semantic wiki mini-series 1st session: a survey of the landscape and state-of-art in semantic wiki...
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Semantic Wiki Mini-Series1st session:
A Survey of the Landscape and State-of-Art in Semantic Wiki
Co-chairs: Sebastian Schaffert (Salzburg Research, Austria),
Max Völkel (FZI Karlsruhe)
2008-10-23
Semantic Wikis: The Wiki Way to the Semantic Web?
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Agenda
History
State of the Art
Trends
Introduction
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Introduction
Introduction
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Introduction: Semantic Wikis
wiki principles metaweb two perspectives on Semantic Wikis characteristics of Semantic Wikis example
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Introduction
Wiki Principles
wikis allow anyone to edit wikis are easy to use and do not require additional
software wiki content is easy to link wikis support versioning of all changes wikis support all media
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Introduction
Nova Spivack: Metaweb
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Semantic Wikis
Introduction
Two Perspectives on Semantic Wikis
Wikis for Metadata Metadata for Wikis
no clear separation, but tendencies!
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Introduction
Wikis for Metadata
creating metadata on the Semantic Web is difficult! – requires domain knowledge– requires knowledge engineering skills– complicated, insufficient tools
Wikis for metadata:– simplified technological access to the creation of
metadata– collaboration of domain experts and knowledge
engineers– dynamically evolving knowledge networks and
knowledge models
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Introduction
Metadata for Wikis
Wikis huge amounts of digital content (e.g. Wikipedia) strong connection of content via hyperlinks
problem: structure exists, but is only used for presentation and not accessible by computers finding relevant content is increasingly difficult integration and exchange between different systems is
difficult
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Introduction
Semantic Wikis
annotation of existing structures with machine readable metadatalinks carry meaning, typing of links, typing of pages
context dependent adaptation and presentationdifferent domains have different ways of presenting content, personal preferences, etc.
improved, „intelligent“, search and navigationqueries to the structure, visualisation of structure, derived information
improved interoperability between systemsexchange of content, integration of different systems, agents, etc
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Introduction
Semantic Wikis: Example
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Introduction
History
History
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1995: The First Wiki
Wiki First developed by Ward Cunningham as an add-on to the Portland Pattern
Repository on 1995.03.25 http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?WikiDesignPrinciples our interpretation
Incremental - Pages can cite other pages, including pages that have not been written yet. network of pages
Organic - The structure and text content of the site is open to editing and evolution. different from classical content management systems
Universal - The mechanisms of editing and organizing are the same as those of writing so that any writer is automatically an editor and organizer. integrated creation and organization of content
Unified - Page names will be drawn from a flat space so that no additional context is required to interpret them. humans can remember names
Precise - Pages will be titled with sufficient precision to avoid most name clashes, typically by forming noun phrases. names are quasi-unique
Tolerant - Interpretable (even if undesirable) behavior is preferred to error messages. usability: novice users have less fear to start using it
Observable - Activity within the site can be watched and reviewed by any other visitor to the site. exchange of meta-information
Convergent - Duplication can be discouraged or removed by finding and citing similar or related content.
History
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2004/2005: First Semantic Wikis
Platypus Wiki from Stefano Campanini, Paolo Castagna, Roberto Tazzoli presented at ISWC2004
WikSAR from David Aumüller wins best Demo award at ESWC2005
History
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2005: Wikipedia became popular
Comparing search volume on Google Trends on 2008-10-22
History
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2006: Wikis became popular
Comparing search volume on Google Trends on 2008-10-22
History
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2006: Semantic Wikis followed the trend
Web Search Volume, Worldwide, 2004 – 2008-10-22, /!\ Scales are different between diagrams!
Wiki
Ontology
Semantic web
Semantic wiki
History
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2006: Semantic Wiki as a research topic
2005: [swikig] mailing list launched 2006: First Workshop on Semantic Wikis: From Wiki
to Semantics [SemWiki2006] at ESWC2006, Budva, Montenrego
2006: Second Workshop on Semantic Wikis: Wiki-based Knowledge-Engineering [WibKe2006] at WikiSym 2006 in Odense, Denmark
2008: Third Workshop on Semantic Wikis: The Wiki Way of Semantics [SemWiki2008] at ESWC2008, Tenerife
http://semwiki.org
History
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State of the Art
State of the Art
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What is a Semantic Wiki? I/II
Semantic Wikis* try to combine the strengths of Semantic Web
– machine processable, – data integration– complex queries
Wiki– easy to use and contribute, – strongly interconnected, – collaborative.
Emergence of Semantic Wikis from to sources: A) Semantic technologies for wikis („ST4W“)
– i.e. better navigation, better queries– Most semantic wiki engines are here
B) Wikis for semantic technologies („W4ST“)– i.e. Ontology engineering, ontology learning– E.g. Many papers on mining wikipedia
State of the Art
* http://Semwiki.org, Schaffert & Völkel, 200620
What is a Semantic Wiki? II/II
A Semantic Wiki is like the Semantic Web in a Petri dish Many terms emerge – how to consilidate the vocabulary? Many people work together – how to achieve consensus? Queries over multiple resources Import of semantic web data Export to other semantic web tools Versioning Access rights Trust ...
State of the Art
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Semantic Wiki Engines
AceWiki – controlled english Artificial Memory – personal knowledge management BOWiki – biomedical domain Confluence Plugins (Metadata, Scaffolding) - commercial Hypertext Knowledge Workbench – personal knowledge management IkeWiki
SWiM - offshoot of IkeWiki KiWI – successor in scope of KiWi project
OntoWiki – free-form database OpenRecord – free-form database SweetWiki – semantic tagging Semantic MediaWiki (MediaWiki extension) – Semantic Wikipedia
HaloExtension – extension of Semantic MediaWiki, browsing & refactoring Semantic Forms – free-form database ... Many more Semantic MediaWiki extensions
SWOOKI – a peer-to-peer based SemWiki
State of the Art
http://semanticweb.org/wiki/Semantic_Wiki_State_Of_The_Art22
SemWiki2006 Results
How is metadata created? Incentives for creating formal data Low in semantic web, higher in semantic wikis with direct benefit Page vs. Concept
How is metadata used? Trust - Can trustworthiness of article content be determined from the
article metadata? Navigation - alternative views on the data Search … Automated content generation including reasoning Ontology engineering
Why/for what are Semantic Wikis used? Like normal wikis, but more sophisticated, doing everything better
Integration Integartion of structured text and RDF world still unsolved No common wiki metadata ontology
State of the Art
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SemWiki2008
Alexandre Passant and Philippe Laublet. Towards an Interlinked Semantic Wiki Farm
Christoph Lange. Mathematical Semantic Markup in a Wiki: The Roles of Symbols and Notations
Max Völkel. Hypertext Knowledge Workbench
Andrea Bonomi, Alessandro Mosca, Matteo Palmonari and Giuseppe Vizzari. Integrating a Wiki in an Ontology Driven Web Site: Approach, Architecture and Application in the Archaeological Domain
Jochen Reutelshoefer, Joachim Baumeister and Frank Puppe. Ad-Hoc Knowledge Engineering with Semantic Knowledge Wikis
Christoph Lange, Sean McLaughlin and Florian Rabe. Flyspeck in a Semantic Wiki
Cezary Kaliszyk, Pierre Corbineau, Freek Wiedijk, James McKinna and Herman Geuvers. A real Semantic Web for mathematics deserves a real semantics
Florian Schmedding, Christoph Hanke and Thomas Hornung. RDF Authoring in Wikis
Axel Rauschmayer. Next-Generation Wikis: What Users Expect; How RDF Helps
Malte Kiesel, Sven Schwarz, Ludger van Elst and Georg Buscher. Using Attention and Context Information for Annotations in a Semantic Wiki
Karsten Dello, Lyndon Nixon and Robert Tolksdorf. Extending the Makna Semantic Wiki to support workflows
Tobias Kuhn. AceWiki: Collaborative Ontology Management in Controlled Natural Language
Sau Dan Lee, Patrick Yee, Thomas Lee, David Cheung and Wenjun Yuan. Descriptive Schema: Semantics-based Query Answering
Markus Luczak-Rösch and Ralf Heese. A Generic Corporate Ontology Lifecycle
Charbel Rahhal, Hala Skaf-Molli and Pascal Molli. SWOOKI: A Peer-to-peer Semantic Wiki
Gero Scholz. Semantic MediaWiki with Property Clusters
Joshua Bacher, Robert Hoehndorf and Janet Kelso. BOWiki: ontology-based semantic wiki with ABox reasoning
State of the Art
More application oriented than 2006
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Semantic Wikis: Trends
Trends
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Semantic Wikis: Trends
Application Areaswhat kinds of application areas can be addressed by Semantic Wikis?
Platformwhat kinds of software will Semantic Wikis develop into?
Technologywhat kinds of technological development/improvements will Semantic Wikis see?
Trends
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Application Areas
Trends
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Application Areas
Knowledge Management Semantic Wikipedia / Semantic Encyclopaedia eLearning Ontology Engineering
Trends
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Knowledge Management
for me: primary application area from “knowledge is power” to “sharing is power” supporting the user by semantic technologies
Trends
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Knowledge Management: Examples
connect software documentation (design documents, code documentation) about components with relevant bug reports and present developer a summary view of his tasks
allow project managers in consultancies to share project knowledge, e.g. “look for projects that are similar to mine” or “generate instances of all relevant QM process definitions for my project setup”
Trends
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Knowledge Management: Examples
allow project managers to modify project workplan in different ways, e.g. as a table, as a Gantt diagram, … with direct connection to ERP system
allow head of department to get a summary view over all projects
Trends
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Knowledge Management: Challenges
different perspectives on same content integration with existing tools (and here the
Semantic Web can help) requires heavy support for the user, e.g. extensive
reasoning, calculation, … often very formal environments (contradiction with
Wiki Philosophy)
Trends
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Semantic Wikipedia
making the “wisdom of the crowds” in Wikipedia (and similar applications) accessible
not restricted to Wikipedia, not even to Wikis as technology (see “platform” later)
Trends
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Semantic Wikipedia: Challenges
requires high performance and scalability (i.e. little reasoning)
community needs to be convinced to make use of semantic features (only if immediate benefit)
Trends
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Learning
ePortfolio systems: collection of learning artefacts, reflection on learning
collaborative story telling personal development planning and alignment with
actual achievements
Trends
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Learning: Challenges
requires functionalities current Wikis cannot provide, e.g. collaborative text writing
require lots of metadata for planning
Trends
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Ontology Engineering
make ontology development simpler allow knowledge workers and ontology engineers
to collaborate in one system
Trends
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Ontology Engineering: Challenges
allow different perspectives on same content (ontology engineer: ontology view, knowledge worker: domain specific view or wiki view)
full support for ontologies and reasoning
Trends
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Platform
Trends
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Semantic Wiki Platform
wiki as philosophy rather than technology: same principle holds for most other Web 2.0/Social Web applications
breaking information and system boundaries: integrating information and giving different perspectives on the same information
Semantic Wikis as generic platform for developing many different kinds of Social Web applications
Trends
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Wiki as Philosophy
wikis allow anyone to edit wikis are easy to use and do not require additional
software wiki content is easy to link wikis support versioning of all changes wikis support all media
same holds for other social software applications!
Trends
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Breaking Information and System Boundaries
integration of different kinds of content in one system (wiki text, photos, code, …)
different perspectives on the same content (wiki, blog, social network, tagit, …)
users edit the system behaviour, not only the content (e.g. widgets - zembly, custom layouts, declarative rules)
Trends
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Example: WikiTrends
43http://showcase.kiwi-project.eu
Example: TagITTrends
44http://showcase.kiwi-project.eu
Example: Blog
no image (yet) but entries to wiki/tagit could also be displayed in blog style (ordered by creation time)!
Trends
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Example: Social Networking
user information in the wiki could be used as basis for social networks (e.g. based on tags)
information represented as foaf data (RDF) just another perspective on the same data!
Trends
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Example: Community Equity
Community Equity: valuation system for community content developed by Sun content can be rated by users -> information equity tags inherit information equity -> tag equity users inherit information equity for their content ->
contribution equity users inherit tag equity for the tags of their content ->
skills equity
Trends
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Technology
Trends
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Semantic Wikis as Testbed for the Semantic Web
Semantic Wikis connect the real world with the Semantic Web
Semantic Wikis are the “Semantic Web in Small”, because a Wiki is “Web in Small”
Semantic Wikis share many common properties with the Semantic Web
most technologies developed on the Semantic Web can be used and evaluated in Semantic Wikis
(my challenge: if it is not useful in Semantic Wikis, it is not useful at all!)
Trends
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Challenge 1: Proof Benefit
the Semantic Web and Semantic Wikis must show how they are beneficial to ordinary users
Trends
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Challenge 2: User Interfaces
all users like simple interfaces; tools like Protégé are way too complicated
how to do as much semantics as possible with as little user exposure as possible
Trends
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Challenge 3: Personalisation
semantic data offers the possibility for personalising content presentation
e.g. preferences, observed behaviour, context
Trends
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Challenge 4: Tagging
users like tagging (various reasons: simplicity, low cognitive barrier, …)
how to „lift“ non-semantic tags to the Semantic Web?
Trends
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Challenge 5: Revisions & Versioning
essential aspect of the wiki philosophy much harder with meta-data than only with textual
content
Trends
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Challenge 6: Reasoning
how can reasoning support users? what kinds of reasoning are useful in Semantic
Wikis (guess: rule-based)? how to deal with performance issues (needs to be
close to real-time)?
Trends
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Challenge 7: Reason Maintenance
what rules are the justification for a triple? how can results of reasoning be explained to users? example: background turns purple because a rule
says that all pages concerning “foo” should be rendered as purple; user needs to be able to get an explanation
example: Amazon “why was this recommended to me”
Trends
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Challenge 8: Permissions, Trust, Provenance
big outstanding issue of the Semantic Web reputation systems can help (e.g. Community
Equity by Sun) is metadata about metadata
Trends
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KiWi – Knowledge in a WikiApplications Software Knowledge Management: Supporting
Software Engineers in sharing knowledge (Sun Microsystems)
Project Knowledge Management: Supporting Project Managers in documenting project knowledge (Logica)
KiWi Showcase: “KiWi PhotoStories”, a social networking and story and image sharing platform
Trends
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KiWi – Knowledge in a WikiTechnology KiWi addresses personalisation KiWi allows arbitrary resources to tag other
resources KiWi partly addresses reason maintenance KiWi addresses rule-based reasoning in Semantic
Wikis KiWi has a proposal for versioning and transactions
(implemented but undocumented)
Trends
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KiWi – Knowledge in a Wiki
website: http://www.kiwi-project.eu contact:
Coordinator: Sebastian Schaffert ([email protected])
Dissemination: Julia Eder([email protected])
Trends
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Semantic Wikis: The Wiki Way to the Semantic Web?
Semantic Wiki Mini-Series 1st session:
A Survey of the Landscape and State-of-Art in Semantic Wiki Co-chairs:
– Sebastian Schaffert (Salzburg Research, Austria)– Max Völkel (AIFB-Karlsruhe)
Thanks for listening!
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Semantic Wiki Mini Series Plan & Dates
Session 2 scheduled on 20th November 2008 Semantic Wiki Technology (1): An introduction to some of the Semantic Wiki Engines Chair? Panelists (tentative): MarkusKrotzsch and/or DennyVrendecic;
SebastianSchaffert; TobiasKuhn; MartinHepp; ...(?) Engines (tentative): Semantic MediaWiki, IkeWiki, AceWiki, OntoWiki, ...(?)
Session 3 scheduled on 11th December 2008Semantic Wiki Technology (2): Semantic Wiki Extension, Add-on's and other Enhancements Chair? Panelists (tentative): YaronKoren; MarkGreaves and/or Thomas Schweitzer(?);
JieBao and/or LiDing; PeterYim and/or KenBaclawski; HaroldSolbrig(?), ...(?) Engines (tentative): Semantic Forms, SMWHalo extension, blog, purple
number tag (PMWX), Lex Wiki extension(?), ...
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Planning
Semantic Wiki Mini Series Plan & Dates
Session 4 scheduled on 22th Januar 2009 Semantic Wiki Applications & Use Cases (1): vertical applications Panelists: HaroldSolbrig; ...; ChristophLange; MarkGreaves; ...(?) Topics: Applications in Healthcare and Life Science, e-Science,
Mathematics, AI, Education, ... – panelists to brief the participants on the "what," "why" and "how" of their semantic wiki project/implementations
Session 5 on Februar 2009Semantic Wiki Applications & Use Cases (2): horizontal applications Panelists: SebastianSchaffert and/or PeterDolog; ...; PeterYim;
MikeDean; ...(?) Topics: applications in Knowledge Management, software
engineering, collaboration and community support, open ontology repository, ... - panelists to brief the participants on the "what," "why" and "how" of their semantic wiki project/implementations
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Planning
Semantic Wiki Mini Series Plan & Dates
Session 6 in March 2009The Future of Semantic Wiki: Trends, Challenges and Outlook (Panel Discussion) Co-chair: candidates - DeborahMcGuinness, RudiStuder,
MarkMusen Panelists: hopefully, all panelists from previous session
can join us in this discussion and to answer questions as well
looking for as many panelists as we can, 5-minute briefs from each, and an extensive moderated discussion segment
issues relating to scope, KR, Reasoning, HCI, access control, adoption, ...
Planning