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SELF-ORGANIZED BREAKUP OF GONDWANA: AN ARGUMENT AGAINST THE DEEP MANTLE PLUME PARADIGM Jim Sears University of Montana, USA HEARD ISLAND HOT SPOT

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Page 1: SELF-ORGANIZED BREAKUP OF GONDWANA: AN ARGUMENT AGAINST THE DEEP MANTLE PLUME PARADIGM Jim Sears University of Montana, USA HEARD ISLAND HOT SPOT

SELF-ORGANIZED BREAKUP OF GONDWANA:AN ARGUMENT AGAINST THE DEEP MANTLE

PLUME PARADIGM

Jim SearsUniversity of Montana, USA

HEARD ISLAND HOT SPOT

Page 2: SELF-ORGANIZED BREAKUP OF GONDWANA: AN ARGUMENT AGAINST THE DEEP MANTLE PLUME PARADIGM Jim Sears University of Montana, USA HEARD ISLAND HOT SPOT

THE DEEP MANTLE PLUME PARADIGM AN INTEGRAL COMPONENT OF PLATE TECTONICS SINCE J.T. WILSON (1963) AND W.J. MORGAN (1981)

Page 3: SELF-ORGANIZED BREAKUP OF GONDWANA: AN ARGUMENT AGAINST THE DEEP MANTLE PLUME PARADIGM Jim Sears University of Montana, USA HEARD ISLAND HOT SPOT

STATIONARY HOT SPOT VOLCANOES REPRESENT TAILS OF DEEP MANTLE PLUMES

Page 4: SELF-ORGANIZED BREAKUP OF GONDWANA: AN ARGUMENT AGAINST THE DEEP MANTLE PLUME PARADIGM Jim Sears University of Montana, USA HEARD ISLAND HOT SPOT

LARGE IGNEOUS PROVINCES (LIPS) REPRESENT HEADS OF DEEP MANTLE PLUMES

Page 5: SELF-ORGANIZED BREAKUP OF GONDWANA: AN ARGUMENT AGAINST THE DEEP MANTLE PLUME PARADIGM Jim Sears University of Montana, USA HEARD ISLAND HOT SPOT

IN SOME CASES HEADS AND TAILS ARE LINKED BY HOT SPOT TRACKS

Page 6: SELF-ORGANIZED BREAKUP OF GONDWANA: AN ARGUMENT AGAINST THE DEEP MANTLE PLUME PARADIGM Jim Sears University of Montana, USA HEARD ISLAND HOT SPOT

PLUMES ARE RANDOMLY GENERATED ALONG THE CORE-MANTLE BOUNDARY

PLUME OUTBREAKS INITIATE CONTINENTAL BREAKUP

Page 7: SELF-ORGANIZED BREAKUP OF GONDWANA: AN ARGUMENT AGAINST THE DEEP MANTLE PLUME PARADIGM Jim Sears University of Montana, USA HEARD ISLAND HOT SPOT

SUCH ASGONDWANA

Page 8: SELF-ORGANIZED BREAKUP OF GONDWANA: AN ARGUMENT AGAINST THE DEEP MANTLE PLUME PARADIGM Jim Sears University of Montana, USA HEARD ISLAND HOT SPOT

1999 UTIG

LAWVER ET AL. 1999

Page 9: SELF-ORGANIZED BREAKUP OF GONDWANA: AN ARGUMENT AGAINST THE DEEP MANTLE PLUME PARADIGM Jim Sears University of Montana, USA HEARD ISLAND HOT SPOT

1999 UTIG

Page 10: SELF-ORGANIZED BREAKUP OF GONDWANA: AN ARGUMENT AGAINST THE DEEP MANTLE PLUME PARADIGM Jim Sears University of Montana, USA HEARD ISLAND HOT SPOT

1999 UTIG

Page 11: SELF-ORGANIZED BREAKUP OF GONDWANA: AN ARGUMENT AGAINST THE DEEP MANTLE PLUME PARADIGM Jim Sears University of Montana, USA HEARD ISLAND HOT SPOT

1999 UTIG

Page 12: SELF-ORGANIZED BREAKUP OF GONDWANA: AN ARGUMENT AGAINST THE DEEP MANTLE PLUME PARADIGM Jim Sears University of Montana, USA HEARD ISLAND HOT SPOT

1999 UTIG

Page 13: SELF-ORGANIZED BREAKUP OF GONDWANA: AN ARGUMENT AGAINST THE DEEP MANTLE PLUME PARADIGM Jim Sears University of Montana, USA HEARD ISLAND HOT SPOT

1999 UTIG

Page 14: SELF-ORGANIZED BREAKUP OF GONDWANA: AN ARGUMENT AGAINST THE DEEP MANTLE PLUME PARADIGM Jim Sears University of Montana, USA HEARD ISLAND HOT SPOT

1999 UTIG

Page 15: SELF-ORGANIZED BREAKUP OF GONDWANA: AN ARGUMENT AGAINST THE DEEP MANTLE PLUME PARADIGM Jim Sears University of Montana, USA HEARD ISLAND HOT SPOT

1999 UTIG

Page 16: SELF-ORGANIZED BREAKUP OF GONDWANA: AN ARGUMENT AGAINST THE DEEP MANTLE PLUME PARADIGM Jim Sears University of Montana, USA HEARD ISLAND HOT SPOT

1999 UTIG

Page 17: SELF-ORGANIZED BREAKUP OF GONDWANA: AN ARGUMENT AGAINST THE DEEP MANTLE PLUME PARADIGM Jim Sears University of Montana, USA HEARD ISLAND HOT SPOT

1999 UTIG

Page 18: SELF-ORGANIZED BREAKUP OF GONDWANA: AN ARGUMENT AGAINST THE DEEP MANTLE PLUME PARADIGM Jim Sears University of Montana, USA HEARD ISLAND HOT SPOT

1999 UTIG

Page 19: SELF-ORGANIZED BREAKUP OF GONDWANA: AN ARGUMENT AGAINST THE DEEP MANTLE PLUME PARADIGM Jim Sears University of Montana, USA HEARD ISLAND HOT SPOT

1999 UTIG

Page 20: SELF-ORGANIZED BREAKUP OF GONDWANA: AN ARGUMENT AGAINST THE DEEP MANTLE PLUME PARADIGM Jim Sears University of Montana, USA HEARD ISLAND HOT SPOT

1999 UTIG

Page 21: SELF-ORGANIZED BREAKUP OF GONDWANA: AN ARGUMENT AGAINST THE DEEP MANTLE PLUME PARADIGM Jim Sears University of Montana, USA HEARD ISLAND HOT SPOT

1999 UTIG

Page 22: SELF-ORGANIZED BREAKUP OF GONDWANA: AN ARGUMENT AGAINST THE DEEP MANTLE PLUME PARADIGM Jim Sears University of Montana, USA HEARD ISLAND HOT SPOT

1999 UTIG

Page 23: SELF-ORGANIZED BREAKUP OF GONDWANA: AN ARGUMENT AGAINST THE DEEP MANTLE PLUME PARADIGM Jim Sears University of Montana, USA HEARD ISLAND HOT SPOT

1999 UTIG

Page 24: SELF-ORGANIZED BREAKUP OF GONDWANA: AN ARGUMENT AGAINST THE DEEP MANTLE PLUME PARADIGM Jim Sears University of Montana, USA HEARD ISLAND HOT SPOT

1999 UTIG

Page 25: SELF-ORGANIZED BREAKUP OF GONDWANA: AN ARGUMENT AGAINST THE DEEP MANTLE PLUME PARADIGM Jim Sears University of Montana, USA HEARD ISLAND HOT SPOT

1999 UTIG

Page 26: SELF-ORGANIZED BREAKUP OF GONDWANA: AN ARGUMENT AGAINST THE DEEP MANTLE PLUME PARADIGM Jim Sears University of Montana, USA HEARD ISLAND HOT SPOT

1999 UTIG

Page 27: SELF-ORGANIZED BREAKUP OF GONDWANA: AN ARGUMENT AGAINST THE DEEP MANTLE PLUME PARADIGM Jim Sears University of Montana, USA HEARD ISLAND HOT SPOT

1999 UTIG

Page 28: SELF-ORGANIZED BREAKUP OF GONDWANA: AN ARGUMENT AGAINST THE DEEP MANTLE PLUME PARADIGM Jim Sears University of Montana, USA HEARD ISLAND HOT SPOT

1999 UTIG

Page 29: SELF-ORGANIZED BREAKUP OF GONDWANA: AN ARGUMENT AGAINST THE DEEP MANTLE PLUME PARADIGM Jim Sears University of Montana, USA HEARD ISLAND HOT SPOT

1999 UTIG

Page 30: SELF-ORGANIZED BREAKUP OF GONDWANA: AN ARGUMENT AGAINST THE DEEP MANTLE PLUME PARADIGM Jim Sears University of Montana, USA HEARD ISLAND HOT SPOT

1999 UTIG

Page 31: SELF-ORGANIZED BREAKUP OF GONDWANA: AN ARGUMENT AGAINST THE DEEP MANTLE PLUME PARADIGM Jim Sears University of Montana, USA HEARD ISLAND HOT SPOT

1999 UTIG

Page 32: SELF-ORGANIZED BREAKUP OF GONDWANA: AN ARGUMENT AGAINST THE DEEP MANTLE PLUME PARADIGM Jim Sears University of Montana, USA HEARD ISLAND HOT SPOT

AFRICA

SOUTHAMERICA

INDIA

ARABIA

ANTARCTICA

AU

STR

ALI

A

N Z

HOWEVER, BREAKUP OF GONDWANA WAS NOT

RANDOM - IT WAS HIGHLY ORGANIZED AND SELF-

ORGANIZED

FLO

RID

A

Page 33: SELF-ORGANIZED BREAKUP OF GONDWANA: AN ARGUMENT AGAINST THE DEEP MANTLE PLUME PARADIGM Jim Sears University of Montana, USA HEARD ISLAND HOT SPOT

AFRICA

SOUTHAMERICA

INDIA

ARABIA

ANTARCTICA

AU

STR

ALI

A

N Z

THESE MAJOR GONDWANA

FRACTURE POLYGONS RIGOROUSLY OBEY EULER’S THEOREM

FOR CONVEX POLYTOPES

FLO

RID

A

Page 34: SELF-ORGANIZED BREAKUP OF GONDWANA: AN ARGUMENT AGAINST THE DEEP MANTLE PLUME PARADIGM Jim Sears University of Montana, USA HEARD ISLAND HOT SPOT

AFRICA

INDIA

ARABIA

AU

STR

ALI

A

N Z

FLO

RID

A

NAMELY, TO TILE A SPHERE WITH 12 OR MORE PLATES, 12 MUST HAVE 5-

FOLD SYMMETRY AT VERTICES OF

ICOSAHEDRON

Page 35: SELF-ORGANIZED BREAKUP OF GONDWANA: AN ARGUMENT AGAINST THE DEEP MANTLE PLUME PARADIGM Jim Sears University of Montana, USA HEARD ISLAND HOT SPOT

REMAINING (N-12) PLATES HAVE 6-

FOLD SYMMETRY

Page 36: SELF-ORGANIZED BREAKUP OF GONDWANA: AN ARGUMENT AGAINST THE DEEP MANTLE PLUME PARADIGM Jim Sears University of Montana, USA HEARD ISLAND HOT SPOT

Euler’s formula relating faces (F), vertices (V ), and edges (E) of a convex polytope (F + V = E + 2)

ICOSAHEDRAL ARRANGEMENTS

Zandi & Reguera, 2005

Page 37: SELF-ORGANIZED BREAKUP OF GONDWANA: AN ARGUMENT AGAINST THE DEEP MANTLE PLUME PARADIGM Jim Sears University of Montana, USA HEARD ISLAND HOT SPOT

ICOSAHEDRAL VIRUS

HERPES SIMPLEX

Zandi & Reguera, 2005

Page 38: SELF-ORGANIZED BREAKUP OF GONDWANA: AN ARGUMENT AGAINST THE DEEP MANTLE PLUME PARADIGM Jim Sears University of Montana, USA HEARD ISLAND HOT SPOT

FINITE ELEMENT SOLUTION FOR

THOMSON PROBLEM WITH 912

CHARGES ON SPHERE

(Altschuler et al., 1997)

Page 39: SELF-ORGANIZED BREAKUP OF GONDWANA: AN ARGUMENT AGAINST THE DEEP MANTLE PLUME PARADIGM Jim Sears University of Montana, USA HEARD ISLAND HOT SPOT

EDGE LENGTHS AND CENTERS

ARE RIGOROUSLY DEFINEDEACH EDGE = 2600 KM AT

EARTH SCALE

Page 40: SELF-ORGANIZED BREAKUP OF GONDWANA: AN ARGUMENT AGAINST THE DEEP MANTLE PLUME PARADIGM Jim Sears University of Montana, USA HEARD ISLAND HOT SPOT

ANTARCTICA

Page 41: SELF-ORGANIZED BREAKUP OF GONDWANA: AN ARGUMENT AGAINST THE DEEP MANTLE PLUME PARADIGM Jim Sears University of Montana, USA HEARD ISLAND HOT SPOT

PENTAGONRIFT EDGES ~

2600 KM

2600

KM

2600 KM 2600 KM

Page 42: SELF-ORGANIZED BREAKUP OF GONDWANA: AN ARGUMENT AGAINST THE DEEP MANTLE PLUME PARADIGM Jim Sears University of Montana, USA HEARD ISLAND HOT SPOT

PENTAGONS AND HEXAGONS IN EXACT

ARRANGEMENT

PP

H

H

HH

H

P

Page 43: SELF-ORGANIZED BREAKUP OF GONDWANA: AN ARGUMENT AGAINST THE DEEP MANTLE PLUME PARADIGM Jim Sears University of Montana, USA HEARD ISLAND HOT SPOT

PATTERN MINIMIZES TOTAL FRACTURE LENGTHAND THEREFORE MINIMIZES WORK

FUNCTION OF STRENGTH OF GONDWANA SHELL

Page 44: SELF-ORGANIZED BREAKUP OF GONDWANA: AN ARGUMENT AGAINST THE DEEP MANTLE PLUME PARADIGM Jim Sears University of Montana, USA HEARD ISLAND HOT SPOT

LARGE IGNEOUS PROVINCES

DEEP MANTLE PLUMES?

CAMP 205 Ma

Page 45: SELF-ORGANIZED BREAKUP OF GONDWANA: AN ARGUMENT AGAINST THE DEEP MANTLE PLUME PARADIGM Jim Sears University of Montana, USA HEARD ISLAND HOT SPOT

KAROO 183 Ma

FERRAR 183 Ma

LARGE IGNEOUS PROVINCES

DEEP MANTLE PLUMES?

205 Ma

Page 46: SELF-ORGANIZED BREAKUP OF GONDWANA: AN ARGUMENT AGAINST THE DEEP MANTLE PLUME PARADIGM Jim Sears University of Montana, USA HEARD ISLAND HOT SPOT

N Z

LARGE IGNEOUS PROVINCES

DEEP MANTLE PLUMES?

GT 144 Ma

183 Ma

183 Ma

205 Ma

Page 47: SELF-ORGANIZED BREAKUP OF GONDWANA: AN ARGUMENT AGAINST THE DEEP MANTLE PLUME PARADIGM Jim Sears University of Montana, USA HEARD ISLAND HOT SPOT

LARGE IGNEOUS PROVINCES

DEEP MANTLE PLUMES?

PARANA 134 Ma

144 Ma

183 Ma

183 Ma

205 Ma

Page 48: SELF-ORGANIZED BREAKUP OF GONDWANA: AN ARGUMENT AGAINST THE DEEP MANTLE PLUME PARADIGM Jim Sears University of Montana, USA HEARD ISLAND HOT SPOT

RAJMAHAL

110 Ma

LARGE IGNEOUS PROVINCES

DEEP MANTLE PLUMES?

134 Ma

144 Ma

183 Ma

183 Ma

205 Ma

Page 49: SELF-ORGANIZED BREAKUP OF GONDWANA: AN ARGUMENT AGAINST THE DEEP MANTLE PLUME PARADIGM Jim Sears University of Montana, USA HEARD ISLAND HOT SPOT

DECCAN65 Ma

LARGE IGNEOUS PROVINCES

DEEP MANTLE PLUMES?

110 Ma

134 Ma

144 Ma

183 Ma

183 Ma

205 Ma

Page 50: SELF-ORGANIZED BREAKUP OF GONDWANA: AN ARGUMENT AGAINST THE DEEP MANTLE PLUME PARADIGM Jim Sears University of Montana, USA HEARD ISLAND HOT SPOT

ETHIOPIAN

38 Ma

LARGE IGNEOUS PROVINCES

DEEP MANTLE PLUMES?

65 Ma

110 Ma

134 Ma

144 Ma

183 Ma

183 Ma

205 Ma

Page 51: SELF-ORGANIZED BREAKUP OF GONDWANA: AN ARGUMENT AGAINST THE DEEP MANTLE PLUME PARADIGM Jim Sears University of Montana, USA HEARD ISLAND HOT SPOT

~2000 KM DOMES

Page 52: SELF-ORGANIZED BREAKUP OF GONDWANA: AN ARGUMENT AGAINST THE DEEP MANTLE PLUME PARADIGM Jim Sears University of Montana, USA HEARD ISLAND HOT SPOT

AFRICA

SOUTHAMERICA

ARABIA

ANTARCTICA

AU

STR

ALI

A

N Z

FLO

RID

A

INDIA

3-ARMED RIFTSMANY ARE 2600 KM

2600 KM

16 EDGES,>20,000 KM

PP

H

H

HH

H

P

Page 53: SELF-ORGANIZED BREAKUP OF GONDWANA: AN ARGUMENT AGAINST THE DEEP MANTLE PLUME PARADIGM Jim Sears University of Montana, USA HEARD ISLAND HOT SPOT

LARGE IGNEOUS PROVINCES ERUPT DIACHRONOUSLY ALONG FRACTURE

PATTERN

DEPEND ON PLATE TECTONICS TO OPENFRACTURES TO INDUCE DECOMPRESSION

MELTING

Page 54: SELF-ORGANIZED BREAKUP OF GONDWANA: AN ARGUMENT AGAINST THE DEEP MANTLE PLUME PARADIGM Jim Sears University of Montana, USA HEARD ISLAND HOT SPOT

HOTSPOTS ON TESSELLATION

Page 55: SELF-ORGANIZED BREAKUP OF GONDWANA: AN ARGUMENT AGAINST THE DEEP MANTLE PLUME PARADIGM Jim Sears University of Montana, USA HEARD ISLAND HOT SPOT

1999 UTIG

BEST FIT OF HOT SPOT

TESSELLATION

Page 56: SELF-ORGANIZED BREAKUP OF GONDWANA: AN ARGUMENT AGAINST THE DEEP MANTLE PLUME PARADIGM Jim Sears University of Montana, USA HEARD ISLAND HOT SPOT

CONCORDANCE OF A FAMILY OF HOT SPOTS WITH FRACTURE TESSELLATION IMPLIES PLATE

WAS STATIONARY DURING THEIR FORMATION

Page 57: SELF-ORGANIZED BREAKUP OF GONDWANA: AN ARGUMENT AGAINST THE DEEP MANTLE PLUME PARADIGM Jim Sears University of Montana, USA HEARD ISLAND HOT SPOT

HOTSPOTS ON TESSELLATION

YELLOW STRESS TESSELLATION IS DUAL OF FRACTURE TESSELLATION:

THEY CROSS ONE ANOTHER ORTHOGONALLY

Page 58: SELF-ORGANIZED BREAKUP OF GONDWANA: AN ARGUMENT AGAINST THE DEEP MANTLE PLUME PARADIGM Jim Sears University of Montana, USA HEARD ISLAND HOT SPOT

HOTSPOTS ON TESSELLATION

HOOP STRESS ALONG NORTHERN GONDWANA MARGIN

NOTE RADIAL FRACTURES AT MARGIN

Page 59: SELF-ORGANIZED BREAKUP OF GONDWANA: AN ARGUMENT AGAINST THE DEEP MANTLE PLUME PARADIGM Jim Sears University of Montana, USA HEARD ISLAND HOT SPOT

HOTSPOTS ON TESSELLATION

NOTE PERFECT SYMMETRY OF STRESS TESSELLATION ACROSS

GONDWANA

HOTSPOTS FAVOR CENTERS

EXPANSION OF GONDWANA LEADS TO FRACTURES

Page 60: SELF-ORGANIZED BREAKUP OF GONDWANA: AN ARGUMENT AGAINST THE DEEP MANTLE PLUME PARADIGM Jim Sears University of Montana, USA HEARD ISLAND HOT SPOT

FRACTURE SYSTEM INDICATES THE GONDWANA WAS UNDER UNIFORM TENSION

Page 61: SELF-ORGANIZED BREAKUP OF GONDWANA: AN ARGUMENT AGAINST THE DEEP MANTLE PLUME PARADIGM Jim Sears University of Montana, USA HEARD ISLAND HOT SPOT

HOTSPOTS ON TESSELLATION

NOTE PERFECT SYMMETRY OF STRESS TESSELLATION ACROSS

GONDWANA

HOTSPOTS FAVOR CENTERS

Page 62: SELF-ORGANIZED BREAKUP OF GONDWANA: AN ARGUMENT AGAINST THE DEEP MANTLE PLUME PARADIGM Jim Sears University of Montana, USA HEARD ISLAND HOT SPOT

INITIAL GEOMETRY OF GONDWANA DETERMINED BEST ORIENTATION OF TESSELLATION TO

ACHIEVE MINIMUM FRACTURE LENGTH

Page 63: SELF-ORGANIZED BREAKUP OF GONDWANA: AN ARGUMENT AGAINST THE DEEP MANTLE PLUME PARADIGM Jim Sears University of Montana, USA HEARD ISLAND HOT SPOT

HOTSPOTS ON TESSELLATION

AFRICAN GEOID ANOMALYSYMMETRICAL TO FRACTURES

WHEN GONDWANA IS RESTORED TO TRIASSIC POSITION

Page 64: SELF-ORGANIZED BREAKUP OF GONDWANA: AN ARGUMENT AGAINST THE DEEP MANTLE PLUME PARADIGM Jim Sears University of Montana, USA HEARD ISLAND HOT SPOT

HOTSPOTS ON TESSELLATION

GONDWANA SPREAD OUTWARD DOWN GEOID GRADIENT

SEE ANDERSON, 1982

Page 65: SELF-ORGANIZED BREAKUP OF GONDWANA: AN ARGUMENT AGAINST THE DEEP MANTLE PLUME PARADIGM Jim Sears University of Montana, USA HEARD ISLAND HOT SPOT

GONDWANA STALLED ON MANTLE FRAMEWORKINSULATED UNDERLYING MANTLE

THERMAL EXPANSION OF MANTLE DROVE UPLIFT AND UNIFORM TENSION IN GONDWANA

FRACTURE TESSELLATION OCCURRED AT CLIMAX OF UPLIFT, IN EARLY TRIASSIC

FRACTURES LATER SEPARATED AS REQUIRED BY PLATE TECTONICS, DRIVING DECOMPRESSION

MELTING


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