the Puritans and Pilgrims largest faction of the Puritans and Pilgrims who settled in New England who settled in New England

• Settlement began around 1620 with the Settlement began around 1620 with the separatist Pilgrims fleeing from Englandseparatist Pilgrims fleeing from England

• They were followed by Non-Conformist They were followed by Non-Conformist Puritans who joined in CongregationalismPuritans who joined in Congregationalism

• Primarily settled in Massachusetts they Primarily settled in Massachusetts they enforced strict conformity in religionenforced strict conformity in religion


• Roger Williams left England under Laud Roger Williams left England under Laud and moved to Massachusetts and moved to Massachusetts

• He worked as an pastor in Salem, but due He worked as an pastor in Salem, but due to his controversial nature was banishedto his controversial nature was banished

• He emphasized an extreme separation of He emphasized an extreme separation of Church and State as well as complete Church and State as well as complete religious freedom, not just Christianreligious freedom, not just Christian

• 1636 lived with Indians for 14 weeks then 1636 lived with Indians for 14 weeks then w/ 5 families founded Providence, buying w/ 5 families founded Providence, buying the land from Indiansthe land from Indians

American ChristianityAmerican Christianity• Williams became a Baptist, and was Williams became a Baptist, and was

baptized though shortly after renounced it baptized though shortly after renounced it as unqualifiedas unqualified

• He longed for a true church of God but He longed for a true church of God but couldn’t find onecouldn’t find one

• He obtained various charters for He obtained various charters for Providence and founded what became Providence and founded what became Rhode IslandRhode Island

• Was friendly to Indians and helped Mass.Was friendly to Indians and helped Mass.

• He died and a tree root took the form of his He died and a tree root took the form of his decomposing body decomposing body


• The Religious Society of Friends aka the The Religious Society of Friends aka the Tremblers or QuakersTremblers or Quakers

• Founded by George Fox a zealous, Founded by George Fox a zealous, ascetic, mystic, and outspoken extremistascetic, mystic, and outspoken extremist

• He gave no one special consideration or He gave no one special consideration or courtesy, interrupted clergymen and courtesy, interrupted clergymen and lawyerslawyers

• Was nine times imprisoned eventually Was nine times imprisoned eventually retiring and resting at the end of his careerretiring and resting at the end of his career

• Robert Barclay was the Quaker apologistRobert Barclay was the Quaker apologist


• Barclay lived in many different systems Barclay lived in many different systems gaining a good education before gaining a good education before converting to Quakerismconverting to Quakerism

• He went on various missionary journeys, He went on various missionary journeys, was several times imprisoned and diedwas several times imprisoned and died

• William Penn was the Quaker politician. William Penn was the Quaker politician.

• Was favored by James II due to familyWas favored by James II due to family

• His influence allowed him to found His influence allowed him to found Pennsylvania organizing a colony based Pennsylvania organizing a colony based primarily on Religious Freedomprimarily on Religious Freedom


• Penn founded Philadelphia – the city of Penn founded Philadelphia – the city of brotherly lovebrotherly love

• Pennsylvania became a refuge for QuakersPennsylvania became a refuge for Quakers

• Quakers were often persecuted in England Quakers were often persecuted in England from 1650-89 ~13,258 Quakers were from 1650-89 ~13,258 Quakers were punished, in New England 170 were badly punished, in New England 170 were badly used, 47 banished, and 4 hangedused, 47 banished, and 4 hanged

• Their outspoken radical protests made Their outspoken radical protests made them unpopular often parading in them unpopular often parading in sackcloth and ashes, or nothing in protestsackcloth and ashes, or nothing in protest


• After persecution ceased the Quakers After persecution ceased the Quakers settled down becoming a “sober, quiet, settled down becoming a “sober, quiet, orderly, and peaceful community”orderly, and peaceful community”

• They held to fifteen main principles the They held to fifteen main principles the main of which weremain of which were

1.1. The Inner LightThe Inner Light

2.2. Universal Capacity for RedemptionUniversal Capacity for Redemption

3.3. Quiet WorshipQuiet Worship

4.4. Separation of Church and StateSeparation of Church and State

5.5. No “Salutations and Recreations”No “Salutations and Recreations”

American ChristianityAmerican Christianity• The Moravian church stemmed from The Moravian church stemmed from

Germany where the sheltered remnants of Germany where the sheltered remnants of old Bohemian and Moravian Brethren wereold Bohemian and Moravian Brethren were

• Count Zinzendorf gave the Brethren Count Zinzendorf gave the Brethren asylum in Herrnhut, Germanyasylum in Herrnhut, Germany

• Zinze gave up his court position in order Zinze gave up his court position in order to become bishop of the Moravian Churchto become bishop of the Moravian Church

• Founded Bethlehem and Nazareth Penn. Founded Bethlehem and Nazareth Penn.

• They made few settlements preferring to They made few settlements preferring to send missionaries off to the wild than send missionaries off to the wild than building churches building churches

American ChristianityAmerican Christianity• They founded missions stations called They founded missions stations called

Diaspora, for refreshment not membershipDiaspora, for refreshment not membership• They kept strict discipline but maintained They kept strict discipline but maintained

a cheerful piety and love of musica cheerful piety and love of music• Emphasized unity of spirit of doctrine Emphasized unity of spirit of doctrine

preferring Christ Crucified and living for preferring Christ Crucified and living for Him to deep theologyHim to deep theology

• They admitted various denominations to They admitted various denominations to their communion as long as they were their communion as long as they were devout Christians in persondevout Christians in person


““I know of no other foundation but I know of no other foundation but Christ, and I can associate with all Christ, and I can associate with all

who build on this foundation.”who build on this foundation.”- Count Zinzendorf- Count Zinzendorf

Jonathan EdwardsJonathan Edwards• Born in 1703 to Timothy Edwards and Esther Born in 1703 to Timothy Edwards and Esther

Stoddard their only son and 5Stoddard their only son and 5thth of 11 children of 11 children

• Grew up somewhat sheltered and was much Grew up somewhat sheltered and was much fascinated with nature, especially spidersfascinated with nature, especially spiders

• Learned Latin by age 6, and had a command Learned Latin by age 6, and had a command of the “three learned languages” by 13of the “three learned languages” by 13

• 1716 at 13 years old he entered Yale College1716 at 13 years old he entered Yale College

• Graduated in 1720, but stayed until 1722 to Graduated in 1720, but stayed until 1722 to study divinitystudy divinity

• Taught in New York then became tutor at YaleTaught in New York then became tutor at Yale

Jonathan EdwardsJonathan Edwards• 1727 became assistant pastor in Northampton 1727 became assistant pastor in Northampton

under his grandfather Solomon Stoddardunder his grandfather Solomon Stoddard• Married Sarah Pierrepont, a model wife, mother Married Sarah Pierrepont, a model wife, mother

and housekeeper. Started having the first of their and housekeeper. Started having the first of their 12 children12 children

• During his youth and schooling Edwards was a During his youth and schooling Edwards was a very prolific writer and influenced by Lockevery prolific writer and influenced by Locke

• 1729 became head pastor diligently studying (13-1729 became head pastor diligently studying (13-15 hours a day) and leading15 hours a day) and leading

• 1735(39)-41 the First Great Awakening broke out 1735(39)-41 the First Great Awakening broke out in his Church, He preached against abuse but in his Church, He preached against abuse but fully acknowledged “Religious Affections”fully acknowledged “Religious Affections”

Jonathan EdwardsJonathan Edwards• 1749 Published a memoir of David 1749 Published a memoir of David

Brainerd his Son-in-law to be who had Brainerd his Son-in-law to be who had died from Tuberculosisdied from Tuberculosis

• Edwards disputed over communion being Edwards disputed over communion being given to nominal/non Christians given to nominal/non Christians

• Criticized the sons of leading members of Criticized the sons of leading members of the communitythe community

• 1750 He was dismissed from his pastorate1750 He was dismissed from his pastorate

• He left with dignity, but expressed his He left with dignity, but expressed his dislike for Congregationalist church dislike for Congregationalist church government preferring Presbyterianismgovernment preferring Presbyterianism

Jonathan EdwardsJonathan Edwards• Edwards became a missionary to the Edwards became a missionary to the

Native Americans in the frontier town of Native Americans in the frontier town of StockbridgeStockbridge

• While struggling against a corrupt While struggling against a corrupt missions board Edwards wrote his more missions board Edwards wrote his more famous booksfamous books

• 1758 became President of the College of 1758 became President of the College of New Jersey aka PrincetonNew Jersey aka Princeton

• After becoming president he was After becoming president he was inoculated against smallpox, then inoculated against smallpox, then rampant, and diedrampant, and died

George WhitefieldGeorge Whitefield• Born 1714 to Thomas and Elizabeth at the Bell Born 1714 to Thomas and Elizabeth at the Bell

Inn in Gloucester, EnglandInn in Gloucester, England• He was educated in the Crypt School until 15 He was educated in the Crypt School until 15

when he dropped out to help his motherwhen he dropped out to help his mother• He got measles that left him squint eyedHe got measles that left him squint eyed• Worked at the Bell Inn for a year and a half Worked at the Bell Inn for a year and a half

before completing school and going to Oxfordbefore completing school and going to Oxford• While at Oxford he became religious, initially While at Oxford he became religious, initially

ascetic, then later genuinely convertedascetic, then later genuinely converted• Along with John and Charles Wesley he founded Along with John and Charles Wesley he founded

the Oxford “Holy Club”the Oxford “Holy Club”

George WhitefieldGeorge Whitefield• 1735 he claimed to have been truly converted1735 he claimed to have been truly converted• Asceticism left him weak so he returned Asceticism left him weak so he returned

homehome• He was noticed by Bishop Benson who He was noticed by Bishop Benson who

wanted to ordain him, he returned to Oxford, wanted to ordain him, he returned to Oxford, became ordained at 22became ordained at 22

• Preached his first sermon in Saint Mary de Preached his first sermon in Saint Mary de CryptCrypt

• Began teaching in various places and was Began teaching in various places and was invited by the Wesley’s to come to Georgiainvited by the Wesley’s to come to Georgia

• In Georgia he helped with an orphanage and In Georgia he helped with an orphanage and other efforts before returning homeother efforts before returning home

George WhitefieldGeorge Whitefield• Upon return from Georgia he was ordained Upon return from Georgia he was ordained

a Priest in the Anglican church by Bensona Priest in the Anglican church by Benson

• He had lost favor with much of the He had lost favor with much of the England crowd and had an increasingly England crowd and had an increasingly hard time finding pulpits in which to hard time finding pulpits in which to preachpreach

• Preached in whatever pulpits were open to Preached in whatever pulpits were open to him regardless of denomination, but most him regardless of denomination, but most were too smallwere too small

• Turned to the “highways and hedges” to Turned to the “highways and hedges” to “compel them to come in” “compel them to come in”

George WhitefieldGeorge Whitefield• Began preaching to the colliers (coal Began preaching to the colliers (coal

miners) in Kingswood, to increasingly miners) in Kingswood, to increasingly large crowdslarge crowds

• Traveled to London to preach, but was Traveled to London to preach, but was kicked out of church so he turned to the kicked out of church so he turned to the fieldsfields

• He began a long and massive itinerant He began a long and massive itinerant evangelistic careerevangelistic career

• Traveled across the Atlantic 13 times Traveled across the Atlantic 13 times spending over two years on waterspending over two years on water

• Continued working with and building the Continued working with and building the orphanage in Georgiaorphanage in Georgia

George WhitefieldGeorge Whitefield• 1740 played a major role in the Great 1740 played a major role in the Great

Awakening in AmericaAwakening in America

• Met and preached to Benjamin FranklinMet and preached to Benjamin Franklin

• Split with John Wesley over the Calvinist Split with John Wesley over the Calvinist doctrine of predestination, becoming the doctrine of predestination, becoming the father of Calvinist Methodismfather of Calvinist Methodism

• Was beaten several times but proclaimed Was beaten several times but proclaimed “We are immortal ‘til our work is done”“We are immortal ‘til our work is done”

• Married Elizabeth James who bore him Married Elizabeth James who bore him one son who died as an infantone son who died as an infant

George WhitefieldGeorge Whitefield• He vastly changed the philosophy of He vastly changed the philosophy of

preaching and evangelism, emphasizing preaching and evangelism, emphasizing charismatic and heartfelt sermonscharismatic and heartfelt sermons

• Had a very aggressive approach to Had a very aggressive approach to preachingpreaching

• Preached 13 sermons per week all Preached 13 sermons per week all extemporaneously extemporaneously

• 1770 He died in Newbury Port leaving very 1770 He died in Newbury Port leaving very little behindlittle behind

John WesleyJohn Wesley• Born 1703 in Epworth, England to Samuel Born 1703 in Epworth, England to Samuel

and Susannaand Susanna• Susanna was a strong influence on him and Susanna was a strong influence on him and

took a firm hand in her children’s educationtook a firm hand in her children’s education• At 6 years old he was saved from a fire “a At 6 years old he was saved from a fire “a

brand plucked from the burning”brand plucked from the burning”• Studied in London at the Charterhouse Studied in London at the Charterhouse

School then went to college in OxfordSchool then went to college in Oxford• He was studious and did well with his He was studious and did well with his

studiesstudies• Unsure what to do with his life he looked for Unsure what to do with his life he looked for

direction before deciding on preachingdirection before deciding on preaching

John WesleyJohn Wesley• 1726-1734 He founded the Holy Club at 1726-1734 He founded the Holy Club at

Oxford trying to live a religious lifeOxford trying to live a religious life

• 1734 His father died and he received a call 1734 His father died and he received a call to go to Georgiato go to Georgia

• Went to Georgia, did little and learned Went to Georgia, did little and learned muchmuch

• Along the way he became acquainted with Along the way he became acquainted with Moravian missionaries who challenged Moravian missionaries who challenged him to know his salvationhim to know his salvation

• 1738 due to trouble in Georgia he returned 1738 due to trouble in Georgia he returned to England. to England.

John WesleyJohn Wesley• He continued studying and like Luther “felt He continued studying and like Luther “felt

his heart strangely warmed”his heart strangely warmed”• Began preaching, but was increasingly Began preaching, but was increasingly

unwelcome in churches so turned to the unwelcome in churches so turned to the fieldsfields

• From here he embarked on 53 years of From here he embarked on 53 years of itinerant preachingitinerant preaching

• The social conditions of England at the The social conditions of England at the time were appalling, full of poverty and time were appalling, full of poverty and immoralityimmorality

• Wesley traveled over 250,000 miles on Wesley traveled over 250,000 miles on horseback during his ministryhorseback during his ministry

John WesleyJohn Wesley• As he traveled Wesley founded groups As he traveled Wesley founded groups

and organizations which became the and organizations which became the Methodist ChurchMethodist Church

• He initially didn’t want to break with the He initially didn’t want to break with the Anglican church, but had to, being Anglican church, but had to, being unwilling to reject inward and present unwilling to reject inward and present salvation by faithsalvation by faith

• Broke with Whitefield in proclaiming his Broke with Whitefield in proclaiming his Arminianist doctrine, though they made up Arminianist doctrine, though they made up and remained friends. and remained friends.

• At 48 he unwisely married to a wife who At 48 he unwisely married to a wife who made him miserable for 15 years then leftmade him miserable for 15 years then left

John WesleyJohn Wesley• He rejected leisure and pursued the work He rejected leisure and pursued the work

of God with all he hadof God with all he had

• Was always up early usually at 4am and in Was always up early usually at 4am and in bed at 10pm bed at 10pm

• Wesley died in bed at 88 years old. He Wesley died in bed at 88 years old. He sang a hymn, encouraged his brothers, sang a hymn, encouraged his brothers, and said “farewell”and said “farewell”

AgesAges• 3BC Jesus and the Apostles3BC Jesus and the Apostles• 70 AD catholic Christianity70 AD catholic Christianity

• 312 AD Christian Roman Empire312 AD Christian Roman Empire• 590 AD Middle Ages590 AD Middle Ages

• 1517 AD Reformation1517 AD Reformation• 1648 AD Reason and Revival1648 AD Reason and Revival

• Jesus BornJesus Born• Temple Temple

DestroyedDestroyed• Milvian BridgeMilvian Bridge• Gregory I is Gregory I is

PopePope• 95 Thesis95 Thesis• Peace of Peace of

WestphaliaWestphalia

semester 2 mid term review think happy thoughts…

Documents

martin luther

rome1510 luther

d equivalent luther

rescue slide

grace slide

hearty singing

master of arts ph

university of erfurt