semantics slides 5

8/4/2019 Semantics Slides 5

1/17

,


2/17

HOMONYMY

senserelationinwhichoneform hasdifferentm.;differentwords withthedictionaries)

norelatednessinmeaning

e.g. an 1s eo ar ver


3/17

Absolutevs artialhomon m

3criteriaforabsolutehomonyms:

1. t eir ormsmust eunre ate inm.

2. alltheirformsmustbeidentical

3. identicalformsmustbesyntacticallyequi.

,

Theyfoundhospitalsandcharitableinstitutions.

T e e wasrungatmi nig t.Arungo t eladderisbroken.


4/17

Resultofpartialhomonymy ambiguityambiguouswordhavingmorethanone

ambiguouss. having2ormoreparap rasesw c arenott emse ves

paraphrasesofeachothere.g.Wesawherduck.(Wesawherlower

her)


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Accordingtosomesem.asentencecannotbeambiguous(Thechickenisread toeat re resents2differents.

Ambiguouswordsorphrases iftheyhave

themselves

synonyms

of

each

other:

trunk,coach


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HOMONYMYPOLYSEMYDISTINCTION

Homonymypolysemydistinction:closenessorre ate nesso senseso am iguousw.

H m n m iff r n n f n

ambiguousw.arefarapartfromeachother

matter

of

accident

or

coincidencee.g.bank,mug;kit,bar


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POLYSEMY

Onewordhavingseveralcloselyrelatedsenses

thedifferentsensesarerelatedtoeach

Polysemycloserelatednessinm.whichisusuallyconnectedtometaphorical

meaningrelatednesshastobe


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e.g.neck;loza,ogranakmouth (ofariver;ofananimal):

somesolidmasstotheoutside,andofa

narrow

channel


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EAT

literal

sense

of

taking

food

and

derived

meanings

treattheseas3differentmeanings?

but distinctionbetweeneatin meatandeatin sou

eatinganddrinkingsoup

iseatingjellythesameaseatingtoffee(involvingc ew ng oreat ngsweets nvo v ngsuc ng

carelessness eathasdifferentm.witheverytypeof

shouldntlookforallpossibledifferences,butforsamenessofm.asfaraswecan


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Dictionaryhastodecidewhetheraparticulartem sto e an e ntermso po ysemyorhomonymy;apolysemicitemwillbetreatedas

a

s ng e

entry

an

a

omonymous

w

ave

a

seperateentry foreachofthehomonyms

Freetoquestionthedecisionsofadictionary

makerastheymaybearbitrary


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Dictionariesusuallybasetheirdecisionsuponetymo ogy. ent ca orms ave erentorigin,theyaretreatedashomonymsandgiven

seperate

entr esIftheyhaveoneorigin,eveniftheyhavedifferentm.,theyaretreatedaspolysemicand

givenaseperateentry Notsatisfactory:historyofal.doesntaccurately

reflectits resentstate(e. . u il)


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problematiccases differenceinspellingdoesnta ways n ca ea erence nor g n:w a aretodayhomophonesmaybederivedfromthesameor g na orm me a me e; ower our

Ifsemanticistreliesonhishistoricalknowledge,t eyaret esamewor po ysemy ,event oug theyrespeltdifferently.Canweconsiderwords

a arespe eren y o e esamewor


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HYPONYMY s.relationinwhichthem.ofoneitemisincluded

inclusione. .m.ofredisincludedinthem.ofscarlet

red superordinateterm(HYPERONYM)scarletHYPONYMofred kindofredtulip,roseflower;lion,elephantmammal/animal

immediateh. offlower.Roseandtulip COHYPONYMSofflower


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nosuperordinateterminallsituationsLyons:inClassicalGreekasuperordinateterm fordifferentprofessions(carpenter,

doctor,fluteplayer,shoemaker),butnosuchterminEn .;cra tsman (excludin doctorandfluteplayer)

.(colouredexcludesblackandwhite;even


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if

polysemic,

the

same

term

may

appear

in

.itmaybesuperordinatetoitselfinanotherm.)

. .

incontrastwithvegetable toincludemammals,, ,

inthesenseofmammaltocontrastwithbirds,

beasts)


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sheep

is

used

for

all

creatures

of

the

species

it

is

, , but,thesuperordinatetermfordogs (as

s ecies isdo thou hdo isalsotheh on m

differentfrombitch cattleandpoultryareoddalthough

superor nate,t eya use on y orp ura reference

cows,butnosingletermtoputinaframethatisa

.


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synonymy

is

a

special

case

of

hyponymy

hyponymsofeachother . IfXisahyponymofYandifYisahyponym

ofX,thenXandYares n. Hyponymyinvolvesentailment.Aprop.X

entailsaprop.YifthetruthofYfollowsnecessar y romt etrut o tosaythisisatulip entails thisisaflower

semantics slides 5

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