sem vii text

8/11/2019 Sem VII Text

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MINISTRY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF

TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION

E 4101

ENGINEERING ENGLISH

SEMESTER VII

(ALL COURSES)

B. Tech. (Sec!" Ye#$)


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CONTENTS

UNIT TITLE PAGE

1. Portable Generator 3

2. Environmental/Sanitary Engineering 12

3. Washing Machine 19

4. Corrosion 2

!. "a#n$Mo#er 33

%. &he 'orge 41

(. &he )*il+ing o, the '*t*re 4%

. &he Problem o, Meas*rements Electrical -nstr*ments !4

9. e+*ce e*se ecycle %2

10. aans n+ergro*n+ 'rontier (0

UNIT 1

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PORTABLE GENERATOR

T%!&!'&!

T#* I

"ist the +i,,erent #ays in #hich electricity can be generate+.

Re#"&!' Re#"&!' "'$#+

T#* II

St*+y the +iagram belo# o, a ortable generator. 5ns#er these 6*estions

*sing the +iagram an+ yo*r o#n 7no#le+ge o, engineering.

1 What are its main arts8

2 What +oes the engine r*n on8

3 What are the ,o*r sto7es calle+8

4 What is the ,*nction o, the cran7sha,t8

! What +o both stator an+ rotor have8

% What is the +i,,erence bet#een stator an+ rotor8

T#* III

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ea+ this tet to chec7 as many o, the ans#ers as yo* can. :o* #ill

not ,in+ comlete ans#ers to all o, the 6*estions.

P$,#-e 'e!e$#,$

5ltho*gh most electricity comes ,rom o#er stations o#er can also be

generate+ by ,ar smaller means. ;o#a+ays electricity generators can be

small eno*gh to hol+ in the han+.

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Portable generators are ma+e * o, t#o main arts< an engine #hich o#ers

the e6*iment an+ an alternator #hich converts motion into electricity.

&he engine sho#n ='ig.1> r*ns on etrol. -t is starte+ by *lling a cor+. &his

creates a sar7 insi+e #hich ignites the ,*el mit*re.

-n a tyical ,o*r$sto7e engine #hen the iston +escen+s the air inlet val*e

oens an+ a mit*re o, air an+ etrol is s*c7e+ in thro*gh a carb*rettor.

&he valve closes the iston rises on the comression stro7e an+ a sar7

#ithin the *er chamber ignites the mit*re. &his mini$elosion *shes

the iston bac7 +o#n an+ as it rises again the ,*mes ,orme+ by the ignition

are ,orce+ o*t thro*gh the eha*st valve.

&his cycle is reeate+ many times er secon+. &he moving iston ma7es the

cran7sha,t rotate at great see+.

&he cran7sha,t eten+s +irectly to an alternator #hich consists o, t#o main

sets o, #in+ings $ coils o, ins*late+ coer #ire #o*n+ closely aro*n+ an

iron core. ?ne set calle+ stator #in+ings is in a ,ie+ osition an+ shae+

li7e a broa+ ring. &he other set the armat*re #in+ings is #o*n+ on the rotor

#hich is ,ie+ to the rotating cran7sha,t. &he rotor ma7es abo*t 3000

revol*tions er min*te.

&he rotor is magneti@e+ an+ as it sins ro*n+ electricity is generate+ in the

stator #in+ings thro*gh the rocess o, electromagnetic in+*ction. &he

electric c*rrent is ,e+ to the o*t*t terminals or soc7ets.

&his tye o, generator can ro+*ce a (00 #att o*t*t eno*gh to oerate

lights television an+ some +omestic aliances. "arger versions rovi+e

emergency o#er to hositals an+ ,actories.

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T#* IV

St*+y this tet on the ,o*r$stro7e cycle. &hen label each stro7e correctly

'ig. 2 belo#.

-n the ,o*r$stro7e cycle the iston +escen+s on the inta7e sto7e +*ring #hich

the inlet valve is oen. &he iston ascen+s on the comression stro7e #ith

both valves close+ an+ ignition ta7es lace at the to o, the sto7e. &he o#er

or eansion sto7e ,ollo#s. &he gas generate+ by the b*rning ,*el ean+s

rai+ly +riving the iston +o#n both valves remaining close+. &he cycle is

comlete+ by the eha*st sto7e as the iston ascen+s once more ,orcing the

ro+*cts o, comb*stion o*t thro*gh the eha*st val*e. &he cycle then reeats

itsel,.

L#!'%#'e ,%"/ C#%e #!" Eec,

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St*+y these airs o, actions. What is the lin7 bet#een each air8

1 &he gas ean+s.

2 &his +rives the iston +o#n.

3 &he iston ascen+s.

4 &his ,orces the ro+*cts o, comb*stion o*t.

&here are t#o lin7s bet#een the actions. &hey haen at the same time. We

can sho# this *singAs.

1A2 Asthe gas expands, it drives the piston down.

3A4 Asthe piston ascends, it forces the products of combustion out.

?ne is a ca*se an+ the other an e,,ect.

1 Ca*se< &he gas ean+s.

2 E,,ect< &his +rives the iston +o#n.

3 Ca*se< &he iston ascen+s.

4 E,,ect< &his ,orces the ro+*cts o, comb*stion o*t.

We can sho# both the time lin7 an+ the ca*se an+ e,,ect lin7 li7e this #hich 7ees t*rning in one +irection even tho*gh the air ,lo# is

10 constantly changing +irection. -t has t#o rotors each #ith ,o*r bla+es.

&he generator is a #o*n+ rotor in+*ction motor #hich acts as a generator

#hen it is t*rning at see+s greater than 1!00 rm. )elo# that see+ it

oerates as a motor an+ ta7es o#er ,rom the gri+. &his motor/ generator is

*se+ beca*se the t*rbine ta7es some time to b*il+ * to a see+ #here it can

1! generate electricity. When the t*rbine slo#s +o#n +*e to a l*ll in #ave

activity the generator becomes an electric motor an+ 7ees the t*rbine

r*nning at a minim*m see+ so that it is rea+y to accet the o#er ,rom the

net batch o, #aves.

&he lant is controlle+ by a com*ter. -t incl*+es a P"C =rogrammable logic

20 controller> #hich monitors the oeration o, the motor/ generator an+ the

amo*nt o, electricity going to or being ta7en ,rom the gri+. &here is also

testing e6*iment to monitor ho# m*ch electricity the lant is ro+*cing an+

the e,,iciency o, the #ater col*mn t*rbine an+ generator. &his eerimental

lant generates 1!0 W. Plans have been arove+ ,or the constr*ction o, a 1

2! MW scheme.

So*rce< 5+ate+ ,rom -nsi+e o*t< Wave o#er. E+*cation G*ar+ian

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&he #orl+Fs ,irst o#er station in the oen sea is to be statione+ o,, o*nreay

in Scotlan+. &he machine calle+ ?srey =?cean S#ell$o#ere+ ene#able

Energy> #ill stan+ in 1 metres o, #ater a 7ilometre o*t an+ not only harvest

the larger #aves #hich ro+*ce higher o*t*ts b*t also gain o#er #ith

! #aves ,rom any +irection.

&he +evice is 7no#n as an oscillating #ater col*mn. 5s a #ave rises air is

*she+ thro*gh an air t*rbine an+ s*c7e+ bac7 again as the #ave ,alls. &he

t*rbine has been +esigne+ by Pro,essor 5lan Wells o, H*eenFs niversity

)el,ast. -t #ill generate 2 mega#atts.

10 &here is otential ,or 300 ?sreys in Scottish #aters #hich co*l+ rovi+e 10

ercent o, the co*ntryFs ea7 electricity +eman+.

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UNIT :

ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARY ENGINEERING

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nvironmental / !anitar" engineering is concerne+ #ith rovi+ing clean

sa,e #ater s*ly systems ,or to#ns cities an+ r*ral areas. I, is also

concerne+ #ith +isosing o, ecess #ater an+ #aste materials by means o,

se#er systems. Many asects o, environmental / sanitary engineering are

+irectly relate+ to hy+ra*lic engineering. 5,ter the connection bet#een

#ater s*ly an+ certain +iseases s*ch as tyhoi+ #as establishe+ in the

nineteenth cent*ry cities an+ to#ns all over the #orl+ b*ilt sa,e #ater

s*ly systems.

-n a++ition to transorting #ater over long +istances mo+ern #ater s*ly

systems also *se several techni6*es ,or *ri,ication. O!e o, them is

filtration. &he #ater is asse+ thro*gh a ,ilter that consists o, a be+ o, san+

or gravel 2h&ch removes a large roortion o, the soli+s that might other$

#ise contaminate the s*ly. 5nother rocess is aeration. Srays o, #ater

are shot into the air 2he$e s*nlight an+ oygen hel 7ill bacteria an+ also

remove gases #ith an *nleasant o+or or tasteI or air is b*bble+ in or

thro*gh the #ater. 5 thir+ metho+ involves treatment #ith chemicals

*s*ally chlorine to 7ill harm,*l bacteria. &he rocess is 7no#n as

chlorination.

Part o, rovi+ing a sa,e #ater s*ly is +isosing o, li6*i+ an+ soli+

#astes. Th& 5$-e+has become ac*te in recent years not only beca*se

o, #orl+$#i+e o*lation gro#th b*t also beca*se o, the vast amo*nt o,

#aste create+ by in+*strial rocesses an+ by the great mo*ntains o, trash

that are the by$ro+*ct o, increase+ cons*mtion.

5 large n*mber o, mo+ern +rainage systems *se the same se#ers to

+isose o, +omestic #astes an+ r*no,, #ater ,rom storms. Many o, these

systems #ere +esigne+ to emty into streams or other bo+ies o, #ater

2he$e nat*re itsel, *ri,ie+ the #ater over a erio+ o, time. ;o#

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ho#ever the amo*nt o, #aste has become so great that many streams an+

la7es an+ even the seas have become oll*te+. More an+ more treatment

lants are being b*ilt to *ri,y #ater be,ore it is release+ bac7 into the

environment. &here,ore the mo+ern tren+ is to b*il+ searate +rainage

systems ,or storm r*no,, an+ ,or +omestic #astes so that the treatment

lants +o not have to rocess the r*no,, #ater 2h&ch is relatively

*noll*te+.

&here are a n*mber o, +i,,erent metho+s by #hich soli+ #astes can be

remove+ or ren+ere+ harmless. Several o, them are or+inarily *se+ in

combination in treatment lants. ?ne o, the rocesses is ,iltration. 5nother

is sedimentation in 2h&ch#astes are allo#e+ to settle *ntil ,he/become

soli+ or semisoli+ an+ can be remove+. &here are also techni6*es in #hich

#ater ca be treate+ by biological means by *sing some 7in+s o, bacteria to

7ill other 7in+s or by chemical means as in chlorination. ?ne o, the most

s*ccess,*l metho+s is calle+ the activated-sludge rocess. I, involves

*sing comresse+ air to increase an+ control the rate o, biological reactions

that *ri,y the #astes. Present$+ay concern over environmental oll*tion

has increase+ the +eman+ that #aste #ater sho*l+ be treate+ to the ,*llest

+egree ossible be,ore &,is ret*rne+ to the environment.

Bast amo*nts o, trash have also ose+ roblems in +isosal. M*ch o, it

has been *se+ as landfillby +*ming in s#amy areas or in shallo# #ater

so that the area can be ma+e *se,*l. 5 great +eal o, &, has also beenb*rne+

in incinerators, h*ge ,*rnaces that re+*ce the #astes to ash. -ncinerators

ho#ever are o*t o, ,ashion to+ay beca*se they release harm,*l ,*mes intothe air. Many o, ,he+ are being re+esigne+ to control these emissions

more e,,ectively.

&he concern ,or a cleaner environment together #ith the nee+ to conserve

an+ re*se o*r reso*rces has create+ a challenge ,or #hich sanitary

engineers #or7ing #ith environmentalists #ill be calle+ *on to ,in+ ne#

sol*tions over the net ,e# years.

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E;e$c&e I

What +o the *n+erline+ #or+s in the assage re,er to8

1. -t in line 2

2. ?ne in line 10

3. #hich in line 12

4. #here in line 14

!. &his roblem in line 20

%. #here in line 2(

(. #hich in line 33

. #hich in line 3

9. they in line 3

10. -t in line 42

11. it in line 4%

12. it in line 49

13. them in line !2

E;e$c&e II

'ill in each o, the blan7s in the ,ollo#ing sentences #ith the aroriate #or+ or

eression.

1. JJJ..engineering systems rovi+e clean #ater s*ly +rainage an+

#aste +isosal services.

2. Some JJJ. are *se+ only ,or ecess #ater r*no,, b*t others also carry

+omestic #astes.3. Karm,*l s*bstances can be remove+ ,rom #aste materials in a JJJlant.

4. &he rocess o, assing #ater thro*gh san+ or gravel to remove soli+ is

7no#n asJJJJ..

!. -n aeration srays o, #ater are shot into the air #hereJJJ. 7ills many o,

the bacteria.

%. Water can be *ri,ie+ by JJJ. means by *sing chlorine that 7ills bacteria

an+ by JJJ.. means in #hich some 7in+s o, bacteria are *se+ to 7ill

other 7in+s.

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(. -n JJJ. #astes are allo#e+ to settle *ntil they become soli+ or semisoli+

an+ can be move+.

. &he JJJ.rocess involves the *se o, comresse+ air to increase an+

control the rate o, biological reactions that *ri,y #astes.

9. 5 great +eal o, trash is comletely b*rne+ * inJJJJ

E;e$c&e III

5ns#er the ,ollo#ing 6*estions.

1. What +oes environmental/ sanitary engineering +eal #ith8

2. &o #hat other branch o, engineering are many asects o, environmental

engineering +irectly relate+8

3. Why +i+ cities an+ to#ns all over the #orl+ begin b*il+ing sa,e #ater

s*ly systems in the nineteenth cent*ry8

4. What are some o, the #ater *ri,ication techni6*es that are c*rrently *se+8

!. What is art o, rovi+ing a sa,e #ater s*ly8 Why has this roblem

become ac*te8

%. What t#o *roses +o a large n*mber o, mo+ern +rainage systems serve8

(. Why #ere se#er systems +esigne+ to emty into streams or other bo+ies o,

#ater8

. What has haene+ as a res*lt o, the large amo*nt o, #aste8

9. What stes are being ta7es to overcome the roblem o, #ater oll*tion ,rom

the release o, #astes8

10. What are some o, the +i,,erent metho+s by #hich soli+ #astes can be

remove+ or ren+ere+ harmless811. What +eman+ has resent$+ay concern over environmental oll*tion

increase+8

12. What oses another roblem in +isosal8

13. What t#o metho+s have been emloye+ to +isose o, trash8

14. Why are incinerators o*t o, ,ashion to+ay8 What is being +one abo*t this8

1!. What challenge has concern ,ro the environment create+8

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S,$%c,%$e Re%, S S%ch < Th#, # ,

Eamle

. &here is %ch #rai+ increase in o*lation

9. &here are %chrai+ increases in o*lation

E;e$c&e IV

Comlete these statements #ith the aroriate #or+s s*r,ace an+ intergran*lar =r*st>

Corrosion resistant -ntergran*lar corrosion =+*e to Corrosion evi+ence+ by

steel =CES>=300$ imroer heat treatment>.Some ro*gh s*r,aceI

400 series> ten+ency to itting in marine sometimes by re+

environment =300 series more bro#n or blac7 stain

corrosion resistant than 400

series>.Stress corrosion crac7ing

;ic7el$base alloys Generally has goo+ corrosion$ Green o#+ery +eosit

=-nconel> resistant 6*alities. Sometimes

s*scetible to itting

Coer$base alloy S*r,ace an+ intergran*lar )l*e or bl*e$green

brass bron@e corrosion o#+er +eosit

Chromi*m=*se+ as S*bLect to itting in chlori+e Chromi*mbeing

a #ear$resistant environments catho+ic to steel +oes

lating ,or steels> not corro+e itsel, b*t

romotes r*sting o, steel #here its occ*r

in the coating

Scan the table to ,in+ the ans#ers to these 6*estions.

1. What colo*r is the corrosion ro+*ct on nic7el$base alloys8

2. Which alloys are most s*scetible to itting8

3. What +oes CES re,er to8

4. When is chromi*m s*scetible to itting8

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!. What is -nconel8

%. Which alloys have the highest resistance to corrosion8

(. What is the +i,,erence in aearance bet#een corrosion on al*mini*m alloys an+

corrosion on coer$base alloy8

. Which CES is more corrosion resistant8

9. What visible signs are there o, corrosion in titani*m alloys8

10. ;ame t#o alloys s*bLect to intergran*lar corrosion.

L#!'%#'e ,%"/ C#%e #!" eec,

What connection can yo* see bet#een the ,ollo#ing8

corrosion

loss o, strength

+amness

re+*ction in cross$section

P*t them in the correct or+er to sho# this connection.

Ca*se an+ e,,ect lin7s li7e these are common in engineering elanations. :o* can

lin7 a ca*se an+ e,,ect #hen both are no*ns or no*n hrases li7e this carelessness e loss o, strength

? im*rities shearing in bolts

@ lac7 o, l*brication ' blo#n ,*ses

,riction h short circ*its

reeate+ ben+ing I acci+ents

10 overr*nning an electric #ear an+ tear in machinery

motor

;o# #rite sentences to sho# the lin7.

'or eamle +iagram. Th& Ohat+ enables the +esigner to *n+erstan+ the ,*nctional

relationshi o, the system being +esigne+. &he eamle sho#s ,he ,ech!&7%eOhich

techni(ue+ alie+ to the +esign o, a la#n mo#er.

T#* IV

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&his tet has more eamles o, the lin7s st*+ie+ here. 5ns#er the 6*estions in the

tet.

?n most mo#ers a motor #ith o#er o, aro*n+ 1 W is *se+ to +rive the

c*tter an+ ,an at over %000 revol*tions er min*te =abo*t the same O !ame

what+ as a ,ast$revving car>. &he motor is *s*ally electric b*t some tyes O f

what+ *se etrol engines. &he ,an s*c7s air in thro*gh t#o inta7es one in

,ront o, the mo#er an+ one behin+ in the grass bo. &hese c*rrents O f what+

,lo# ast the motor heling to 7ee it Ohat+ cool be,ore being ,orce+ *n+er

the machine. &his Ohat+ s*orts its Ohats+ #eight.

L#!'%#'e S,%"/ Dec$&-&!' %!c,&!

&o analyse the ,*nctions o, a machine #e nee+ to be able to ans#er FKo#F an+ FWhyF

6*estion. We have st*+ie+ most o, these metho+s in revio*s *nits. We #ill revise

them here an+ intro+*ce some ne# metho+s.

1. ow (uestions

5ns#er this 6*estion abo*t the la#n$mo#er sho#n in &as7 1.

ow are the clippings stored+

We can ans#er FKo#F 6*estions li7e this Some air escaes aro*n+ the hoo+ #hich stabili@es the air ress*re.

? &he ,an is attache+ to the motor. @ &he c*tting bla+e is ,ie+ belo# the ,an. 5,ter the bla+es c*t the grass the c*ttings are s*c7e+ into the grass bo by the

,lo# o, air to the imeller ,an. &he #hole assembly is covere+ by a hoo+.

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10 &he grass bo is sit*ate+ behin+ the motor.

T#* I9

'orm the +escritive sentences into one aragrah an+ the elanatory sentences into

a secon+ aragrah. Give yo*r tet a title.

UNIT ?

THE FORGE

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10

'orging is a rocess #hich ta7es lace in a smithy. I,consists o, heating

metal an+ ressing or hammering &, into shae. )oth ,erro*s an+ non$

,erro*s metals may be ,orge+ b*t it is *s*ally the ,ormer that are ,orge+ by

han+ rocesses. &he most s*itable metal ,or ,h& 5%$5eis #ro*ght iron.

Mo+ern ,orges or ,orging hearths are ma+e o, lates o, cast iron or steel.

The#hich are ma+e o, cast iron are bolte+ together #hereas those #hich

are ma+e o, steel are rivete+ or #el+e+ together. &he ,ire$lace #hich is in

the mi++le o, the hearth is line+ #ith ,irebric7s. 5bove the ,irelace is a

,l*e #hich is in the shae o, a hoo+ an+ ,itte+ #ith a chimney. I,

5%$5eis to carry a#ay the ,*mes ,rom the ,ire. )ehin+ the hearth is a

blo#er #hich is +riven by electric o#er. &he blo#er is connecte+ to the

t*yere thro*gh 2h&cha +ra*ght o, a air is blo#n into the ,ire. &he t*yere

thro*gh 2h&cha +ra*ght o, air is blo#n into the ,ire. &he t*yere has to be

coole+ to revent &, ,orm getting hot. I,asses thro*gh a tan7 o, #ater

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#hich is 7no#n as the bosh. &his #ater tan7 is ,itte+ to be bac7 o, the

,orge. &he temerat*re o, the ,ire can be a+L*ste+ by varying the amo*nt

o, air #hich enters the t*yere.

&he anvil is the blac7smiths basic iece o, e6*iment. I,is ma+e o, mil+

steel an+ has a cost iron stan+. &he anvil s*orts the #or7 #hich is to be

shae+ on s*r,ace #hich is ma+e o, har+ene+ steel. &his s*r,ace is 7no#n

as the #or7ing ,ace or table. &he anvil has a long an+ ointe+ bea7 #hich

is *se+ ,or ben+ing metal bars. o*gh #or7 s*ch as c*tting thro*gh

metal #ith a chisel is +one on a ste or le+ge #hich is locate+ bet#een

the bea7 an+ the table. &he hammering o, re+ hot metals is +one on the

har+ene+ table.

&here are t#o holes in the #or7ing ,ace. &he s6*are hole #hich is calle+

the har+ie hole is *se+ ,or *tting the s6*are shan7s o, bottom tools s*ch

as the har+ie an+ ,*ller in osition. &he small ro*n+ hole calle+ the *nch

hole or ritchel is *se+ ,or t#o *roses. -t can s*ort ro*n+ bars +*ring

,orging oerations s*ch as *setting an+ it rovi+es clearance ,or *nches

#hen ma7ing holes in hot metal.

E;e$c&e I

What +o the *n+erline+ #or+s in the assage re,er to8

E;e$c&e II

"abelling o, +iagrams

,orging hearth

,ire lace

,ire$ bric7s

hoo+

chimney

o#er$+riven blo#er

t*yere

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bosh

anvilQ

cast iron stan+ Q

#or7ing ,ace

bea7

ste or le+ge

har+ie hole

*nch hole or ritchel

E;e$c&e III

State #hether the ,ollo#ing statements are tr*e or ,alse.

1. 'orging is a rocess in #hich metal is heate+ an+ resse+ or hammere+ into shae.2. 5ll ,erro*s an+ non$,erro*s metals may be ,orge+.

3. ?nly ,erro*s metals are ,orge+ by han+ rocesses.

4. Wro*ght iron is the best ,erro*s metal ,or han+$,orging.

!. 5 mo+ern ,orging hearth is ma+e o, either cast iron or steel lates.

%. &here is a ,l*e above the ,ire$lace to carry a#ay the ,*mes.

(. 5 o#er$+riven blo#er blo#s a +ra*ght o, air thro*gh the t*yere into the ,ire.

. &he #or7ing ,ace is ma+e o, har+ene+ steel.

9. Chiselling #or7 is +one either on a ste or on a le+ge.

10. e+ hot metal is hammere+ into shae on the #or7ing ,ace.

11. &he ritchel is #here ro*n+ bars can be s*orte+ #hile they are being *set.

E;e$c&e IV

A!2e$ ,he 2&!' 7%e,&! &! c+5e,e e!,e!ce.

1. What rocesses are involve+ in ,orging8

2. What 7in+ o, metals are ,orge+ by han+ rocess8

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3. What are +one to ,orges ma+e o, steel an+ those o, cast iron8

4. What is the ,*nction o, the ,l*e8

!. What +oes the blo#er +o8

%. Ko# +oes the t*yere revente+ ,rom getting hot8

(. What nee+s to be +one in or+er to a+L*st the temerat*re o, the ,ire8

. What is *se+ ,or hammering the heate+ metal into shae8

9. Ko# +oes the anvil act as in ,orging rocess8

10. What +o blac7smiths +o on the #or7ing ,ace or table8

11. What +o blac7smiths *se ,or ben+ing metal bars8

12. Give an+ eamle o, ro*gh #or7. Where is ro*gh #or7 +one8

13. What +o blac7smiths +o #ith the har+ene+ table8

14. What +oes the s6*are hole in the #or7ing ,ace enable them to +o8

1!. What +oes the small ro*n+ hole act as8

C+5e; N%! Ph$#e

5 non hrase =han+ ,orging han+ tools etc.> can be ma+e even more comle by the

a++ition o, more no*ns a+Lectives an+ articiles.

e.g. a. 5 hac7sa# bla+e #hich is ,leible.

5 ,leible hac7sa# bla+e.

b. Steel lates #hich are rivete+ together.

ivete+ steel lates.

c. 5sbestos sheets #hich are roo, against ,ire.,ire $ roo, asbestos sheets.

;otice that each mo+i,ier #e a++ s*b$classi,ies the obLect that #e are naming. &h*s

in technical English #e can be very 5$ec&e #!" c!c&eabo*t an obLect =e.g. a art o,

a machine> by labeling it accor+ing to

1. its seci,ic roerties or 6*alities = R a above >

2. ho# it is ma+e or constr*cte+= R b above >

3. its ,*nction or *se #hich may +een+ on its roerties = R c above >

43


44/75

E;e$c&e V

e#rite the ,ollo#ing sentences by moving in,ormation ,rom the relative to ma7e the

no*n hrase *n+erline+ more comle.

e.g. A h#c*#2#hich is +riven by o#er is *se+ ,or the ro*gh c*tting o, metal bars

an+ stris.

A 52e$"$&8e! h#c*#2is *se+ ,or the ro*gh c*tting o, metal bars an+ stris.

=;ote that como*n+ no*ns li7e 52e$"$&8e! are o,ten rinte+ #ith a hyhen

1. P2e$ , #hich are hel+ in the han+ m*st be roerly earthe+.

2. C%,,&!' , #hich are ma+e o, high see+ steel have great strength.

3. The eec,$"e #hich is coate+ #ith a ,l* itsel, rovi+es the ,iller metal.

4. C/&!"e$ -c*#hich are *se+ ,or motor vehicles are ma+e o, al*mini*m.

!. e"&!'#hich is +one by an electric are is etremely e,,icient as the temerat*re

o, the sar7 bet#een the t#o terminals o, the electric circ*it is aroimately

3300TC.

%. A -e!"&!' +#ch&!e#hich is o, the roller tye may be *se+ ,or ,orming ,lat

sheets into cylin+rical shaes.

(. The 2$*&!' #ceo, an anvil #hich is ma+e o, cast steel an+ has been har+ene+

is #here re+ hot metals is hammere+ into shae by the blac7smith.

. G%&,&!e#hich are oerate+ by o#er can c*t sheet steel to the correct length

an+ #i+th.

44


45/75

UNIT @

THE BUILDING OF THE FUTURE

!

&he architectFs instr*ctions ,rom the )an7 #ere simle. &he )an7

#ante+ a b*il+ing that #o*l+ stan+ as the best in the #orl+ an+

serve their changing nee+s #ell into the t#enty$,irst cent*ry. -t

#o*l+ have to be a+atable an+ imressive ,*nctional an+ e,,icient.

;orman 'osterFs +esign ,*l,ils all these criteria an+ more.

10

1!

s*ally s7yscraers are encase+ in a concrete FcaseF ,or ,ire

rotection. &he ne# )an7 b*il+ingFs steel ,rame has been +esigne+

to be seen an+ is the most *n*s*al ,eat*re o, the eternal ,rame. &he

steel in the ne# ban7 is secially treate+ ,or ,ire resistance. &he

,loors o, the b*il+ing #ill be s*sen+e+ ,rom #i+e bri+ge$li7e

sans at ,ive oints * the b*il+ing. &his has been +one be,ore b*t

never on s*ch a large an+ comle scale. &he high$see+ li,ts an+

escalators reaching thro*gho*t the b*il+ing are *ni6*e. Even the

+esign ,or the ,loors has +ra#n heavily on high technology.

eveloe+ #ith re,erence to the aerosace in+*stry the ,loors can

be comare+ to those o, a )oeing (4(.

20

)*t erhas the most

interesting ,eat*re abo*t

this roLect is that most o,

the b*il+ing is re$contr*cte+

2!

o,,$site an+ #ill be

transorte+ at a later +ate to

the act*al b*il+ing site ,or

assembly. ?ne eamle o,

this is the service mo+*les.

nli7e a more conventional b*il+ing #here the services #o*l+ be

4!


46/75

30

locate+ in a central core the main services in the ne# b*il+ing are

Fo*tboar+F i.e. on t#o si+es o, the b*il+ing. &he re$assemble+

mo+*les arrive on site ,*lly ,itte+ o*t rea+y to be slotte+ in lace

an+ hoo7e+ onto re$constr*cte+ risers.

3!

40

&he mo+*les #hich are

,ireroo,e+ steel ,rame+

boes #ith light#eight steel

concrete +ec7 ,loors ,orm an

integral art o, the b*il+ing.

5ltho*gh similar mo+*leshave been *se+ in other

constr*ction roLects they

have never be,ore been

installe+ on a large scale in

s*ch a tall b*il+ing.5 riser ,rame comlete #ith re,abricate+

services ,rom aan is abo*t to be hoiste+

an+ ,ie+ into osition.

4!

!0

&he 139 mo+*les #hich are ma+e in aan come in t#o lengths o,

30 ,eet an+ 40 ,eet. &he 30 ,oot mo+*les are ,itte+ on the east si+e

o, the b*il+ing an+ generally contain toilets at the ,ront en+ an+

a*iliary lan s*ch as heat echangers etract ,ans an+ hot an+

col+ #ater storage at the bac7. &he toilets arrive on site comletely

,itte+ o*t +o#n to the light ,ittings ash trays an+ toilet$roll hol+ers.

&he longer mo+*les are installe+ on the #est #i+e o, the b*il+ing.

&hey also contain toilets at the ,ront b*t at the bac7 they contain

lant rooms #ith combinations o, air$con+itioning lant. ?ne o, the

main a+vantages o, the mo+*les is the see+ #ith #hich they can

4%


47/75

!!

%0

be erecte+ 3% can be ,itte+ in L*st ,o*r #ee7s.

&he overall e,,iciency o, the +esign allo#s great ,leibility. 5t any

time in the ,*t*re the internal lanning can be rearrange+ #itho*t

eensive constr*ction. )*ilt into the +esign is the caability to

increase the eisting ,loor sace by * to 30 er cent. &his co*l+ be

+one by ,illing in the vacant areas #itho*t altering the str*ct*re o,

the b*il+ing. )eca*se interior *tilities =electrical l*mbing air$

con+itioning etc> #ill be rea+ily accessible *n+er a raise+ ,loor as

is o,ten ,o*n+ in com*ter installations altering the ,ittings #ill be

relatively simle as each in+ivi+*al item slots into a series o,

service +*cts. ;e# o*tlets can be a++e+ at any lace or ol+ ones

remove+ or re$ositione+.

%!

(0

?erations an+ maintenance #ill

li7e#ise be more e,,icient an+ so

less eensive than in a

conventional b*il+ing. 5 com*ter

system #ill monitor the b*il+ingconstantly to ens*re that each

in+ivi+*al comonent is ,*nctioning

e,,iciently that energy is not being

#aste+ an+ that nothing is abo*t to

,ail. "o# intensity energy lighting

(!

an+ eterior

cla++ing #ill

7ee the heat

lo# re+*cing

oerating costs

o, the b*il+ing.

&he raise+ ,loor sho#ing the anels an+ s*ort e+estals an+

s*b$,loor services #hich #ill be easily accessible by raising the

4!lb 1200 mm s6*are anel.

E;e$c&e II

What +o these #or+s re,er to8

4(


48/75

1. their in line 3

2. -t in line 3

3. these criteria in line !

4. &his in line 11

!. those in line 1%

%. this in line 2!

(. #here in line 2%

. they in line 49

9. #hich in line !1

10. this in line !%

11. ones in line %2

E;e$c&e III A

&here are so many como*n+ no*ns in the tet. 'in+ ! instances o, como*n+ no*ns.

e.g. ,ire rotection

E;e$c&e III B

'in+ instances o, resent articile an+ ast articile #hich are *se+ as a+Lectives in

the tet.

e.g 5$ec!,$%c,e"risers #&$c!"&,&!&!' 5#!,

E;e$c&e III C

Choose the aroriate #or+ in these sentences.

1. Kis elanation ma+e me very =con,*se>.

2. - am very m*ch =am*se> by her er,ormance.

3. &he lesson #as =interest> eno*gh #asnFt it8

4. &hey #ere =s*rrise> to ,in+ that he ha+ alrea+y le,t.

!. -t is not =s*rrise> that they lost the games.

E;e$c&e IV5ns#er the ,ollo#ing 6*estions.

4


49/75

1. What 7in+ o, b*il+ing +oes the ban7 re6*ire to have8 / What #ere the )an7Fs

re6*irements8

2. Ko# are s7yscraers *s*ally rotecte+ ,rom ,ire8

3. What are ,loors o, the b*il+ing similar to8

4. Where are the services locate+8

!. Kave similar services mo+*le been *se+ in other b*il+ings8

%. Where are the t#o 7in+s o, mo+*les installe+8

(. What a+vantage +o s*ch mo+*les have8

. -n #hat #ays is the b*il+ing ,leible8

9. Ko# +o maintenance costs comare #ith those o, a conventional b*il+ing8

10. What is the ,*nction o, the com*ter system8

E;e$c&e V $" F$+

'ill in the blan7s #ith aroriate #or+ ,orms.

Berb ;o*n 5+Lective 5+verbe,,icient

,leibilitya+atableimressive,*nctional

caabilitymaintain

accessible*tility

install

49


50/75

E;e$c&e VI

Comlete the ,ollo#ing #ith a s*itable ,orm o, the #or+ given in brac7ets.

1. esite the *blic o*tcry the =install> o, a n*clear o#er station #as comlete+.

2. When travelling in other co*ntries it is #ise to carry a *niversal =a+at> in yo*r

l*ggage.

3. &he hotel room as =,*nction> rather than l**rio*s.

4. &he comany +eveloe+ a ne# microchi that is =caability> o, a m*ch #i+er

range o, alication.

!. Concrete #as ,irst =*tility> as b*il+ing material by the omans.

%. We nee+ a ass#or+ to get =access> to the com*ter system.

(. &his machine has greater =e,,icient> then the other one.

. Com*ters o,,er a m*ch grater +egree o, =,leible> in the #ay the #or7 is

organi@e+.

9. We intervie#e+ a n*mber o, can+i+ates b*t none o, them =imress> *s.

10. Who is resonsible ,or the =maintain> o, the b*il+ings8

S,$%c,%$e De&!&!' Re#,&8e C#%e

Cla*ses beginning #ith relative rono*ns =#ho #hich #here that> are o,ten *se+ to

mo+i,y no*ns/rono*ns to i+enti,y eole or things.

e.g.1.St*+ents sho*l+ register no later than. 30th ecember. &hey havenFt yet

registere+.

St*+ents =2h havenFt yet registere+> sho*l+ +o so no later than 30th

ecember.

2. Kere is an article. -t might interest yo*.

Kere is an article =2h&chmight interest yo*>.

!0


51/75

3. o yo* ,in+ a sho8 We can ,in+ san+als there.

o yo* ,in+ a sho =2he$e#e can ,in+ san+als>8

4. - sa# a girl. Ker hair came +o#n to her #aist.

- sa# a girl =2hehair came +o#n to here #aist>.

"eaving o*t obLect rono*ns =?mitting the elative Prono*ns>

eg. 1. -s this the boo7 =that> yo* are loo7ing ,or8

2. Paris is a city =#here> -Fve al#ays #ante+ to visit.

3. 5ny one to*ching =#ho to*ches> that #ine #ill get a shoc7.

4. Kal, o, the eole invite+ =#ho #ere invite+> to the arty +i+nFt t*rn *.

E;e$c&e VII

St*+y the ,ollo#ing sentences in the assage. 'in+ the +e,ining relative cla*ses.

1. &he ban7 #ante+ a b*il+ing that #o*l+ stan+ as the best in the #orl+.

2. &he high$see+ li,ts an+ escalators reaching thro*gho*t the b*il+ing are *ni6*e.

3. &he ,loors #hich are +eveloe+ #ith re,erence to the aerosace in+*stry can be

comare+ to those o, a )oeing (4(.

4. ?ne o, the main a+vantages o, the mo+*les is the see+ #ith #hich they can be

erecte+.

S,$%c,%$e N!"e&!&!' Re#,&8e C#%e

&hese cla*ses are *se+ to give more in,ormation abo*t a erson/thing that is

alrea+y i+enti,ie+.

e.g. 1. - gave him an enveloe #hich he *t in his oc7et at once. =;on$+e,ining>

c.,. - gave him an enveloe #hich - bo*ght ,rom the ost o,,ice. =e,ining>

2. &his is Mr. Moore #ho is Loining the ,irm net #ee7. =;on$+e,ining>

c.,. Ke is the man #ho is Loining the ,irm net #ee7. =e,ining>

3. orothy #ho +oes my hair has move+ to another to#n. =;on$e,ining>

!1


52/75

c.,. &he #oman #ho +oes my hair has move+ to another to#n. =e,ining>

E;e$c&e VIII

St*+y the ,ollo#ing sentences in the assage. -+enti,y the non$,inite cla*ses.

1. nli7e a more conventional b*il+ing #here the services #o*l+ be locate+ in a

central core the main services in the ne# b*il+ing are No*tboar+N.

2. &he mo+*les #hich are ,ire$roo,e+ steel ,rame+ boes #ith light#eight steel

concrete +ec7 ,loors ,orm an integral art o, the b*il+ing.

3. &he 13 mo+*les #hich are ma+e in aan come in 2 lengths o, 30 ,eet an+

40 ,eet.

4. eveloe+ #ith re,erence to the aerosace in+*stry the ,loors can be comare+

to those o, a )oeing (4(.

!2


53/75

UNIT

THE PROBLEM OF MEASUREMENTS

ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENTS

Most branches o, science an+ technology rely on electrical meas*rements ,or

the control o, rocesses an+ machines as #ell as ,or in,ormation an+ the role laye+

by electrical meas*ring instr*ments is vital to all mo+ern research laboratories an+

,actories. &he roblem o, electrical meas*rement is there,ore vast an+ has many+i,,erent asects. &o simli,y this vast ,iel+ #e may begin by consi+ering the +egrees

o, recision re6*ire+.

Bario*s ,actors govern the recision o, an electrical meas*rement. &he

rincial ones are the correctness o, the rincile an+ metho+ *se+ the acc*racy o,

the stan+ar+s an+ the n*mber an+ magnit*+e o, ossible errors. Consi+ering the

+egree o, recision it is ossible to +ivi+e electrical meas*rements into three gro*s.

1. P$ec&&! +e#%$e+e!,

&hese are *se+ to establish an+ maintain stan+ar+s an+ the greatest care m*st

be ta7en in the +esign an+ constr*ction o, the necessary instr*ments as #ell as in their

*se in or+er to reach the highest +egree o, acc*racy #ith cost only a secon+ary

consi+eration. &his tye o, meas*rement is carrie+ o*t solely in national laboratories

#hich have the legal resonsibility o, establishing an+ maintaining stan+ar+s.

:. C++e$c #-$#,$/ +e#%$e+e!,

Kere the obLect is to obtain an acc*racy an+ a reliability to the +egree L*sti,ie+

by commercial an+ engineering ractice. s*ally an acc*racy o, one or t#o arts er

tho*san+ is a+e6*ate.

=. C++e$c +e#%$e+e!,

&hese meas*rements are emloye+ in the ro+*ction an+ +istrib*tion o,

electricity an+ electrically$o#ere+ ro+*cts. Precisions ranging ,rom one art in a

!3


54/75

tho*san+ to ten arts in a tho*san+ are a+e6*ate altho*gh there is a ten+ency to#ar+s

greater recision #ith the increasing comleity o, commercial re6*irements.

Eec,$&c# &!,$%+e!,

We shall begin o*r eamination o, electrical meas*ring instr*ments by

consi+ering the rinciles governing their oeration be,ore assage to an acco*nt o,

some o, the most reresentative tyes.

-n most instr*ments meas*ring c*rrent voltage or o#er some roerty o,

electricity is *se+ #hich gives rise to a mechanical ,orce roortional to the electrical

6*antity. &he ,ollo#ing are eamles o, the e,,ects ,re6*ently *se+ to ro+*ce a

mechanical ,orce $er/$or ,orming no*ns er,orming the action o, the verb.

=iii> $action/$tion/$sion ,orming no*ns giving the res*lt o, the

action o, the verb.

=iv> $ment ,orming no*ns giving res*lt or means o, action.

E;e$c&e I

'orm no*ns by a++ing s*,,ies to the ,ollo#ing.

1. accet $$$$$$$$2. a+mit $$$$$$$$3. caacitate $$$$$$$$

4. maintain $$$$$$$$!. con,er $$$$$$$$%. inter,ere $$$$$$$$(. oscillate $$$$$$$$. react $$$$$$$$9. in+icate $$$$$$$$10. ro+*ce $$$$$$$$11. combine $$$$$$$$12. a++ $$$$$$$$13. constr*ct $$$$$$$$14. attract $$$$$$$$

1!. amli,y $$$$$$$$1%. recti,y $$$$$$$$

!%


57/75

1(. trans,orm1. seci,y $$$$$$$$

19. vary $$$$$$$$20. generate $$$$$$$$21. ins*late $$$$$$$$22. resist $$$$$$$$23. re6*ire $$$$$$$$24. +evelo $$$$$$$$2!. meas*re $$$$$$$$2%. arrange $$$$$$$$2(. relace $$$$$$$$2. re*lse $$$$$$$$29. rotate $$$$$$$$

30. s*sen+ $$$$$$$$31. attach $$$$$$$$32. recise $$$$$$$$33. eamine $$$$$$$$34. +istrib*te $$$$$$$$3!. in,orm $$$$$$$$3%. oerate $$$$$$$$3(. oose $$$$$$$$3. +e,lect $$$$$$$$39. +een+ $$$$$$$$40. generate $$$$$$$$

E;e$c&e II

Comlete these sentences #ith aroriate no*ns ,orme+ ,rom the verbs given in

brac7ets.

e.g. Some stes m*st be ta7en to eliminate the =vibrate> o, the t*rbine.

5ns#er< vibration

1. &here is all the =e6*i> necessary in the laboratory to meas*re the e,,iciency o,

the =amli,y>.2. ?ne o, the reasons ,*el cells are o,ten emloye+ in +i,,ic*lt environments is that

they re6*ire little =maintain>.3. My colleag*es an+ - ho to be resent at the =con,er> that #ill be hel+ in "on+on

in May.

4. My comlaint abo*t the 6*ality o, the comonents sho*l+ be ma+e +irectly to

the =man*,act*re>.

!(


58/75

!. &his g*arantee is not vali+ i, there has been any =inter,ere> #ith the =ins*late>.%. 5 =trans,orm> is *se+ to ste * or +o#n the voltage o, an alternating c*rrent

#hereas a =recti,y> is *se+ to convert an alternating c*rrent into a +irect c*rrent.(. We sho*l+ be gla+ to receive the =seci,y> ,or the ne# =oscillate> as soon as

ossible.. ?*r technical +irector cannot accet the =vary> yo* roose in the =arrange> ,or

?*r *ly meeting.9. 5mong the most common comonents in electronic circ*its are =trans,orm>

=caacitate> an+ =resist>.10. 5 =relace> ,or any art o, the =generate> can be s*lie+ #ithin 4 ho*rs.

E;e$c&e III

sing no*n$,orming s*,,ies ,ill in the blan7s #ith the correct ,orm o, the #or+s

given in brac7ets.

1. &he best $$$$$$$ o, #hat ta7es lace is the $$$$$$$ o, goo+ eamles. =elain/

rovi+e> 2. 5 goo+ $$$$$ o, 5rchime+es rincile o, the $$$$$$ o, #ater by soli+ bo+ies is the

$$$$ in #ater o, a c*be o, lea+ an+ a c*be o, #oo+ o, e6*al si@e. =ill*strate/

+islace/ immerse>

3. 5 la7e #hich is *se+ ,or #ater $$$$ is sometimes high eno*gh ,or the $$$$$ o, $$$$

by gravity o, transort an+ #ater along the ies to the ho*ses belo#. =store/

eert/ ress>4. &he $$$$$$$$ o, #ater thro*gh several ,ilter$be+s an+ the $$$$$$$$$$ o, traces o,

chlorine ma7e the #ater sa,e to *se ,or +rin7ing *roses. =ass/ a++> !. -n science the centigra+e thermometer is *se+ ,or the $$$$$ o, temerat*re.

=meas*re> %. &he 100 e6*al $$$$$$$$ are ma+e a,ter the $$$$$$$ by $$$$$$ o, the boiling oint o,

#ater an+ the melting oint o, ice. =+ivi+e/ +etermine/ observe> (. &he $$$$$$$$ o, rain +een+s on the $$$$$$$ an+ the $$$$$$$ tiny +rolets o, #ater

!


59/75

vao*r in the clo*+. =,orm/ con+ense/ combine> . When the +rolets are heavy eno*gh to ,all $$$$$$$$ can ta7e lace. =reciitate>

9. &he $$$$ an+ $$$$$$ o, #ater can be observe+ in every+ay li,e. =evaorate/con+ense>

10. &he $$$$$$$$ o, ice to #ater an+ #ater to #ater vao*r by heating is a goo+ $$$$$$$

o, the change o, state o, matter. =convert/ ill*strate>11. Shortly a,ter the $$$$$$$$ o, the root the $$$$$$$$ o, the shoot an+ the gra+*al $$$$o,

the see+$leaves can be observe+. =emerge/aear/ +isaear>12. &he $$$$$$ o, a green lant ,rom the light to the +ar7 #ill event*ally lea+ to the

+eath o, the lant. =remove>13. When s*nlight reaches the leaves starch is ,orme+ #ith the $$$$$ o, chlorohyll.

=assist>14. Many see+s ,all in laces #here the necessities ,or their normal $$$$$$$$ are not

available. =+evelo>1!. &he see+s m*st obtain ,rom their environment all the $$$$$$#hich they nee+ ,or$$.

=re6*ire/s*rvive>1%. 5 lant m*st obtain ,rom its environment the $$$$$$$$ o, li,e. =re6*ire>1(. S*itable soil temerat*re an+ s*,,icient light an+ #are are re6*ire+ by a lant

,or its $$$$$$$$ an+ $$$$$$$$. =+evelo/s*rvive>1. &here are t#o main reasons #hy $$$$$$$$ over a #i+e area is imortant ,or the $$$

o, see+s. =+iserse/s*rvive>19. 5gric*lt*ral $$$$$$$$ m*st o,ten +een+ on the $$$$$$$$ o, in+*stry. =imrove

gro#>20. Kis $$$$$$$$ o, games increases #ith his $$$$$$$$. =,on+ ro,icient>

!9


60/75

UNIT

REDUCE REUSE RECYCLE

Re#"&!' S,$#,e'/ L*&!' F$ O$'#!&3#,&!

)e,ore yo* rea+ this article loo7 at the title an+ notice the organi@ation o, the toics.

;otice artic*larly #or+s that mar7 the organi@ation ro+*cts. -n other #or+s recycling means

,in+ing #ays to *se ro+*cts a secon+ time. &he motto o, the recycling movement

is Re+*ce e*se ecycle an+ the term Rrecycling covers the #hole rogram.2 &he ,irst ste is to reducegarbage. -n stores a shoer has to b*y ro+*cts in

blister ac7s boes an+ eensive lastic #raings. 5 hamb*rger ,rom a ,ast$

,oo+ resta*rant comes in lots o, ac7aging< *s*ally aer a bo an+ a bag. 5ll that

ac7aging is #aste+ reso*rces. Every +ay millions o, lastic c*s are *se+ ,or

co,,ee an+ tea. Each time someone b*ys a hamb*rger or *ses one o, those c*s

energy an+ reso*rces are #aste+. Peole sho*l+ try to b*y things that are #rae+

simly an+ to re*se c*s an+ *tensils. 5nother #ay to re+*ce #aste is to b*y high$

6*ality ro+*cts. When lo#$6*ality aliances brea7 many c*stomers thro# them

a#ay an+ b*y ne# ones $ a loss o, more reso*rces an+ more energy. C*stomers can

vote #ith their #allets. 'or eamle i, a c*stomer receives an imortant message.

-n the same #ay i, a c*stomer chooses a ro+*ct #ith less ac7aging that c*stomer

sen+s an imortant message to the man*,act*rers. &o re+*ce garbage the

throwawa"tren+ m*st sto.

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3 &he secon+ ste in the general recycling rogram is to reuse. -t is a better to b*y

L*ices an+ so,t +rin7s =li7e so+as> in ret*rnable bottles. 5,ter c*stomers emty the

bottles #ash them an+ them to the store. &he man*,act*rers o, the +rin7s collect

the bottles #ash them an+ then ,ill them again. &he energy that is necessary to

ma7e ne# bottles is save+. -n some arts o, the #orl+ ret*rning bottles ,or money

is a common ractice. -n those laces the garbage +*ms have relatively little glass

an+ lastic ,rom thro#a#ay bottles.

4

!

%

(

&he thir+ ste in being environmentally sensitive is to rec"cle. Sent motor oil

can be cleane+ an+ *se+ again. 5l*min*m cans are eensive to ma7e. -t ta7es the

same amo*nt o, energy to ma7e one al*min*m can as it +oes to r*n a color

television set ,or three ho*rs. When eole collect an+ recycle+ al*min*m =,or ne#

cans> they hel save one o, the #orl+s recio*s reso*rces. 5t resent in the .S.

abo*t %! ercent o, all al*min*m cans are recycle. &he ercentages are lo#er ,or

glass = 20 ercent > an+ aer = 2! ercent > b*t all ercentages are increasing.

&he roblem o, garbage has other asects. Peole cant thro# things a#ay

beca*se there is no more Ra#ay$ ,e#er an+ ,e#er laces are available. Garbage

also a,,ects #ater 6*ality. Seeage o, li6*i+s ,rom garbage contaminates gro*n+

#ater. 5n+ ,inally the #orl+ is r*nning o*t o, nat*ral reso*rces. Will eole have

to mine the garbage +*ms an+ lan+,ills to ,in+ necessary materials in the ,*t*re8

Some eole are creative an+ intelligent recyclers. ?ne reso*rce,*l erson in

?7lahoma has generate+ etrole*m ,rom *se+ synthetic$r*bber a*tomobile tires.

5 comany calle+ eLa Shoe *se only recycle+ ro+*cts in ma7ing ne# shoes.

Some o*t+oor chairs are ma+e ,rom +iscar+e+ sno# s7isI some cities are aving

their streets #ith a mit*re o, recycle glass bottles shre++e+ a*tomobile tires an+

tra+itional ashalt. 5 so,t ,ine yarn ,or s#eaters o, a ,ine$6*ality caret can be

ma+e ,rom lastic mil7 bottles. ecycling ma7es economic sense.

ecycling is a challenge beca*se it re6*ires a basic change in every+ay li,e.

'or recycling to be s*ccess,*l or+inary eole =everyone> m*st be a#are o, #hat

they b*y. &hey m*st also sort their trash an+ garbage into categories< organic

garbage ne#saers steel cans glass containers =sometimes sorte+ by color> an+

lastic. &he #aste +isosal tr*c7s have searate comartments ,or each category.

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9

Waste materials o, the same 7in+ are comacte+ =cr*she+ into bloc7s>. 5

man*,act*rer b*ys the sorte+ comacte+ bloc7s o, material to ma7e into

something ne#. ?nce a c*stomer b*ys an+ *ses the ro+*ct the same materials

,ollo# the same cycle$being sorte+ collecte+ an+ *se+ again. Kence the #or+

rec"cle.

-n the en+ the real meaning o, recycling is rotecting lanet Earth 7eeing it

sa,e an+ clean ,or ,*t*re generations. -t is one #ay ,or everyone to contrib*te to a

better #orl+.

Re#"&!' F2%5

E;e$c&e I

eci+e #hich aragrah the seci,ic in,ormation belo# comes ,rom.

1aragraph !pecific $nformation

! 5. Seeage o, li6*i+s ,rom garbage contaminates gro*n+ #ater.

). 5 so,t ,ine yarn ,or s#eaters o, a ,ine 6*ality caret can be ma+e

,rom lastic mil7 bottles.

C. -n some arts o, the #orl+ ret*rning bottles ,or money is a common

ractice.

. &o re+*ce garbage the thro# a#ay tren+ m*st sto.

E. Sent motor oil$can can be cleane+ an+ *se+ again.

E;e$c&e II

)elo# are toic sentences ,rom e+*ce e*se ecycle. n+erline the controlling

i+eas.

5.

1. &he ,irst ste is to re+*ce garbage.

2. &he secon+ ste in the general recycling rogram is to re*se.

3. &he roblem o, garbage has other asects.

4. Some eole are creative an+ intelligent.

!. ecycling is challenge beca*se it re6*ires a basic change in every+ay li,e.). Write +o#n the controlling i+ea #hich s*ort the toic sentence.

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1. &he ,irst ste is to re+*ce garbage.

Controlling i+ea

Seci,ic ,acts

a. Peole sho*l+ b*y

b. Peole sho*l+ re*se

c. to b*y

Concl*+ing sentence

2. &he secon+ ste in the general recycling rogram is to re*se.

Controlling i+ea

Seci,ic ,acts

a. -t is better to b*y

b. &he man*,act*rers

Concl*+ing sentence

3. &he roblem o, garbage has other asects.

Controlling i+ea

Seci,ic ,acts

a.

b.

c.

Concl*+ing sentence

4. Some eole are creative an+ intelligent.

Controlling i+ea Seci,ic ,acts

a.

b.

c.

+.

e.

Concl*+ing sentence

!. ecycling is a challenge beca*se it re6*ires a basic change in every+ay li,e.

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Controlling i+es

Seci,ic ,acts

a. &hey m*st

b. &he #aste +isosal tr*c7

c. Waste materials

+. 5 man*,act*rer

e. ?nce a c*stomer

Concl*+ing sentence

S,$%c,%$e

1. Me#! (-/ noun$ &!')

We note+ that -/A an agent sometimes ,ollo#s the verb in a assive statement.

2arge (uantities of steam are re(uired b" modern industr".

5 secon+ an+ more imortant *se o, -/is to in+icate the means or metho+ o, +oing

something o, achieving some res*lt.

-t can occ*r in both active an+ assive statements.

-t o,ten occ*rs #ith the hrase -/ +e#! .

Sometimes it is ossible to *se 2&,hinstea+ by be,ore a no*n.

With really means 2&,h ,he he5o, an+ there is a slight +i,,erence in meaningI it is

not a+visable to *se #ith *nless the meaning is tr*ly instr*mental.

The road was cleared -/=+e#! >a bulldozer.

The road was cleared 2&,h=,he he5 >a bulldozer.

Keat losses can be re+*ce+

We can re+*ce heat losses b"

,irebric7s.

the *se o, ,irebric7s

lining the ,*rnace #ith ,irebric7s.

&his can be

+one

e,,ecte+ b" means of ,irebric7s.

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achieve+

accomlishe+

)y lining the ,*rnace #ith ,irebric7s heat losses can be re+*ce+.

;.) :o* #ill notice in the last eamle that a cla*se or articiial hrase may come

beforethe main art o, the statement.

&he #or+ ,he$e-/means -/ +e#! ,h&.

B/ +e#! cannot be *se+ be,ore a articileI only -/is ossible in s*ch a

case.

E;e$c&e IA

Comlete these statements in the same #ay *sing the verb in brac7ets.

1. We re+*ce the ore to ig$iron JJJ.. it in a blast ,*rnace. =smelt>

2. Pro+*ction #ill be greatly increase+ JJJ.. the ne# machinery. =intro+*ce>

3. 5 hot steel bar can be har+ene+ JJJ it in #ater. =6*ench>

4. )ars o, steel can be ma+e JJ.. them thro*gh rollers. =ass>

!. &he heat$resistant roerties o, steel are imrove+ JJJJ. more chromi*m an+

nic7el. =a++>

%. JJJJJ. roller bearings the ,riction is re+*ce+ still ,*rther. =*se>

(. JJJJJ. the bearing in an oil$bath a+e6*ate l*brication is ens*re+. =+i>

. JJJJJ. a ,l* to the metal #e can revent oi+ation. =aly>

9. JJJJJ ,orce+ circ*lation in the boiler better res*lts are obtaine+. =emloy>

10. JJJJ J a gas rai+ly in a cylin+er #e raise its temerat*re. =comress>

11. JJJJJ steam over the hot co7e ro+*cer gas is ,orme+. =blo#>

12. 5 casting is ro+*ce+ JJ. .. molten metal into a mo*l+. =o*r>

13. -mrove+ heat$trans,er rates #ere achieve+ JJJJ.. ,ins to the o*tsi+e o, the

cylin+er. =,it>

E;e$c&e IB

Comlete these statements #ithb", b" means of orwith, #hichever yo* thin7 most

s*itable.

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1. Pro+*ction can be greatly increase+ JJJJ.. the intro+*ction o, ne# machinery.

2. We can revent oi+ation o, the metal JJJ.. a ,l*.

3. ai+ heating in the boiler is achieve+ JJ.. ,orce+ circ*lation.

4. &he #or7 is ,irmly hel+ in the lathe JJJ.. the centers.

!. )etter comb*stion is obtaine+ JJa hemisherical comb*stion chamber.

%. &he heat$resistant roertie+ o, the steel can be imrove+ JJJ. the a++ition o,

chromi*m an+ nic7el.

(. 're6*ent meas*rements o, the bar #ere ma+e JJJJ a micrometer.

. "*bricant is ,orce+ into bearing JJJ. ress*re o, the grease g*n against the

nile.

9. 5 sol+ere+ Loint may be ma+e JJJ.. a sol+ering iron ma+e o, coer.

10. &he temerat*re o, the li6*i+ is raise+ JJJ the alication o, heat.

11. Greater see+s can no# be attaine+ by mo+ern aircra,t JJ the ne# metals #hich

are no# being +eveloe+.

12. More rai+ b*rning is ma+e ossible JJJJ the *se o, *lverise+ ,*els.

:. P%$5e (C#%e)

Kere is a ,*rther str*ct*re #hich is *se+ to in+icate *rose.

is

&he steam is s*erheate+ so that may be ,airly +ry. $n order that it can be

sho*l+ be

E;e$c&e II

Comlete these statements in the same #ay.

1. Phoshor*s is a++e+ to the metal JJJ.. better castings JJJ ro+*ce+.

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2. JJJ the iron JJ.. +emagneti@e+ it is necessary to aly a negative megnetis$

ing ,orce.

3. JJ.. the metal JJJ roerly sol+ere+ the metal an+ the sol+er sho*l+ both

be ma+e clean.

4. &he steam velocity across the t*bes is 7et high JJJ.. any stationary airJJJ

s#et a#ay.

!. &he storage tan7 is elevate+ JJJ.its contents JJJ. #ith+ra#n by gravity.

%. &he con+enser #ater is coole+ JJ. it JJJ.. re$*se+ in the con+enser.

(. &he coal gas is sometimes comresse+ JJJ con+ensation in the gas mains JJ

JJJ.. avoi+e+.

. 5 by$ass roa+ is being constr*cte+ JJJ the tra,,ic JJJ =not> nee+ to go

thro*gh the city center.

9. JJ.. +eosits JJJ not ,orm on the t*bes only *re ,ee+ #ater sho*l+ be *se+.

10. Water is sraye+ into the cylin+er JJJ. imme+iate con+ensation o, the steam

JJJJ occ*r.

11. JJJJ.. the amo*nt o, eansion JJJ calc*late+ the coe,,icient o, ean$

sion o, the metal m*st be 7no#n.

12. &he +iameter o, the bar sho*l+ be meas*re+ ,re6*ently JJJ too m*ch metal J

JJJ.. =not> ta7en o,,.

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UNIT 10

APANS UNDERGROUND FRONTIER

Proose+ s*bterranean cities co*l+ hel ease a sace cr*nch

!

10

1!

20

U!"e$'$%!"

&he #or+ brings many *nsavory a+Lectives to min+< +ar7 +an7

clan+estine illegal. )*t in aan the F*n+ergro*n+F is becoming the

ne# ,rontier an+ the best hoe ,or solving one o, the co*ntryFs most

intractable roblems. With a o*lation nearly hal, the si@e o, the

.S.Fs s6*ee@e+ into an area no bigger than Montana aan has

virt*ally no room le,t in its teeming cities.

eveloers have b*ilt to#ering s7yscraers an+ even arti,icial

islan+s in the sea b*t the sace cr*nch 7ees getting #orse. ;o# some

o, aanFs largest constr*ction comanies thin7 they have the ans#er

With a o*lation ...................................

...................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................

2. &he comany has +ra#n * elaborate lans. -t envisions t#o h*ge

concrete in,rastr*ct*re cylin+ers each 19( ,t. tall an+ #ith a +iameter o,

2%2 ,t. &he cylin+ers #o*l+ be b*ilt as m*ch as !00 ,t. belo# gro*n+.

=lines 1($20>

&he comany #hich ..................................................................................

..................................................................................................................... .....................................................................................................................

E;e$c&e IB

elace the #or+s in italics then re,er to the tet.

1 )*t in aan the F*n+ergro*n+F is becoming the ne# ,rontier an+

the best hoe tosolve one o, the co*ntryFs most intractable

roblems. =lines 2$4 > .............

2 eveloers have b*ilt to#ering s7yscraers an+ even arti,icial

islan+s in the sea b*t the sace cr*nch continuesto get #orse.

= lines.($ > ..............

3 ;o# some o, aanFs largest constr*ction comanies thin7

they have the ans#er< h*ge +eveloments beneath the earthFs

s*r,ace in whichmillions o, eole co*l+ #or7. ..............

=lines.$11>

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4 FWe eect that it will actuall" materializein the early art

o, the net cent*ry.F says &ets*ya Kanam*ra the chie, o, &aisei

Cor.Fs roose+ +eveloment. =lines 13$1!> ...............

! &hey #o*l+ ho*se ,acilities togenerate power

an+ to process waste. =lines 20$21> ................

E;e$c&e II

5ns#er the ,ollo#ing 6*estions.

1. What are some *nsavory a+Lectives the #or+ F *n+ergro*n+F bring8

2. What is the F *n+ergro*n+F becoming in aan8

3. What is the res*lt o, the increasing o*lation in aan8

4. What have +eveloers b*ilt8

!. What is the ne# i+ea o, some o, aanFs langest constr*ction comanies8

%. What +oes &ets*ya Kanam*ra say abo*t an *n+ergro*n+ city8

(. What is the o*lation o, aan in comarison #ith the .S8

. What is the i+ea o, the comany #hich has +ra#n * elaborate lans8

9. What 7in+s o, ,acilities #ill be installe+ in that b*il+ing8

10. What #o*l+ the *n+ergro*n+ b*il+ing accommo+ate8

S,$%c,%$e #!" G$#++#$ P&!,

I. 5$e5&,&!

E;e$c&e I

S*ly the missing reositions then re,er to the tet. ="ines1$10>

n+ergro*n+. &he #or+ brings many *nsavory a+Lectives to min+< +ar7 +an7

clan+estine illegal. )*t 1.......... aan the F *n+ergro*n+F is becoming the ne# ,rontier

an+ the best hoe 2......... solving one 3........ the co*ntryFs most intractable roblems.

4......... a o*lation nearly hal, the si@e !.......... the .S.Fs s6*ee@e+ %......... an area no

bigger than Montana aan has virt*ally no room le,t ( ........ its teeming cities.

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eveloers have b*ilt to#ering s7yscraers an+ even arti,icial islan+s .......... the sea

b*t the sace cr*nch 7ees getting #orse. ;o# some 9 .......... aanFs largest

constr*ction comanies thin7 they have the ans#er< h*ge +eveloments 10.......... the

earthFs s*r,ace.

II. M%ch +#!/ #!" # ,

Which o, the t#o =#or -> +oesnFt so*n+ 6*ite right8 Why8

##nderground. The word brings man" unsavor" adjectives to mind.

-3" teacher sa"s l use man" adjectives when $ write stories.

Elanation< -+oesnFt so*n+ 6*ite right.

#is right beca*se brings man" unsavor" adjectives to mind stan+s ,or

an abstract i+ea.

See belo#.

We normally *se much=A *nco*ntable> an+ man"=Aco*ntable> in negative

statements/ 6*estions

sem vii text

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