semantic web processes: semantics to exploit web services on a global scale ibm tj watson 10 july,...
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Semantic Web Processes:Semantics to exploit Web Services on a global
scale
IBM TJ Watson10 July, 2003
Amit ShethMETEOR-S Project
Large Scale Distributed Information Systems (LSDIS) LabThe University of Georgia, Athens GA
Special Thanks: Kaarthik Sivashanmugam
© METEOR-S Team, UGA, 2003
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LSDIS Introduction Slide 1 of 3:Move from Syntax to Semantics in Information System
Semantic Web, some DL-II projects,Semantic Web, some DL-II projects,Semagix SCORE, Applied SemanticsSemagix SCORE, Applied Semantics
VideoAnywhereVideoAnywhereInfoQuiltInfoQuilt
OBSERVEROBSERVER
Generation IIIGeneration III(information
brokering)
1997...1997...
Semantics and Ontology-driven Information Systems
InfoSleuth, KMed, DL-I projectsInfoSleuth, KMed, DL-I projectsInfoscopes, HERMES, SIMS, Infoscopes, HERMES, SIMS,
Garlic,TSIMMIS,Harvest, RUFUS,...Garlic,TSIMMIS,Harvest, RUFUS,...
Generation IIGeneration II(mediators)
1990s1990s
VisualHarnessVisualHarnessInfoHarnessInfoHarness
Metadata
MermaidMermaidDDTSDDTS
Multibase, MRDSM, ADDS, Multibase, MRDSM, ADDS, IISS, Omnibase, ...IISS, Omnibase, ...
Generation IGeneration I(federated DB/
multidatabases)
1980s1980s
Data
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Paradigm shift over time: Syntax -> Semantics
Increasing sophistication in applying semantics Relevant Information (Semantic Search & Browsing) Semantic Information Interoperability and Integration Semantic Correlation, Mining, Analysis, Early Warning
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Ontology
ContentSources
Sem
i-St
ruct
ured
CA
ContentAgents
Stru
ctur
edU
nst r
u ctu
red
Documents
Reports
XML/Feeds
Websites
Databases
CA
CA
KnowledgeSources
KA
KS
KS
KA
KA
KS
KnowledgeAgents
KSMetabase
Semantic Enhancement Server
Entity Extraction, Enhanced Metadata,
AutomaticClassification
Semantic Query ServerOntology and Metabase
Main Memory Index
Metadata adapter
Metadata adapter
Existing Applications
ECM EIPCRM
Semagix Freedom Architecture (a platform for building ontology-driven information system)
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Web ProcessesWorkflows DistributedWorkflows
GlobalEnterprise Inter-Enterprise
B2B E-Services
Globalization of Processes
Processes driving the Networked Economy
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LSDIS Introduction Slide 2 of 3:Enterprise Integration (Workflow Processes)
DAML-S, projects at IBMDAML-S, projects at IBMMETEOR-SMETEOR-S
Global ProcessesGlobal Processes
2001- 2001-
Semantic Web Processes (e-services,dynamic trading processes)
Exotica, ADEPT, MOBILE, …Exotica, ADEPT, MOBILE, …Advanced WorkflowAdvanced Workflow
1995-20001995-2000 METEOR-2METEOR-2
Distributed workflows and e-Commerce
METEOR-1METEOR-1Early Workflow MgmtEarly Workflow Mgmt
1990-19941990-1994
Centralized workflows
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LSDIS Slide 3 of 3:Unique Attributes and Approach
• Extensive industry collaborations/partnerships (Boeing, MCC, Telcordia, CHREF, NIST, MCG, …)
• Commercial products from technology licensing and spin-offs: ADEPT/X Harness, METEOR EAppS and Semagix Freedom
• Research with well understood requirements/objectives (near or long term), focus on Enterprise Software, not just tools
• Real impact, not just papers
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Processes driving the Networked Economy
“Companies distributed over space, time, and capability will have to come together to deliver products and solutions in global marketplace. Processes are already becoming chief differentiating and the competitive force in the networked economy. Processes are becoming an organic part of doing business.”
* From Sheth, Aalst et al, “Processes driving the Networked Economy” 1999
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Architectures for Web Processes*
Stages of architectural evolution• Process Portal
– one stop for e-services, p2p interactions between buyer and sellers
– E-Gov, industry automation, Life Science
• Process Vortex– Interactions between buyer and seller through a third
party marketmaker, predefined processes, shared ontology
• Dynamically Trading Processes
* From Sheth, Aalst et al, “Processes driving the Networked Economy” 1999
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BIG Challenge #1 from Enterprise to Global
Scope: Scalability
A
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B8
A1A4 A1 A2
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A1A4 A6
A2A2
A5
Before (Enterprise,Inter-enterprise workflows)
Discovery/Matchmaking should be accurate and scalable to the number of services available in Web
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Now
Semantics of the services
Semantics of the activity(Data, Functional, Execution, QoS)
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BIG Challenges
• Scalability from Enterprises to the Web (Global)– Machine understandable description to
support discovery, composition, etc.
• Dynamic nature of business interactions– Dynamic discovery, service selection,
composition,..
• Handle heterogeneity and autonomy– Syntactic, semantic and pragmatic– Complex rules/regulations related to B2B and
e-commerce interactions
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METEOR-S @ LSDIS Lab
• Proposition: Semantics is the most important enabler.
• METEOR-S exploits Workflow, Semantic Web, Web Services, and Simulation technologies to meet these challenges in practical standards based framework.– Adding semantics to different layers of Web services
conceptual stack– Applying Semantics in all steps of process lifecycle– Using ontologies to provide underpinning for information
sharing and semantic interoperability
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Relating SWP with the Semantic Web
Gen. Purpose,Broad Based
Scope of AgreementTask/ App
Domain Industry
CommonSense
Degre
e o
f Ag
reem
en
t
Info
rmal
Sem
i-Form
al
Form
al
Agreement About
Data/Info.
Function
Execution
Qos
Oth
er d
ime
nsio
ns:
how
ag
reem
ents
are
re
ach
ed
,…
Current Semantic Web Focus
Semantic Web Processes
Lots of Useful
SemanticTechnology
(interoperability,Integration)
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Semantics for Web Services
• Data/Information Semantics– What: Formal definition of data in input and output messages of a web service– Why: for discovery and interoperability– How: by annotating input/output data of web services using ontologies
• Functional/Operational Semantics– Formally representing capabilities of web service– for discovery and composition of Web Services– by annotating operations of Web Services as well as provide preconditions
and effects; also annotating TPA/SLA – all using ontology(-ies)
• Execution Semantics– Formally representing the execution or flow of a services in a process or
operations in a service– for analysis (verification), validation (simulation) and execution (exception
handling) of the process models– using State Machines, Petri nets, activity diagrams etc.
• QoS Semantics (possibly part of above types)– Formally describing operational metrics of a web service/process: cost, time,
reliability,..– To select the most suitable service to carry out an activity in a process– using QoS model [Cardoso and Sheth, 2002] for web services (part of TPA/SLA
model?)
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Data/ Information
Semantics
Development/ Description/ Annotation WSDL, WSEL
DAML-S
Meteor-S (WSDL Annotation)
Publication/ Discovery
UDDI
WSIL, DAML-S
METEOR-S (P2P model of registries)
Composition(Choreography?)
BPEL, BPML, WSCI, WSCL,
DAML-S, METEOR-S
(SCET,SPTB)
Execution(Orchestration?)
BPWS4J, Commercial BPEL Execution Engines,
Intalio n3, HP eFlow
Semantics for Web Process Life-Cycle
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Data/ Information
Semantics
Publication/ Discovery
WSDL, WSEL
DAML-S
Meteor-S (WSDL Annotation)
UDDI
WSIL, DAML-S
METEOR-S (P2P model of registries)
BPWS4J, Commercial BPEL Execution Engines,
Intalio n3, HP eFlow
Development/ Description/ Annotation
Composition(Choreography?)
Execution(Orchestration?)
BPEL, BPML, WSCI, WSCL,
DAML-S, METEOR-S
(SCET,SPTB)
Semantics for Web Service Life-Cycle
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Functional/ Operational
Semantics
Publication/ Discovery
WSDL, WSEL
DAML-S
Meteor-S (WSDL Annotation)
UDDI
WSIL, DAML-S
METEOR-S (P2P model of registries)
BPWS4J, Commercial BPEL Execution Engines,
Intalio n3, HP eFlow
Development/ Description/ Annotation
Composition(Choreography?)
Execution(Orchestration?)
BPEL, BPML, WSCI, WSCL,
DAML-S, METEOR-S
(SCET,SPTB)
Semantics for Web Service Life-Cycle
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QoSSemantics
Publication/ Discovery
WSDL, WSEL
DAML-S
Meteor-S (WSDL Annotation)
UDDI
WSIL, DAML-S
METEOR-S (P2P model of registries)
BPWS4J, Commercial BPEL Execution Engines,
Intalio n3, HP eFlow
Development/ Description/ Annotation
Composition(Choreography?)
Execution(Orchestration?)
BPEL, BPML, WSCI, WSCL,
DAML-S, METEOR-S
(SCET,SPTB)
Semantics for Web Service Life-Cycle
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ExecutionSemantics
Publication/ Discovery
WSDL, WSEL
DAML-S
Meteor-S (WSDL Annotation)
UDDI
WSIL, DAML-S
METEOR-S (P2P model of registries)
BPWS4J, Commercial BPEL Execution Engines,
Intalio n3, HP eFlow
Development/ Description/ Annotation
Composition(Choreography?)
Execution(Orchestration?)
BPEL, BPML, WSCI, WSCL,
DAML-S, METEOR-S
(SCET,SPTB)
Semantics for Web Service Life-Cycle
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Publication/ Discovery
WSDL, WSEL
DAML-S
Meteor-S (WSDL Annotation)
UDDI
WSIL, DAML-S
METEOR-S (P2P model of registries)
BPWS4J, Commercial BPEL Execution Engines,
Intalio n3, HP eFlow
Semantics Required for Web Processes
ExecutionSemantics
QoSSemantics
Functional/ Operational
Semantics
Data/ Information
Semantics
Development/ Description/ Annotation
Composition(Choreography?)
Execution(Orchestration?)
BPEL, BPML, WSCI, WSCL,
DAML-S, METEOR-S
(SCET, SPTB)
Semantics for Web Service Life-Cycle
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Semantics at Different Layers of Web
Service Conceptual Stack 1
Publication
Discovery
Description
Messaging
Network
Flow
Description Layer: Why:
• Reason about the functionality of the services and the semantics of the I/O data
How: • Using Ontologies to semantically annotate WSDL
constructs (conforming to extensibility allowed in WSDL specification version 1.2) to sufficiently explicate the semantics of the – data types used in the service description, and– functionality of the service
Semantics Types: • Data, Functional and QoSPresent scenario:
• WSDL descriptions are mainly syntactic (provides operational information and not functional information)
• Semantic matchmaking is not possible1 [Kreger]
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How to Annotate ?
• Map Web service’s input/output data as well as functional description using relevant data and function/operation ontologies, respectively
• How ?– Borrow from schema matching– Semantic disambiguation between
terms in XML messages represented in WSDL and concepts in ontology
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Semantic Annotation
• IOParametersMatch (w,o) = LingusticMatch (w,o) + StructureMatch (w,o) +
ContextMatch (w,o) • LingusticMatch (w,o) =>
– NameMatch with stemming– Description Match– SynonymsMatch– HypernymRelation (w is a kind of o) : prevailing_speed is
a type of speed of a wind i.e. windSpeed– HyponymRelation (o is a kind of w)– Acronyms : Sea Level Pressure has acronym SLP
• StructureMatch (w,o) => – subTree(w) == subTree(o)
• ContextMatch– Name of the parent concept provides some insight to the
context of the term
Patil, Oundhakar, Sheth, SAWS Techincal Report
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Semantic Annotation: Data Semantics
<xsd:complexType name="Wind"><xsd:sequence> <xsd:element name="prevailing_speed" type="xsd:double" /> <xsd:element name="gust_speed" type="xsd:double" /> <xsd:element name="prevailing_direction" type="xsd1:Direction" /> </xsd:sequence></xsd:complexType>
WindEvent
windSpeed
WeatherEvent
windDirection
PressureEvent
AltimeterSettingwindGustSpeed
SeaLevelPressure
PressureChangeEvent
Class
Property
<xsd:complexType name=“Pressure"><xsd:sequence> <xsd:element name=“altimeter" type="xsd:double" /> <xsd:element name=“slp" type="xsd:double" /> <xsd:element name=“delta" type="xsd:double" /> </xsd:sequence></xsd:complexType>
Patil, Oundhakar, Sheth, SAWS Techincal Report
Ontology : weather-ont.daml
WSDL : GlobalWeather.wsdl
0.756
0.69
0.90.50.8
0.23
1.01.0
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Semantic Annotation: Functional Semantics
Patil, Oundhakar, Sheth, SAWS Techincal Report
<portType name="GlobalWeather"><operation name="getWeatherReport"> <input message="tns:getWeatherReport" /> <output message="tns:getWeatherReportResponse" /> </operation></portType><portType name="StationInfo"><operation name="searchByCountry"> <input message="tns:searchByCountry" /> <output message="tns:searchByCountryResponse" /> </operation>
WeatherFunctions
getWeathergetStation
getWind
getPressure
getTemperature
getStationByZip
getStationByCountry
A Sample Functional Ontology
WSDL Operations
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Publication
Discovery
Description
Messaging
Network
Flow
Publication and Discovery Layers: Why: • Enable scalable, efficient and dynamic publication and discovery
(machine processability / automation)How: • Use of ontology to categorize registries based on domains and
characterize them by maintaining the1. properties of each registry2. relationships between the registries
• Capturing the WSDL annotations in UDDI so others can use for discovery
Semantics Types: • Data, Functional and QoSPresent scenario:
• Suitable for simple searches ( like services offered by a provider, services that implement an interface, services that have a common technical fingerprint etc.)
• Categories are too broad
• Automated service discovery (based on functionality) and selecting the best suited service is not possible
Semantics at Different Layers of Web
Service Conceptual Stack 1
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Publication
Discovery
Description
Messaging
Network
Flow
Flow Layer: Why: • Design (composition), analysis (verification), validation
(simulation) and execution (exception handling) of the process models
• To employ mediator architectures for automated composition, control flow and data flow based on requirements
How: • Using
– Functionality/preconditions/effects of the participating services
– Knowledge of conversation patterns supported by the service
– Formal mathematical models like process algebra, concurrency formalisms like State Machines, Petri nets etc.
– Simulation techniques Semantics Types: • Data, Functional, QoS and ExecutionPresent Scenario: • Composition of Web services is static.• Dynamic service discovery, run-time binding, analysis and
simulation are not supported directly
Semantics at Different Layers of Web Service Conceptual Stack 1
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Semantics in WS stack and METEOR-S Components
Publication
Discovery
Description
Messaging
Network
Flow
MWSDI: Scalable Infrastructure of Registries for Semantic publication and discovery of Web Services
MWSDI: Semantic Annotation of WSDL (WSDL-S)
MWSCF: Semantic Web Process Composition Framework
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METEOR-S components for Semantic Web Services
• METEOR-S Discovery Infrastructure (MWSDI)– Semantic Annotation and Discovery of Web Services 1
– Semantic Peer-to-Peer network of Web Services Registries 2
• METEOR-S Composer (MWSCF)– Service Composition and Execution Tool 3
– Semantics Process Template Builder and Process Generator 4
– QoS Management• Specify, compute, monitor and control QoS (SWR algorithm) 5
• Orchestrator (Under development)
– Analysis and Simulation 6 , Execution, Monitoring 6
1 [Sivashanmugam et al.-1], 2 [Verma et al.], 3 [Chandrasekaran et al.], 4 [Sivashanmugam et al.-2], 5 [Cardoso et al.], 6 [Silver et al.]
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METEOR-S Web Service Discovery Infrastructure (MWSDI)
uses Functional, Data semantics for service discovery uses QoS semantics for service selection
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Use of ontologies enables shared understanding between the service provider and service requestor
Semantic Publication and Discovery
WSDL
<Operation>
<Input1>
<Output1>
Service Template
Operation:buyTicket
Input1:TravelDetails
Output1:Confirmation
Annotations
Publish
Search
UDDI
Class
TravelServices
Class
DataClass
Operations
subClassOf subClassOf
subClassOfsubClassOf subClassOf subClassOf
ClassTicket
Information
ClassTicket
Booking
ClassTicket
Cancellation
ClassConfirmation
Message
Operation:cancelTicket
Input1:TravelDetails
Output1:Confirmation
Extract details from WSDL file
Annotate the WSDL details using ontologies
Construct Service Requirement template
Annotate using ontologies
Discover services based on the template annotations
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WSDL-S (WSDL with Semantic Annotation)
• Mapping Input and Output Message Parts to Ontology– XML Schema elements used in Input/Output messages do not reflect the
semantics of the data involved in Web Service operation– Use of ontologies or standard vocabulary* brings service provider and
requestor to common conceptual space providing well defined semantics for operational data
• Mapping Operations to Ontology– Service selection involves discovering appropriate WSDL description and
locating an operation to invoke– Operations with same signature could have different functionalities– Ontology or vocabulary depicting functionality is used for annotation
• Additional tags to represent pre-conditions and effects of each operation (should be added to next ver. of WSDL?)
– Preconditions and effects are added for each operation– Can be optionally used for service discovery and selection
* RosettaNet Business/Technical dictionary or ebXML Core Component catalog/dictionary
The focus of our work is not in developing ontologies for representing functionality/preconditions/effects but to use such ontologies for semantic annotation
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METEOR-S Web Service Composition Framework (MWSCF)
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TemplateBuilder
ActivityInterfaces
ProcessTemplates
UDDI
UDDI
UDDI
UDDIUDDI UDDI
Ontologies
ExecutionEngine
ProcessGenerator
Process Designer
Repositories
Discovery Infrastructure
(MWSDI)
Repositories are used to store 1. Web Service Interfaces 2. Ontologies 3. Process Templates
Process Designer 1. Template Construction activity specification using - interfaces - services - semantic activity templates - other details 2. Process Generation - Service discovery (automatic)
and selection (semi-automatic) - Data flow
MWSCF Architecture
Process Execution 1. Validation and deployment 2. Executing the process using a client
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Web Process Life-Cycle
Find Matches
Rank Services
Select a Service
Discovery
Add to Process
Data Transformation
Data Flow
Composition
Generate Process
Validate Syntax
Execute
Execution
Design
Create Process WSDL
Create Process Templateand Add Activities
Add Control Flow
Find Ontologies &Annotate Activity
Requirements
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Template Construction
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Process Generation
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Advantages of Semantic Process Template
• Flexible and rapid approach to process composition– Configuration and re-use of templates– Process is not bound to any Web service intefaces or
implementations. (partners/services can be dynamically changed)– Template/Process designer need not perform discovery of services.
Discovery can be delegated to the tool
• Well defined semantics for each activity– Using ontologies– Richer description of semantics of activities
• Can be generated in executable process in any standard
• Process re-design is easier• Can be advertised/published as reference/business
models for reuse across vertical industry segments
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Conclusion
• Semantics can help address big challenges related to scalability, dynamic environments,..
• But comprehensive approach to semantics will be needed:– Data/information, function/operation, execution, QoS
• Semantic (Web) principles and technology bring new tools and capabilities that we did not have in EAI, workflow management of the past
More at: http://lsdis.cs.uga.edu/SWP.htm
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References
• [Kreger] http://www-3.ibm.com/software/solutions/webservices/pdf/WSCA.pdf
• [Sivashanmugam et al.-1] Adding Semantics to Web Services Standards• [Sivashanmugam et al.-2] Framework for Semantic Web Process
Composition• [Verma et al.] MWSDI: A Scalable Infrastructure of Registries for
Semantic Publication and Discovery of Web Services• [Chandrasekaran et al.] Performance Analysis and Simulation of
Composite Web Services• [Cardoso et al.] Modeling Quality of Service for Workflows and Web
Service Processes• [Silver et al.] Modeling and Simulation of Quality of Service for
Composition of Web Services• [Paolucci et al.] Importing Semantic Web in UDDI• [UDDI-v3] http://uddi.org/pubs/uddi-v3.00-published-20020719.htm
More at: http://lsdis.cs.uga.edu/SWP.htm
Extensive related work at: IBM, Karlsruhe, U. Manchester, DAML-S (CMU, Stanford, UMD)
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Now,what can we do together?