semester 2 8 th grade finals study guide mr. wenn 2010
TRANSCRIPT
Semester 2Semester 288thth Grade Finals Study Guide Grade Finals Study Guide
Mr. WennMr. Wenn
20102010
11stst Industrial Revolution Industrial Revolution
• Trade and manufacturing instead of farming
• Industrial growth leads to rapid growth of cities
• New England – large labor force, rapid river for factories, access to Atlantic ocean
Textile Mills and Factory Textile Mills and Factory SystemSystem
• Workers and machines together under one roof
• Factories/machines replace hand tools for production
• Textile Mills create fabrics use young women and children as labor source
Reasons for Immigration Reasons for Immigration
• Immigration increases population of NORTH
• Famines, political and religious wars at home
• Many looking for jobs• Agricultural changes force many off
their farms• Europe’s Industrial Revolution cause
many to lose jobs
Henry Clay's American System Henry Clay's American System
• Designed to protect American business from foreign competition
• -creates protective tariff
• -establishes a National bank
• -improves transportation systems
Roads, canals, and railroads Roads, canals, and railroads
• built to connect East with growing West.
• Improves business and communication
• Erie Canal-connects Lake Erie with the Hudson River makes NY an important center for trade
Women's suffrage movement & Women's suffrage movement & Leaders Leaders
• demanded equal right in politics and society.
• Many had been abolitionists
• Uphill battle-voting rights
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Margaret Fuller, Lucretia Mott, Susan B. Anthony
Seneca Falls ConventionSeneca Falls Convention
• Meeting in New York (1846) for women’s rights.
• Declaration of Sentiments –outlines women, demands equality with men.
• Based upon writings in “D of I”
Horace MannHorace Mann
• Heads first Board of Education.
• Father of America’s Public Schools
Transcendentalism and its Transcendentalism and its LeadersLeaders
• Spiritual world more important than physical world
• Nature, Self Examination and individual’s intuition and feelings
• a. Henry David Thoreau- writes WALDEN, Civil Disobedience
• Ralph Waldo Emerson – Essayist and Poet
Agrarian economy in the South Agrarian economy in the South
• Fertile land, slow moving rivers, warm climate
• Profit from slave labor-export cotton to Europe.
• Economy-agriculture, little industry.
The cotton ginThe cotton gin
• Invented by Eli Whitney (1793)
• Cleans the seeds from the cotton.
• Speeds up production of highly profitable cash crop.
• Increases demand for land and slave labor.
SLAVE CODESSLAVE CODES
• Laws created to control slaves and deny them many basic rights.
• Outlawed teaching slaves to read and write.
• Permission to travel off plantations.
• Rights under law denied, privileges of citizens rejected.
Resistance to SlaveryResistance to Slavery
• Many methods of resistance –
• Non-violent: slow work, break tools, runaway, ignorance,
• Violent: burn property, poisoning owners, revolt
Jacksonian DemocracyJacksonian Democracy
• Andrew Jackson “ Hero of the Common Man” president from 1829-1837.,
• all white men over 21 could vote. Dramatic increase in voting rights, participation in government, common man increases political power.
The spoils system & Indian The spoils system & Indian Removal Act Removal Act
• Jackson replaces government workers with supporters of his presidency.
• Indian Removal-tribes who slow progress of the US-give lands to whites
• "Trail of Tears - • Cherokees-thousands marched
overland, many suffered from disease and starvation.
Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny
• belief the United States had the right and duty to expand across the Continent to the Pacific Ocean
Lewis and Clark ExpeditionLewis and Clark Expedition
• Sent by Jefferson to explore the Louisiana Territory.
• Goals: 1. find a route to Pacific Ocean. 2. catalog resources, climates, animals and plants of territory. 3. establish contact with Native Americans
Women in WestWomen in West
• Western frontier was harsh
• Performed similar jobs as men
• Right to own property and control money
• Given right to vote in many Western states
TexasTexas
• Republic of Texas fights for Independence from Mexico. Becomes the Lone Star Republic from 1836 – 1845.
• a. Battle of the Alamo – • Mission in Texas, 183 rebels died. • Become famous battle cry for Texans.• b. Admission to U.S. - • Texas joins the U.S. in 1845. Leads to
controversy over extension of slavery.
Mexican American WarMexican American War
• War fought between U.S. and Mexico 1846 – 1848.
• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
• Ends War. U.S. receives Mexican Cession
• US agrees to pay 15 million to Americans owed money by Mexico.
AbolitionAbolition
• Underground Railroad – • network of abolitionists who helped
run-away slaves reach freedom in the North and Canada
• Harriet Tubman –leader of the UGRR• Harriet Beecher Stowe-Uncle Tom’s
Cabin (1852)• Shows moral and social wrongs of
slavery, and Fugitive Slave Law
Important AbolitionistsImportant Abolitionists
• Frederick Douglass-former slave, writes autobiography, abolitionist newspaper North Star.
• William Lloyd Garrison-publishes anti-slavery newspaper “The Liberator”, supporter of the Women’s suffrage movement.
John Brown’s RaidJohn Brown’s Raid
• Abolitionist John Brown leads raid against Federal Arsenal at Harpers Ferry Virginia.
• Attempts to start an armed slave rebellion, hung for his crime
• Northerners- Brown a martyr
• Southerners offended by North’s reaction
Missouri Compromise (1820)Missouri Compromise (1820)
• Attempt to keep the number of slave and Free states equal.
• Admits Missouri as a slave state, and Maine as a free state.
• Forbids slavery in the west north of 36’ 30” line
Compromise of 1850Compromise of 1850
• Agreement over slavery under which CA joins Union as a free state
• Strict Fugitive Slave law was passed.
• Fuels growing controversy of slavery in the west.
Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
• POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY: each territory to decides whether to allow slavery, decided in popular election.
• Proslavery and abolitionists rapidly move to Kansas
• “BLEEDING KANSAS” – name for Kansas Territory-violence there over the issue of slavery in the 1850’s
Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)
• Dred Scott, a slave, lives in a free territory, sues owner for his freedom
• Supreme Court says: Scott not a citizen, cannot sue in U.S. courts
• Court says slavery cannot be banned in the territories, against property rights in Constitution
Doctrine of NullificationDoctrine of Nullification
• idea that a state had the right to cancel a federal law it considered unconstitutional
• Webster and Calhoun debate rights of states (state’s rights) to nullify or ignore law passed by the Federal government.
"House Divided" speech (1858)"House Divided" speech (1858)
• Lincoln says the US cannot endure half slave and half free.
• Speech convinces Southerners Lincoln wants to end slavery.
Lincoln SpeechesLincoln Speeches
• Emancipation Proclamation (1863) • Lincoln’s declaration freeing the slaves in
Confederacy.• Becomes a major reason the Union fights
to win the Civil War. • Gettysburg Address (1863)• Lincoln dedicates the cemetery at
Gettysburg to the soldiers who died in the battle.
• States that the Union (North) fighting for freedom and democracy
Jefferson Davis and Robert E. LeeJefferson Davis and Robert E. Lee
• Davis-President of the Confederate States of America (Confederacy)
• Lee-Commander of Confederate Army. Former officer in U.S. Army.
• Did not want to fight against home state of Virginia.
Ulysses S. Grant and ShermanUlysses S. Grant and Sherman
• Commander of U.S. Army at end of Civil War.
• Accepts Robert Lee’s surrender at Appomattox in 1865.
• He and Sherman use “total war” against civilians and lands of the South.
Effects of the Civil War Effects of the Civil War
• 600,000 dead Americans from both sides.
• Slavery is abolished in the United States.
• Southern society and culture is completely destroyed
• United States is re-united.
ReconstructionReconstruction
• Period from 1865 – 1877 where the south is rebuilt and rejoins the Union after the Civil War.
• Freedmen's Bureau-U.S. tries to help former slaves adjust to life after the Civil War.
• Gave food, medical care and clothing to former slaves. This group also set up schools in the South to educate former slaves.
Reconstruction AmendmentsReconstruction Amendments
• 13th-Banned slavery throughout the United States.
• 14th-Granted citizenship and equal legal rights to all persons born in the US.
• Intended to give citizenship to former slaves.
• 15th-no state can deny African Americans the right to vote because of their race.
"Jim Crow" laws"Jim Crow" laws
• Laws that separated people of different races in public places in the South.
• Inclues restaurants, theaters, trains, schools, churches and playgrounds
Plessy vs. FergusonPlessy vs. Ferguson
• Supreme Court ruling that said segregation was legal, as long as the facilities were equal.
• This coined the term “separate, but equal”
• Leads to two legal, but unequal societies
Dawes ActDawes Act
• tribal lands were given to under the control of individual land owners
• no longer under the control of tribal governments
• Much of the land was given or sold cheaply to white settlers
Industrialists and Labor UnionsIndustrialists and Labor Unions
• Carnegie, Rockefeller and Stanford made large fortunes in industries-oil, steel and railroads
• Workers tried to protect themselves by joining labor unions to achieve better conditions and wages.