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Self-harm: longer-term management Implementing NICE guidance November 2011 NICE clinical guideline 133

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Page 1: Self-harm: longer-term management Implementing NICE guidance November 2011 NICE clinical guideline 133

Self-harm:longer-term management

Implementing NICE guidance

November 2011

NICE clinical guideline 133

Page 2: Self-harm: longer-term management Implementing NICE guidance November 2011 NICE clinical guideline 133

Related guidance

‘Self-harm: short-term treatment and management’ (NICE clinical guideline 16) covers the treatment of self-harm within the first 48 hours of an incident.

Self-harm: longer-term management, clinical guideline 133 , deals with the longer-term psychological treatment and management of both single and recurrent episodes of self-harm.

A small number of amendments have been made to CG16 to ensure alignment with thelonger-term management guideline.

Page 3: Self-harm: longer-term management Implementing NICE guidance November 2011 NICE clinical guideline 133

What this presentation coversDefinition

Background

Epidemiology

Scope

Key priorities for implementation

Costs and savings

Discussion

NICE Pathway and NHS Evidence

Find out more

Page 4: Self-harm: longer-term management Implementing NICE guidance November 2011 NICE clinical guideline 133

Definition

The term self-harm is used in this guideline to refer to any act of self-poisoning or self-injury.

This commonly involves self-poisoning with medication or self-injury by cutting.

The term self-harm is not intended to cover harm to the self arising from excessive consumption of alcohol or recreational drugs, body piercing, mismanagement of physical health conditions or starvation arising from anorexia nervosa.

Page 5: Self-harm: longer-term management Implementing NICE guidance November 2011 NICE clinical guideline 133

Background

Self-harm does not often result from the wish to die. Those who self-harm may do so to communicate, to secure help and care or to obtain relief from an overwhelming situation.

Service provision for self-harm is varied. About half of those presenting at an emergency department after an incident of self-harm are assessed by a mental health professional.

Page 6: Self-harm: longer-term management Implementing NICE guidance November 2011 NICE clinical guideline 133

Epidemiology

• Self-harm is common, especially among younger people

• For all age groups, annual prevalence is approximately 0.5%

• Self-harm increases the likelihood that the person will eventually die by suicide by between 50 and 100 fold

• Psychiatric problems such as borderline personality disorder, depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and drug and alcohol-use disorders areassociated with self-harm.

Page 7: Self-harm: longer-term management Implementing NICE guidance November 2011 NICE clinical guideline 133

Scope

This guideline covers:

• all people aged 8 years and older

• healthcare professionals who have direct contact with people who self-harm

• medium and longer term care management

• primary, secondary, tertiary and community care.

Page 8: Self-harm: longer-term management Implementing NICE guidance November 2011 NICE clinical guideline 133

Key priorities for implementation

• Working with people who self-harm• Psychosocial assessment• Risk assessment• Risk assessment tools and scales• Care plans• Risk management plans• Interventions for self-harm• Treating associated mental health conditions.

Page 9: Self-harm: longer-term management Implementing NICE guidance November 2011 NICE clinical guideline 133

Health and social care professionals should:

• aim to develop a trusting and supportive relationship

• be aware of stigma and discrimination

• ensure that people are involved in decision-making about their care

• aim to foster people’s autonomy and independence

• aim to maintain continuity of therapeutic relationships

• ensure that information about episodes of self-harmis communicated sensitively to other team members.

Working with people whoself-harm

Page 10: Self-harm: longer-term management Implementing NICE guidance November 2011 NICE clinical guideline 133

Children and young people should have access to a full range of treatments and services within child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS).

Ensure that people from black and minority ethnic groups have the same access to services as other people and that services are culturally appropriate.

People with a mild learning disability should have thesame access to services as other people.

Access to services

Page 11: Self-harm: longer-term management Implementing NICE guidance November 2011 NICE clinical guideline 133

Health and social care professionals should be:

• trained in the assessment, treatment and management of self-harm, and

• educated about the stigma and discrimination usually associated with self-harm and the need to avoid judgemental attitudes.

Routine access to senior colleagues for supervision, consultation and support should be provided for professionals who work with people who self-harm.

Training

Page 12: Self-harm: longer-term management Implementing NICE guidance November 2011 NICE clinical guideline 133

Safeguarding

CAMHS professionals should consider whether the child’s or young person’s needs should be assessed.

If children or young people are referred to CAMHS under local safeguarding procedures, use a multi-agency approach including social care and education and consider using the Common Assessment Framework.

Consider the risk of domestic or other violence and consider local safeguarding procedures for vulnerable adults and children in their care.

Page 13: Self-harm: longer-term management Implementing NICE guidance November 2011 NICE clinical guideline 133

Ask the person who self-harms whether they would like their family, carers or significant others to be involved in their care.

Subject to the person’s consent and right to confidentiality, encourage the family, carers or significant others to be involved where appropriate.

Families, carers andsignificant others

Page 14: Self-harm: longer-term management Implementing NICE guidance November 2011 NICE clinical guideline 133

Managing endings and supporting transitions

Anticipate that the ending of treatment, services or relationships, as well as transition, can provoke strong feelings and increase the risk of self-harm.

Plan in advance changes with the person who self-harms and provide additional support if needed.

CAMHS and adult mental health services should work collaboratively to ensure as smooth a transition as possible.

Page 15: Self-harm: longer-term management Implementing NICE guidance November 2011 NICE clinical guideline 133

Primary care

If a person presents in primary care with a history of self-harm and a risk of repetition, consider referring them to community mental health services for assessment.

If a person who self-harms is receiving treatment in primary care and secondary care, primary and secondary care and social care professionals should ensure they work cooperatively.

Primary care professionals should monitor thephysical health of people who self-harm.

Page 16: Self-harm: longer-term management Implementing NICE guidance November 2011 NICE clinical guideline 133

Offer an integrated and comprehensive psychosocial assessment of needs and risks to understand and engage people who self-harm and to initiate a therapeutic relationship.

During assessment, explore the meaning of self-harm for the person and take into account that each person self-harms for individual reasons. Each episode of self-harm should be treated in its own right.

Psychosocial assessment: 1

Page 17: Self-harm: longer-term management Implementing NICE guidance November 2011 NICE clinical guideline 133

All people over 65 years should be assessed by mental health professionals experienced in the assessment of older people who self-harm. Within this age group particular attention should be paid to the potential presence of depression, cognitive impairment and physical ill health.

Follow the same principles as for adults when assessing children and young people.

Psychosocial assessment: 2

Page 18: Self-harm: longer-term management Implementing NICE guidance November 2011 NICE clinical guideline 133

Assessment of needs should include:

– skills, strengths and assets

– coping strategies

– mental and physical health problems or disorders

– social circumstances and problems

– psychosocial and occupational functioning, and

vulnerabilities

– recent and current life difficulties

– the need for intervention and treatment for any associated conditions

– the needs of any dependent children.

Personal assessment

Page 19: Self-harm: longer-term management Implementing NICE guidance November 2011 NICE clinical guideline 133

When assessing the risk of repetition of self-harm or risk of suicide, identify and agree the person’s specific risks, taking into account:

• methods and frequency of current and past self-harm

• current and past suicidal intent

• depressive symptoms

• any psychiatric illness

• the personal and social context and any other specific factors preceding self-harm.

Risk assessment: 1

Page 20: Self-harm: longer-term management Implementing NICE guidance November 2011 NICE clinical guideline 133

Also take into account:

• specific risk and protective factors that may increase or decrease the risks associated with self-harm

• coping strategies

• significant relationships that may either be supportive or represent a threat

• immediate and longer-term risks.

Risk assessment: 2

Page 21: Self-harm: longer-term management Implementing NICE guidance November 2011 NICE clinical guideline 133

Do not use risk assessment tools and scales to predict future suicide or repetition of self-harm.

Do not use risk assessment tools and scales to determine who should and should not be offered treatment or who should be discharged.

Risk assessment tools may be considered to help structure risk assessments as long as they include the areas identified in recommendation 1.3.6 on slides 19 and 20.

Risk assessment toolsand scales

Page 22: Self-harm: longer-term management Implementing NICE guidance November 2011 NICE clinical guideline 133

Discuss, agree and document the aims of longer-term treatment in the care plan. These aims may be to:

• prevent escalation of self-harm• reduce harm arising from self-harm or reduce or stop

self-harm• reduce or stop other risk-related behaviour• improve social or occupational functioning• improve quality of life• improve any associated mental health conditions.

Review the care plan with them, and revise it at agreed intervals of not more than 1 year.

Care plans: 1

Page 23: Self-harm: longer-term management Implementing NICE guidance November 2011 NICE clinical guideline 133

Care plans should be multidisciplinary and developed collaboratively with the person. Care plans should:

• identify realistic and optimistic long-term goals, including education, employment and occupation

• identify short-term treatment goals (linked to the long-term goals) and steps to achieve them

• identify the roles and responsibilities of any team members and the person who self-harms

• include a jointly prepared risk management plan

• be shared with the person’s GP.

Care plans: 2

Page 24: Self-harm: longer-term management Implementing NICE guidance November 2011 NICE clinical guideline 133

A risk management plan should be a clearly identifiable part of the care plan and should:

• address each of the long-term and immediate risks identified in the risk assessment

• address the specific factors identified in the assessment as associated with increased risk, with the agreed aim of reducing the risk of repetition of self-harm and/or the risk of suicide.

Risk management plans: 1

Page 25: Self-harm: longer-term management Implementing NICE guidance November 2011 NICE clinical guideline 133

A risk management plan should be a clearly identifiable part of the care plan and should: (continued)

• include a crisis plan outlining self-management strategies and how to access services during a crisis

• ensure that the risk management plan is consistent with the long-term treatment strategy.

Inform the person who self-harms of the limits of confidentiality and that information in the plan may be shared with other professionals.

Risk management plans: 2

Page 26: Self-harm: longer-term management Implementing NICE guidance November 2011 NICE clinical guideline 133

Do not offer drug treatment as a specific intervention to reduce self-harm.

Consider offering 3 to 12 sessions of a psychological intervention that is specifically structured for people who self-harm, with the aim of reducing self-harm. This should be tailored to individual need.

Interventions for self-harm

Page 27: Self-harm: longer-term management Implementing NICE guidance November 2011 NICE clinical guideline 133

Harm minimisation

If stopping self-harm is unrealistic in the short term:

• consider strategies aimed at harm reduction; reinforce existing coping strategies and develop new strategies as an alternative to self-harm where possible

• consider discussing less destructive or harmful methods of self-harm with the service user, their family, carers or significant others, and the wider multidisciplinary team

• advise the service user that there is no safe wayto self-poison.

Page 28: Self-harm: longer-term management Implementing NICE guidance November 2011 NICE clinical guideline 133

Provide psychological, pharmacological and psychosocial interventions for any associated conditions.

When prescribing drugs for associated mental health conditions to people who self-harm, take into account the toxicity of the prescribed drugs in overdose.

Treating associated mental health conditions

Page 29: Self-harm: longer-term management Implementing NICE guidance November 2011 NICE clinical guideline 133

Costs per 100,000 population

Recommendations with significant costsCosts

(£ per year)

Access to services 800

Psychosocial assessment 19,900

Longer-term treatment and management 10,800

Estimated cost of implementation 31,500

Page 30: Self-harm: longer-term management Implementing NICE guidance November 2011 NICE clinical guideline 133

Savings

Description Reference (national tariff / reference costs)

Non-elective tariff £

A&E attendance VB07Z and VB08Z 110

Ambulance transfer cost Reference cost 2009/10 246

Intensive care cost per day Reference costs 2009/10XC07Z Adult critical care 0 organs supportedXB05Z Paediatric critical care – intensive care basic

7102225

Treatment for poisoning WA11V – major complicationsWA11X – intermediate complicationsWA11Y – without complications

2200611387

Treatment for other wounds or injuries

HD35A – major complicationsHD35B – intermediate complicationsHD35C – without complications

42314231514

Typical costs that could be avoided by implementing the guidance

Page 31: Self-harm: longer-term management Implementing NICE guidance November 2011 NICE clinical guideline 133

Discussion

• What can we do to help address the stigma and discrimination associated with self-harm?

• Do we include within our assessment of needs all that we should? If not, what steps do we need to take?

• How can we address the issues associated with the transition from CAMHS to adult services for young people who self-harm?

• What is our current practice in terms of using risk assessment tools and scales? How can this be improved?

Page 32: Self-harm: longer-term management Implementing NICE guidance November 2011 NICE clinical guideline 133

NICE PathwayThe NICE self-harm pathway covers:

• planning of services

• general principles of care

• assessment, treatment and management

• longer-term treatment and management.

Click here to go to NICE Pathways

website

Page 33: Self-harm: longer-term management Implementing NICE guidance November 2011 NICE clinical guideline 133

NHS Evidence

Visit NHS Evidence for the best available evidence on all aspects of self-harm

Click here to go to the NHS Evidence

website

Page 34: Self-harm: longer-term management Implementing NICE guidance November 2011 NICE clinical guideline 133

Find out more

Visit www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG133 for:

•the guideline •‘Understanding NICE guidance’•costing report and template•audit support and baseline assessment tool•clinical case scenarios•risk assessment podcast•service user podcast.

Page 35: Self-harm: longer-term management Implementing NICE guidance November 2011 NICE clinical guideline 133

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